西沙海域生物礁地球物理特征及油气勘探前景
|
摘要
生物礁是指由造礁生物营造的碳酸盐岩有机建造.生物礁油气藏具有储量大、产量高的特点,是全球重要油气藏类型,也是南海主要勘探对象之一.西沙海域位于南海北部,前人研究成果表明该区自中新世以来具有良好的成礁环境,生物礁大规模发育.本文在西沙海域地质背景进行分析的基础上,以地震资料为基础,以一个典型生物礁为例,综合分析了该区生物礁的地球物理响应特征.首先,生物礁具有典型的地震反射特征:丘状外形、顶界面为强振幅连续反射、底界面连续性变差、内部反射杂乱、两侧有上超、上覆地层披覆;其次阐述了生物礁具有的其它4个地球物理特征:较高的层度速、较的高波阻抗、无明显重力异常、低磁力异常.最后简要分析了西沙海域生物礁的油气地质条件,推测该区生物礁具有较好的油气资源前景,特别是临近生烃凹陷生物礁油气成藏条件最有利.
Reef is organic construction of carbonate rock generating from reef-building organisms,and mean while reef is significant target in oil and gas exploration.In the world scale,there are more than three hundred oil and gas fields which contain huge a mount of petroleum.Reef is famous for large a mount of production and reserve.In South China Sea(SCS),based on studies during the last past fifty years,reef is convinced important exploration targets.There are lots of reef oil and gas fields which have been detected in there.Xisha offshore,lying in the northern of SCS, there initially experienced a rifting stage with post-rift relaxation during the Tertiary,the basin filled with shallow continental deposits which conclude both lacustrine and shallow marine sediments.The post-rift phase of evolution shows that Xisha offshore had gradually drowning of a carbonate platform,slope deposits,including reef and beach in vast area.The former studies have demonstrated an appropriate construction environment for reef since early Miocene,so it extremely developed on a large scale.Therefore,the studies of reef contain a significance meaning for exploration and economic. Based on the seismic data,the geophysical features are illustrated by the reality examples.The seismic data used in this paper are acquired by China National Petroleum Corporation from the past several years,including 2D and 3D seismic data,and these data almost fully covered the whole area of Xisha offshore.The seismic profile quality is different with different areas and years,most of which are 2D multi-channel data and the acquisition density arranges from 4×8 km to 16×16 km.The geophysical corresponding characteristics of reef are synthetically analyzed.First, the seismic reflection characteristics arc introduced,including mound seismic reflection configuration,top interface's continuous reflection and strong amplitude,weakening continuous of bottom interlace,unorganized internal reflection,lateral onlap,and draping overlying strata,Second,four geophysical characteristics are illustrated including high compression wave velocity,high compression wave impedance,none obvious abnormal gravity and abnormal low magnitude,Last,the hydrocarbon geological condition is analyzed,and the conclusion has been derived that this area is a good hydrocarbon prospect and important exploration target of deepwater in future.
Reef is organic construction of carbonate rock generating from reef-building organisms,and mean while reef is significant target in oil and gas exploration.In the world scale,there are more than three hundred oil and gas fields which contain huge a mount of petroleum.Reef is famous for large a mount of production and reserve.In South China Sea(SCS),based on studies during the last past fifty years,reef is convinced important exploration targets.There are lots of reef oil and gas fields which have been detected in there.Xisha offshore,lying in the northern of SCS, there initially experienced a rifting stage with post-rift relaxation during the Tertiary,the basin filled with shallow continental deposits which conclude both lacustrine and shallow marine sediments.The post-rift phase of evolution shows that Xisha offshore had gradually drowning of a carbonate platform,slope deposits,including reef and beach in vast area.The former studies have demonstrated an appropriate construction environment for reef since early Miocene,so it extremely developed on a large scale.Therefore,the studies of reef contain a significance meaning for exploration and economic. Based on the seismic data,the geophysical features are illustrated by the reality examples.The seismic data used in this paper are acquired by China National Petroleum Corporation from the past several years,including 2D and 3D seismic data,and these data almost fully covered the whole area of Xisha offshore.The seismic profile quality is different with different areas and years,most of which are 2D multi-channel data and the acquisition density arranges from 4×8 km to 16×16 km.The geophysical corresponding characteristics of reef are synthetically analyzed.First, the seismic reflection characteristics arc introduced,including mound seismic reflection configuration,top interface's continuous reflection and strong amplitude,weakening continuous of bottom interlace,unorganized internal reflection,lateral onlap,and draping overlying strata,Second,four geophysical characteristics are illustrated including high compression wave velocity,high compression wave impedance,none obvious abnormal gravity and abnormal low magnitude,Last,the hydrocarbon geological condition is analyzed,and the conclusion has been derived that this area is a good hydrocarbon prospect and important exploration target of deepwater in future.
引文
[1]卫平生,刘全新,张景廉,等.再论生物礁与大油气田的关系[J].石油学报,2006,27(2):38-42. Wei P S,Liu Q X,Zhang J L,et al.Re-discussion of relationship between reef and giant oil-gas fields[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica(in Chinese),2006,27(2):38-42.
[2]魏喜,贾承造,孟卫工,等.西沙海域新近纪以来生物礁分布规律及油气勘探方向探讨[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43 (3):308-312. Wei X,Jia C Z,Meng W G,et al.Discussion on biogenetic reef distribution and hydrocarbon exploration direction in Xisha sea area since Neogene[J].OOP(in Chinese),2008,43 (3):308-312.
[3]刘春燕,林畅松,吴茂炳,等.中国生物礁时空分布特征及其地质意义[J].世界地质,2007,26(1):45-52. Liu C Y,Lin C S,Wu M B,et al.Characteristics of spatiotemporal distributions oi reefs in China and their geological significance[J].Global Geology(in Chinese), 2007,26(1):45-52.
[4]甘玉青,肖传桃,张斌.国内外生物礁油气勘探现状与我国南海生物礁油气勘探前景[J].海相油气地质,2009,14(2):16- 20. Gan Y Q,Xiao C T,Zhang B.Situation of Bioherm reservoir exploration in the world and the oil exploration prospect of Bioherm reservoirs in South China Sea[J].Marine Origin Petroleum Geology(in Chinese),2009,14(2):16-20.
[5]宋海斌郝天珧江为为,等.南海地球物理场特征与基底断裂体系研究[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(1):24-33. Song H B,Hao T Y,Jiang W W,et al.Researches on geophysical field characteristics and basement fault system of South China Sea[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese), 2002,17(1):24-33.
[6]陈洁,钟广见,温宁.南海扩张的地震反射标志——南海东北部多道地震剖面结果[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2788 -2797. Chen J,Zhong G J,Wen N.Seismic signs of the South China Sea spreading-A case study of the seismic reflection profile in the northeastern South China Sea[J].Chinese J.Geophys. (in Chinese),2009,52(11):2788-2797.
[7]陈洁,温宁,李学杰.南海油气资源潜力及勘探现状[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(4):1285-1294. Chen J,Wen N,Li X J.The status of the resource potential and petroleum exploration of the South China Sea[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(4):1285—1294.
[8]张中杰,刘一峰,张素芳,等.琼东南盆地地壳伸展深度依赖性及其动力学意义[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(1):57-66. Zhang Z J,I iu Y F,Zhang S F,et al.The depth dependence of crustal extension beneath Qiongdongnan basin area and its tectonic implications[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese), 2010,53(1):57-66.
[9]袁玉松,杨树春,胡圣标,等.琼东南盆地构造沉降史及其主控因素[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):376-383. Yuan Y S,Yang S C,Hu S B,et al.Tectonic subsidence of Qiongdongnan Basin and its main control factors[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(2):376-383.
[10]金钟,徐世浙,李全兴.南海海盆海山古地磁及海盆的形成演化[J].海洋学报,2004,26(5):83-93. Jin Z,Xu S Z,Li Q X.The development and paleomagnetics of seamounts in the subbasin of the South China Sea,China[J]. China Acta Oceanologica Sinica(in Chinese),2004,26(5): 83-93.
[11]马玉波,吴时国,张功成,等.南海北部陆缘深水区礁相碳酸盐岩的地球物理特征[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2009,33(4):33-39. Ma Y B,Wu S G,Zhang G C,et al.Geophysical characteristics of biohermal carbonate in the northern margin deep water area of South China Sea[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science)(in Chinese),2009,33(4):33-39.
[12]陆基孟,王永刚.地震勘探原理[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2009,256-258. Lu J M,Wang Y G.The Principle of Seismic(in Chinese)[M]. Dongying:Petroleum Industry Press,2009,256-258.
[13]李焕鹏.辽河油区潜山油藏内幕评价方法初探[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(1):90-99. Li H P.Evaluation methods of inner episodes for buried-hill reservoirs in the Liaohe oil field[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),2010,25(1):90—99.
[14]刘春园,魏修成,徐胜峰.地球物理方法在碳酸盐岩储层预测中的应用综述[J].综述地球物理学进展,2007,22(6): 1815-1822. Liu C Y,Wei X C,Xu S F.The overview of geophysical techniques in prediction of carbonate rock reservoir[J]. Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(6):1815~ 1822.
[15]刘光鼎,张丽莉,祝靓谊.试论复杂地质体的油气地震勘探[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(3):683-686. Liu G D,Zhang L L,Zhu L Y.Seismic prospecting for oil and gas on the complex geological bodies[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(3):683—686.
[16]郭建宇,马朋善,胡平忠,等.地震—地质方法识别生物礁[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(5):587-593. Guo J Y,Ma P S,Hu P Z,et al.Identification of reefs by seismic-geologic interpretation approach[J].OGP(in Chinese),2006,41(5) 587-591.
[17]魏魁生,崔旱云,叶淑芬,等.琼东南盆地高精度层序地层学研究[J].地球科学中国地质大学学报,2001,26(1):59-66. Wei K S,Cui H Y,Ye S F,et al.High-precision sequence stratigraphy in Qiongdongnan basin[J].Earth Science- Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese), 2001,26(1):59-66.
[18]赵邦六,杜小弟.生物礁地质特征与地球物理识别[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009,158-160 Zhao B L,Du X D.The Geological Feature and Geophysics Identify of Reef(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2009,158-160.
[19]李振春,郭朝斌,张凯,等.论碳酸盐岩探区时间域速度分析[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(2):549-556. Li Z C,Guo C B,Zhang K,et al.To obtain accurate seismic velocity field in karst exploration area[J],Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2011,26(2):549-55.
[20]孙小芳,金振奎,赵前华.伪波阻抗反演和频谱成像技术在琼东南盆地储层预测中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2010, 25(2):579-584. Sun X F,Jin Z K,Zhao Q H.Application of Pseudo-wave impedance inversion and spectral imaging technique to reservoir prediction in the Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,25(2):579-584.
[21]崔成军,龚姚进,申大媛.波阻抗反演在储层预测研究中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(1):9-15. Cui C J,Gong Y J,Shen D Y.Application of wave impedance inversion to reservoir prediction research[J]. Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,25(1):9-15.
[22]段如泰,金振奎,杨婷,等.地震沉积学研究中的方法和技术[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(1):89-98. Duan R T,Jin Z K,Yang T,et al.Methods and techniques in seismic sedimentology study[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),2011,26(1):89-98.
[23]肖军,王华,朱光辉,等.琼东南盆地异常地层压力与深部储集层物性[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报), 2007,29(1):7-12. Xiao J,Wang H,Zhu G H,et al.Abnormal Formation Pressure and Deep Reservoir Physical Property in Qongdongnan Basin[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology (Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute)(in Chinese), 2007,29(1):7-12.
[24]吴时国,孙运宝,王秀娟,等.南海北部深水盆地浅水流的地球物理特性及识别[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(7): 1681-1690. Wu S G,Sun Y B,W ang X J,et al.Geophysical signature and detection of shallow water flow in the deepwater basin of the northern South China Sea[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,53(7):1681-1690.
[25]龚再升.生物礁是南海北部深水区的重要勘探领域[J].中国海上油气,2009,21(5):289-295. Gong Z S.Reef:an important exploration realm in the deepwater areas,the northern South China Sea[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas(in Chinese),2009,21(5):289-295.
[26]魏喜,邓晋福,谢文彦,等.南海盆地演化对生物礁的控制及礁油气藏勘探潜力分析[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):245 -252. Wei X,Deng J F,Xie W Y,et al.Constraints on biogenetic reef formation during evolution of the South China Sea and exploration potential analysis[J].Earth Science Frontiers, 2005,12(3):245-252.
[2]魏喜,贾承造,孟卫工,等.西沙海域新近纪以来生物礁分布规律及油气勘探方向探讨[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43 (3):308-312. Wei X,Jia C Z,Meng W G,et al.Discussion on biogenetic reef distribution and hydrocarbon exploration direction in Xisha sea area since Neogene[J].OOP(in Chinese),2008,43 (3):308-312.
[3]刘春燕,林畅松,吴茂炳,等.中国生物礁时空分布特征及其地质意义[J].世界地质,2007,26(1):45-52. Liu C Y,Lin C S,Wu M B,et al.Characteristics of spatiotemporal distributions oi reefs in China and their geological significance[J].Global Geology(in Chinese), 2007,26(1):45-52.
[4]甘玉青,肖传桃,张斌.国内外生物礁油气勘探现状与我国南海生物礁油气勘探前景[J].海相油气地质,2009,14(2):16- 20. Gan Y Q,Xiao C T,Zhang B.Situation of Bioherm reservoir exploration in the world and the oil exploration prospect of Bioherm reservoirs in South China Sea[J].Marine Origin Petroleum Geology(in Chinese),2009,14(2):16-20.
[5]宋海斌郝天珧江为为,等.南海地球物理场特征与基底断裂体系研究[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(1):24-33. Song H B,Hao T Y,Jiang W W,et al.Researches on geophysical field characteristics and basement fault system of South China Sea[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese), 2002,17(1):24-33.
[6]陈洁,钟广见,温宁.南海扩张的地震反射标志——南海东北部多道地震剖面结果[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2788 -2797. Chen J,Zhong G J,Wen N.Seismic signs of the South China Sea spreading-A case study of the seismic reflection profile in the northeastern South China Sea[J].Chinese J.Geophys. (in Chinese),2009,52(11):2788-2797.
[7]陈洁,温宁,李学杰.南海油气资源潜力及勘探现状[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(4):1285-1294. Chen J,Wen N,Li X J.The status of the resource potential and petroleum exploration of the South China Sea[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(4):1285—1294.
[8]张中杰,刘一峰,张素芳,等.琼东南盆地地壳伸展深度依赖性及其动力学意义[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(1):57-66. Zhang Z J,I iu Y F,Zhang S F,et al.The depth dependence of crustal extension beneath Qiongdongnan basin area and its tectonic implications[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese), 2010,53(1):57-66.
[9]袁玉松,杨树春,胡圣标,等.琼东南盆地构造沉降史及其主控因素[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):376-383. Yuan Y S,Yang S C,Hu S B,et al.Tectonic subsidence of Qiongdongnan Basin and its main control factors[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(2):376-383.
[10]金钟,徐世浙,李全兴.南海海盆海山古地磁及海盆的形成演化[J].海洋学报,2004,26(5):83-93. Jin Z,Xu S Z,Li Q X.The development and paleomagnetics of seamounts in the subbasin of the South China Sea,China[J]. China Acta Oceanologica Sinica(in Chinese),2004,26(5): 83-93.
[11]马玉波,吴时国,张功成,等.南海北部陆缘深水区礁相碳酸盐岩的地球物理特征[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2009,33(4):33-39. Ma Y B,Wu S G,Zhang G C,et al.Geophysical characteristics of biohermal carbonate in the northern margin deep water area of South China Sea[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science)(in Chinese),2009,33(4):33-39.
[12]陆基孟,王永刚.地震勘探原理[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2009,256-258. Lu J M,Wang Y G.The Principle of Seismic(in Chinese)[M]. Dongying:Petroleum Industry Press,2009,256-258.
[13]李焕鹏.辽河油区潜山油藏内幕评价方法初探[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(1):90-99. Li H P.Evaluation methods of inner episodes for buried-hill reservoirs in the Liaohe oil field[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),2010,25(1):90—99.
[14]刘春园,魏修成,徐胜峰.地球物理方法在碳酸盐岩储层预测中的应用综述[J].综述地球物理学进展,2007,22(6): 1815-1822. Liu C Y,Wei X C,Xu S F.The overview of geophysical techniques in prediction of carbonate rock reservoir[J]. Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(6):1815~ 1822.
[15]刘光鼎,张丽莉,祝靓谊.试论复杂地质体的油气地震勘探[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(3):683-686. Liu G D,Zhang L L,Zhu L Y.Seismic prospecting for oil and gas on the complex geological bodies[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(3):683—686.
[16]郭建宇,马朋善,胡平忠,等.地震—地质方法识别生物礁[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(5):587-593. Guo J Y,Ma P S,Hu P Z,et al.Identification of reefs by seismic-geologic interpretation approach[J].OGP(in Chinese),2006,41(5) 587-591.
[17]魏魁生,崔旱云,叶淑芬,等.琼东南盆地高精度层序地层学研究[J].地球科学中国地质大学学报,2001,26(1):59-66. Wei K S,Cui H Y,Ye S F,et al.High-precision sequence stratigraphy in Qiongdongnan basin[J].Earth Science- Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese), 2001,26(1):59-66.
[18]赵邦六,杜小弟.生物礁地质特征与地球物理识别[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009,158-160 Zhao B L,Du X D.The Geological Feature and Geophysics Identify of Reef(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2009,158-160.
[19]李振春,郭朝斌,张凯,等.论碳酸盐岩探区时间域速度分析[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(2):549-556. Li Z C,Guo C B,Zhang K,et al.To obtain accurate seismic velocity field in karst exploration area[J],Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2011,26(2):549-55.
[20]孙小芳,金振奎,赵前华.伪波阻抗反演和频谱成像技术在琼东南盆地储层预测中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2010, 25(2):579-584. Sun X F,Jin Z K,Zhao Q H.Application of Pseudo-wave impedance inversion and spectral imaging technique to reservoir prediction in the Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,25(2):579-584.
[21]崔成军,龚姚进,申大媛.波阻抗反演在储层预测研究中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(1):9-15. Cui C J,Gong Y J,Shen D Y.Application of wave impedance inversion to reservoir prediction research[J]. Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,25(1):9-15.
[22]段如泰,金振奎,杨婷,等.地震沉积学研究中的方法和技术[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(1):89-98. Duan R T,Jin Z K,Yang T,et al.Methods and techniques in seismic sedimentology study[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),2011,26(1):89-98.
[23]肖军,王华,朱光辉,等.琼东南盆地异常地层压力与深部储集层物性[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报), 2007,29(1):7-12. Xiao J,Wang H,Zhu G H,et al.Abnormal Formation Pressure and Deep Reservoir Physical Property in Qongdongnan Basin[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology (Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute)(in Chinese), 2007,29(1):7-12.
[24]吴时国,孙运宝,王秀娟,等.南海北部深水盆地浅水流的地球物理特性及识别[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(7): 1681-1690. Wu S G,Sun Y B,W ang X J,et al.Geophysical signature and detection of shallow water flow in the deepwater basin of the northern South China Sea[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,53(7):1681-1690.
[25]龚再升.生物礁是南海北部深水区的重要勘探领域[J].中国海上油气,2009,21(5):289-295. Gong Z S.Reef:an important exploration realm in the deepwater areas,the northern South China Sea[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas(in Chinese),2009,21(5):289-295.
[26]魏喜,邓晋福,谢文彦,等.南海盆地演化对生物礁的控制及礁油气藏勘探潜力分析[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):245 -252. Wei X,Deng J F,Xie W Y,et al.Constraints on biogenetic reef formation during evolution of the South China Sea and exploration potential analysis[J].Earth Science Frontiers, 2005,12(3):245-252.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心