地核物质成分研究进展
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摘要
系统介绍了地核的形成时间、地核的物理特性、化学成分和物质存在相态。利用W-Hf同位素系测年方法厘定地核与地幔分异的年龄是在地球形成的最初30 Ma。但是,内核的结晶年龄还是未知的。地核声波速度的各向异性可能是六面体紧密堆积(hcp)相铁的c轴方向沿地球轴线优选定向排列引起的。利用地球物理资料估算的地核密度与响应温压条件下液态铁的密度差值是5%~10%,因此,判断主要是铁镍合金的地核应该含有一定量的比铁轻的元素,如碳、硫、磷、硅、氧、氢以及其他轻元素。这些轻元素对D″的形成、地幔柱的形成、演化以及地震、火山活动的影响应该是值得探索的新领域。
The age,physical properties and chemical compositions of the Earth's core are reviewed.The formation time of the core and mantle is determined by W-Hf isotope dating to be 30 Ma at the beginning of the earth formation.However,the time of the inner core crystallization from the liquid core remains an open question.The inner core is anisotropic in elastic wave velocity,which is considered as a result of the c axis of hcp-structure iron arranged predominantly along the Earth′s pole axis.The density difference of the core between the PREM model and liquid iron at the core temperature and pressure is about 10%,which indicates that the core contains light elements,such as C,S,P,Si,O,H,Mg,etc.The light elements in the core may play an important role in the formation of D″ layer between the core and mantle,formation and evolution of the plume and activities of volcano and earthquake,which is the new field for us to investigate.
The age,physical properties and chemical compositions of the Earth's core are reviewed.The formation time of the core and mantle is determined by W-Hf isotope dating to be 30 Ma at the beginning of the earth formation.However,the time of the inner core crystallization from the liquid core remains an open question.The inner core is anisotropic in elastic wave velocity,which is considered as a result of the c axis of hcp-structure iron arranged predominantly along the Earth′s pole axis.The density difference of the core between the PREM model and liquid iron at the core temperature and pressure is about 10%,which indicates that the core contains light elements,such as C,S,P,Si,O,H,Mg,etc.The light elements in the core may play an important role in the formation of D″ layer between the core and mantle,formation and evolution of the plume and activities of volcano and earthquake,which is the new field for us to investigate.
引文
[1]Dziewonski AM,Anderson D L.Preliminary reference Earth mod-el[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interior,1981,25:297-356.
[2]Jeanloz R.The nature of the Earth′s core[J].Annual Review ofEarth and Planetary Science,1990,18:357-386.
[3]Hillgren V,Gessmann C K,Li J.An experimental perspective onthe light element in Earth′s core[M]∥Canup R M,Righter K,eds.Origin of the Earth and Moon.Tuson,AZ:University of Ari-zona Press,2000:245-263.
[4]Li J,Fei Y.Experimental constraints on core composition[J].Treatise on Geochemistry,2007,2(14):1-31.
[5]McDonough W F.Compositional model for the Earth′s core[J].Treatise on Geochemistry,2007,6:547-568.
[6]Du Jiaqnguo,He Duanwei,Gao Chunxiao,et al.Experimentaland Theoretical Studies of Mineral and Rock at High Pressure andTemperature[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2011(in press).[杜建国,贺端伟,高春晓,等.矿物岩石高温高压实验与理论研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2011(待刊).]
[7]Ma Y,Somayazulu M,Shen G,et al.In situ X-ray diffractionstudies of iron to Earth-core conditions[J].Physics ofEarth andPlanetary Interior,2004,(143/144):455-467.
[8]Brown J M,McQueen R G.Phase transitions,Grüneisen parame-ter,and elasticity for shocked iron between 77 GPa and 400 GPa[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1986,91:7 485-7 494.
[9]Halliday A N,Rehkamper M,Lee D C,et al.Early evolution ofthe Earth and Moon:Newconstraints from Hf-W isotope geochem-istry[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,1996,142:75-89.
[10]QuittèG,Birck J L,Allègre C J.182Hf-182W systematics in eu-crites:The puzzle of iron segregation in the early solar system[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2000,184:83-94.
[11]Yin Q,Jacobsen S B,Yamashita K,et al.A short timescale forterrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites[J].Nature,2002,418:949-952.
[12]Kleine T,Münker C,Mezger K,et al.Rapid accretion and earlycore formation on asteroid and the terrestrial planets from Hf-Wchronometry[J].Nature,2002,418:952-956.
[13]Akimoto S.High-pressure research in geophysics:Past,present,and future[M]∥Manghnani MH,Syono Y,eds.High-PressureResearch in Mineral Physics.Tokyo:Terra Scientific PublishingCompany,1987:1-13.
[14]Mao HK,Bell P M,Hadidiacos C.Experimental phase relationsof iron to360 Kbar,1 400℃,determined in an internally heateddiamond-anvil apparatus[M]∥Manghnani MH,Syono Y,eds.High-Pressure Research in Mineral Physics.Washington DC:Terra Scientific Publishing Company,1987:135-138.
[15]Funamori N,Yagi T,Uchida T.High-pressure and high-temper-ature in situ X-ray diffraction study of iron to above 30 GPa usingMA8-type apparatus[J].Geophysical Research Letter,1996,23:953-956.
[16]Uchida T,Wang Y,Rivers ML,et al.Stability field and ther-mal equation of state of epsilon-iron determined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a multianvil apparatus[J].Journal ofGeophysi-cal Research,2001,106:21 799-21 810.
[17]Brown J M.The equation of state of iron to 450 GPa:Anotherhigh pressure solid phase?[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2001,28:4 339-4 342.
[18]Andrault D,Fiquet G,Charpin T,et al.Structure analysis andstability field of beta-iron at high P and T[J].American Miner-alogist,2000,85:364-371.
[19]Saxena S K,Shen G,Lazor P.Experimental evidence for a newiron phase and implications for Earth′s core[J].Science,1993,260:1 312-1 314.
[20]Hemley R J,Mao H K.In situ studies of iron under pressure:New windows on the Earth′s core[J].International Geology Re-view,2001,43:1-30.
[21]Williams Q,Jeanloz R,Bass J,et al.The melting curve of ironto 250 gigapascals:A constraint on the temperature at Earth′scenter[J].Science,1987,236:181-182.
[22]Saxena S K,Shen G,Lazor P.Temperatures in the Earth′s corebased on melting and phase transformation experiments on iron[J].Science,1994,264:405-407.
[23]Yoo C S,Holmes N C,Ross M,et al.Shock temperatures andmelting of iron at Earth core conditions[J].Physical ReviewLet-ter,1993,70:3 931-3 934.
[24]Boehler R.Temperatures in the Earth′s core from melting-pointmeasurements of iron at high static pressures[J].Nature,1993,363:534-536.
[25]Ahrens TJ,Holland KG,Chen G Q.Phase diagramof iron,re-vised core temperatures[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2002,29(7):1 150,doi:10.1029/2001GL014350.
[26]Boehler R.High-pressure experiments and the phase diagram oflower mantle and core materials[J].Review Geophysics,2000,38:221-245.
[27]Shen G,Mao H-K,Hemley R J,et al.Melting and crystal struc-ture of iron at high pressures and temperatures[J].GeophysicalResearch Letter,1998,25:373-376.
[28]Mao H-K,Wu Y,Chen L C,et al.Static compression of iron to300 GPa and Fe0.8Ni0.2alloy to 260 GPa:Implications for com-positions of the core[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1990,95:21 737-21 742.
[29]Tateno S,Hirose K,Ohishi Y,et al.The structure of iron inEarth′s inner core[J].Science,2010,330(359):360-362.
[30]Voˇcadlo L,Alf埁D,Gillan M J,et al.Possible thermal andchemical stabilisation of body-centred-cubic iron in the Earth′score[J].Nature,2003,424:536-539.
[31]Voˇcadlo L,Wood I G,Gillan MJ,et al.The stability of bcc-Feat high pressures and temperatures with respect to tetragonalstrain[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interior,2008,170:52-59.
[32]Belonoshko A B,Ahuja R,Johansson B.Stability of the body-centred-cubic phase of iron in the Earth′s inner core[J].Na-ture,2003,424:1 032-1 034.
[33]Sanloup C,Guyot F,Gillet P,et al.Structural changes in liquidFe at high pressures and high temperatures from synchrotron X-ray Diffraction[J].Europhysics Letter,2000,52(2):151-157.
[34]Lin J,Heinz D L,Campbell A J,et al.Iron nickel alloy in theEarth′s core[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2002,29(10):109-111.
[35]Mitra S.High-Pressure Geochemistry and Mineral Physics[M].Amstterdan,Boston,Lodon,NewYork,Oxford,Paris:Elservi-er,2004.
[36]Dubrovinsky L,Dubrovinskaia N,Narygina O,et al.Body-cen-tred cubic iron-nickel alloy in Earth′s core[J].Science,2007,316:1 880-1 883.
[37]Benz M G,Elliott J F.The austenite solidus and revised iron-carbon diagram[J].Transaction AIME,1961,221:323-331.
[38]Wood B J.Carbon in the core[J].Earth and Planetary ScienceLetter,1993,117:593-607.
[39]Dasgupta R,Walker D.Carbon solubility in core melts in a shal-low magma ocean environment and distribution of carbon betweenthe Earth′s core and the mantle[J].Geochimca et CosmochimcaActa,2008,72:4 627-4 641.
[40]Nakajima Y,Takahashi E,Suzuki T,et al."Carbon in thecore"revisited[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interior,2009,174:202-211.
[41]Georg R B,Halliday A N,Schauble E A,et al.Silicon in theEarth′s core[J].Nature,2007,447:1 102-1 106.
[42]Fitoussi C,Bourdon B,Kleine T,et al.Si isotope systematics ofmeteorites and terrestrial peridotites:Implications for Mg/Si frac-tionation in the solar nebula and for Si in the Earth′s core[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2009,287:77-85.
[43]Shahar A,Ziegler K,Young E D,et al.Experimentally deter-mined Si isotope fractionation between silicate and Fe metal andimplications for Earth′s core formation[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letter,2009,288:228-234.
[44]Gessmann C K,Wood B J,Rubie D C,et al.Solubility of sili-con in liquid metal at high pressure:Implications for the composi-tion of the Earth′s core[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2001,184:367-376.
[45]C tèA,Vocˇadlo L,Dobson D P,et al.Ab initio lattice dynam-ics calculations on the combined effect of temperature and siliconon the stability of different iron phases in the Earth′s inner core[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interior,2010,178:2-7.
[46]Tsuchiya T,Fujibuchi M.Effects of Si on the elastic property ofFe at Earth′s inner core pressures:First principles study[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interior,2009,174:212-219.
[47]O′Neill H S,Canil D,Rubie D C.Oxide metal equilibria to2 500 degrees C and 25 GPa:Implications for core formation andthe light component in the Earth′s core[J].Journal ofGeophysi-cal Research,1998,103(B6):12 239-12 260.
[48]Alf D,Gillan M J,Price G D.Composition and temperature ofthe Earth′s core constrained by combining ab initio calculationsand seismic data[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2002,195:91-98.
[49]Alf埁D,Price G D,Gillan MJ.Oxygen in the Earth’s core:Afirst-principles study[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interi-or,1999,110:191-210.
[50]Corgne A,Keshav S,Fei Y,et al.How much potassium is inthe Earth′s core?Newinsights from partitioning experiments[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2007,256:567-576.
[51]McDonough W F,Sun S S.The composition of the Earth[J].Chemical Geology,1995,120:223-253.
[52]K偄das K,Vitos L,Ahuja R.Elastic properties of iron-rich hcpFe-Mg alloys up to Earth′s core pressures[J].Earth and Plane-tary Science Letter,2008,271:221-225.
[53]Okuchi T.The melting temperature of iron hydride at high pres-sure and its implication of Eath′s core[J].Journal ofGeophysicalResearch,1998,96:14 313-14 318.
[54]Parker L J,Hasegawa M,Atou T,et al.High-pressure synthesisof alkali metal transition metal compounds[J].Europian JournalofSolid State Inorganic Chemistry,1997,34:693-704.
[55]Lee K K M,Jeanloz R.High-pressure alloying of potassium andiron:Radioactivity in the Earth′s core?[J].Geophysical Re-search Letter,2003,30(23),doi:10.1029/2003GL018515.
[56]Murthy R,van Westrenen W,Fei Y.Experimental evidence thatpotassium is a substantial radioactive heat source in planetarycores[J].Nature,2003,423:163-165.
[57]Corgne A,Siebert J,Badro J.Oxygen as a light element:A so-lution to single-stage core formation[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letter,2009,288:108-114.
[58]Gessmann C K,Wood B J.Potassium in the Earth′s core?[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2002,200:63-78.
[59]Herndon J M.Substructure of the inner core of the Earth[J].The Proceedings ofthe National Academy ofScience USA,1996,93(2):646-648.
[60]Rudnick R L,Barth M,Horn I,et al.Rutile-bearing refractoryeclogites:Missing link between continents and depleted mantle[J].Science,2000,287:278-281.
[61]O′Neill HS C,Palme H.Composition of the silicate Earth:Im-plications for accretion and core formation[M]∥Jackson I,ed.The Earth′s Mantle:Structure,Composition,and Evolution—The Ringwood Volume.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[62]Walker D.Core participation in mantle geochemistry:Geochemi-cal society ingersoll lecture,GSA,Denver,October 1999[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2000,64:2 897-2 911.
[63]Anderson O L,Isaak D G.Another look at the core density defi-cit of Earth′s outer core[J].Physics ofEarth and PlanetaryInte-rior,2002,131:19-27.
[2]Jeanloz R.The nature of the Earth′s core[J].Annual Review ofEarth and Planetary Science,1990,18:357-386.
[3]Hillgren V,Gessmann C K,Li J.An experimental perspective onthe light element in Earth′s core[M]∥Canup R M,Righter K,eds.Origin of the Earth and Moon.Tuson,AZ:University of Ari-zona Press,2000:245-263.
[4]Li J,Fei Y.Experimental constraints on core composition[J].Treatise on Geochemistry,2007,2(14):1-31.
[5]McDonough W F.Compositional model for the Earth′s core[J].Treatise on Geochemistry,2007,6:547-568.
[6]Du Jiaqnguo,He Duanwei,Gao Chunxiao,et al.Experimentaland Theoretical Studies of Mineral and Rock at High Pressure andTemperature[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2011(in press).[杜建国,贺端伟,高春晓,等.矿物岩石高温高压实验与理论研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2011(待刊).]
[7]Ma Y,Somayazulu M,Shen G,et al.In situ X-ray diffractionstudies of iron to Earth-core conditions[J].Physics ofEarth andPlanetary Interior,2004,(143/144):455-467.
[8]Brown J M,McQueen R G.Phase transitions,Grüneisen parame-ter,and elasticity for shocked iron between 77 GPa and 400 GPa[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1986,91:7 485-7 494.
[9]Halliday A N,Rehkamper M,Lee D C,et al.Early evolution ofthe Earth and Moon:Newconstraints from Hf-W isotope geochem-istry[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,1996,142:75-89.
[10]QuittèG,Birck J L,Allègre C J.182Hf-182W systematics in eu-crites:The puzzle of iron segregation in the early solar system[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2000,184:83-94.
[11]Yin Q,Jacobsen S B,Yamashita K,et al.A short timescale forterrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites[J].Nature,2002,418:949-952.
[12]Kleine T,Münker C,Mezger K,et al.Rapid accretion and earlycore formation on asteroid and the terrestrial planets from Hf-Wchronometry[J].Nature,2002,418:952-956.
[13]Akimoto S.High-pressure research in geophysics:Past,present,and future[M]∥Manghnani MH,Syono Y,eds.High-PressureResearch in Mineral Physics.Tokyo:Terra Scientific PublishingCompany,1987:1-13.
[14]Mao HK,Bell P M,Hadidiacos C.Experimental phase relationsof iron to360 Kbar,1 400℃,determined in an internally heateddiamond-anvil apparatus[M]∥Manghnani MH,Syono Y,eds.High-Pressure Research in Mineral Physics.Washington DC:Terra Scientific Publishing Company,1987:135-138.
[15]Funamori N,Yagi T,Uchida T.High-pressure and high-temper-ature in situ X-ray diffraction study of iron to above 30 GPa usingMA8-type apparatus[J].Geophysical Research Letter,1996,23:953-956.
[16]Uchida T,Wang Y,Rivers ML,et al.Stability field and ther-mal equation of state of epsilon-iron determined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a multianvil apparatus[J].Journal ofGeophysi-cal Research,2001,106:21 799-21 810.
[17]Brown J M.The equation of state of iron to 450 GPa:Anotherhigh pressure solid phase?[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2001,28:4 339-4 342.
[18]Andrault D,Fiquet G,Charpin T,et al.Structure analysis andstability field of beta-iron at high P and T[J].American Miner-alogist,2000,85:364-371.
[19]Saxena S K,Shen G,Lazor P.Experimental evidence for a newiron phase and implications for Earth′s core[J].Science,1993,260:1 312-1 314.
[20]Hemley R J,Mao H K.In situ studies of iron under pressure:New windows on the Earth′s core[J].International Geology Re-view,2001,43:1-30.
[21]Williams Q,Jeanloz R,Bass J,et al.The melting curve of ironto 250 gigapascals:A constraint on the temperature at Earth′scenter[J].Science,1987,236:181-182.
[22]Saxena S K,Shen G,Lazor P.Temperatures in the Earth′s corebased on melting and phase transformation experiments on iron[J].Science,1994,264:405-407.
[23]Yoo C S,Holmes N C,Ross M,et al.Shock temperatures andmelting of iron at Earth core conditions[J].Physical ReviewLet-ter,1993,70:3 931-3 934.
[24]Boehler R.Temperatures in the Earth′s core from melting-pointmeasurements of iron at high static pressures[J].Nature,1993,363:534-536.
[25]Ahrens TJ,Holland KG,Chen G Q.Phase diagramof iron,re-vised core temperatures[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2002,29(7):1 150,doi:10.1029/2001GL014350.
[26]Boehler R.High-pressure experiments and the phase diagram oflower mantle and core materials[J].Review Geophysics,2000,38:221-245.
[27]Shen G,Mao H-K,Hemley R J,et al.Melting and crystal struc-ture of iron at high pressures and temperatures[J].GeophysicalResearch Letter,1998,25:373-376.
[28]Mao H-K,Wu Y,Chen L C,et al.Static compression of iron to300 GPa and Fe0.8Ni0.2alloy to 260 GPa:Implications for com-positions of the core[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1990,95:21 737-21 742.
[29]Tateno S,Hirose K,Ohishi Y,et al.The structure of iron inEarth′s inner core[J].Science,2010,330(359):360-362.
[30]Voˇcadlo L,Alf埁D,Gillan M J,et al.Possible thermal andchemical stabilisation of body-centred-cubic iron in the Earth′score[J].Nature,2003,424:536-539.
[31]Voˇcadlo L,Wood I G,Gillan MJ,et al.The stability of bcc-Feat high pressures and temperatures with respect to tetragonalstrain[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interior,2008,170:52-59.
[32]Belonoshko A B,Ahuja R,Johansson B.Stability of the body-centred-cubic phase of iron in the Earth′s inner core[J].Na-ture,2003,424:1 032-1 034.
[33]Sanloup C,Guyot F,Gillet P,et al.Structural changes in liquidFe at high pressures and high temperatures from synchrotron X-ray Diffraction[J].Europhysics Letter,2000,52(2):151-157.
[34]Lin J,Heinz D L,Campbell A J,et al.Iron nickel alloy in theEarth′s core[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2002,29(10):109-111.
[35]Mitra S.High-Pressure Geochemistry and Mineral Physics[M].Amstterdan,Boston,Lodon,NewYork,Oxford,Paris:Elservi-er,2004.
[36]Dubrovinsky L,Dubrovinskaia N,Narygina O,et al.Body-cen-tred cubic iron-nickel alloy in Earth′s core[J].Science,2007,316:1 880-1 883.
[37]Benz M G,Elliott J F.The austenite solidus and revised iron-carbon diagram[J].Transaction AIME,1961,221:323-331.
[38]Wood B J.Carbon in the core[J].Earth and Planetary ScienceLetter,1993,117:593-607.
[39]Dasgupta R,Walker D.Carbon solubility in core melts in a shal-low magma ocean environment and distribution of carbon betweenthe Earth′s core and the mantle[J].Geochimca et CosmochimcaActa,2008,72:4 627-4 641.
[40]Nakajima Y,Takahashi E,Suzuki T,et al."Carbon in thecore"revisited[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interior,2009,174:202-211.
[41]Georg R B,Halliday A N,Schauble E A,et al.Silicon in theEarth′s core[J].Nature,2007,447:1 102-1 106.
[42]Fitoussi C,Bourdon B,Kleine T,et al.Si isotope systematics ofmeteorites and terrestrial peridotites:Implications for Mg/Si frac-tionation in the solar nebula and for Si in the Earth′s core[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2009,287:77-85.
[43]Shahar A,Ziegler K,Young E D,et al.Experimentally deter-mined Si isotope fractionation between silicate and Fe metal andimplications for Earth′s core formation[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letter,2009,288:228-234.
[44]Gessmann C K,Wood B J,Rubie D C,et al.Solubility of sili-con in liquid metal at high pressure:Implications for the composi-tion of the Earth′s core[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2001,184:367-376.
[45]C tèA,Vocˇadlo L,Dobson D P,et al.Ab initio lattice dynam-ics calculations on the combined effect of temperature and siliconon the stability of different iron phases in the Earth′s inner core[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interior,2010,178:2-7.
[46]Tsuchiya T,Fujibuchi M.Effects of Si on the elastic property ofFe at Earth′s inner core pressures:First principles study[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interior,2009,174:212-219.
[47]O′Neill H S,Canil D,Rubie D C.Oxide metal equilibria to2 500 degrees C and 25 GPa:Implications for core formation andthe light component in the Earth′s core[J].Journal ofGeophysi-cal Research,1998,103(B6):12 239-12 260.
[48]Alf D,Gillan M J,Price G D.Composition and temperature ofthe Earth′s core constrained by combining ab initio calculationsand seismic data[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2002,195:91-98.
[49]Alf埁D,Price G D,Gillan MJ.Oxygen in the Earth’s core:Afirst-principles study[J].Physics ofEarth and Planetary Interi-or,1999,110:191-210.
[50]Corgne A,Keshav S,Fei Y,et al.How much potassium is inthe Earth′s core?Newinsights from partitioning experiments[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2007,256:567-576.
[51]McDonough W F,Sun S S.The composition of the Earth[J].Chemical Geology,1995,120:223-253.
[52]K偄das K,Vitos L,Ahuja R.Elastic properties of iron-rich hcpFe-Mg alloys up to Earth′s core pressures[J].Earth and Plane-tary Science Letter,2008,271:221-225.
[53]Okuchi T.The melting temperature of iron hydride at high pres-sure and its implication of Eath′s core[J].Journal ofGeophysicalResearch,1998,96:14 313-14 318.
[54]Parker L J,Hasegawa M,Atou T,et al.High-pressure synthesisof alkali metal transition metal compounds[J].Europian JournalofSolid State Inorganic Chemistry,1997,34:693-704.
[55]Lee K K M,Jeanloz R.High-pressure alloying of potassium andiron:Radioactivity in the Earth′s core?[J].Geophysical Re-search Letter,2003,30(23),doi:10.1029/2003GL018515.
[56]Murthy R,van Westrenen W,Fei Y.Experimental evidence thatpotassium is a substantial radioactive heat source in planetarycores[J].Nature,2003,423:163-165.
[57]Corgne A,Siebert J,Badro J.Oxygen as a light element:A so-lution to single-stage core formation[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letter,2009,288:108-114.
[58]Gessmann C K,Wood B J.Potassium in the Earth′s core?[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2002,200:63-78.
[59]Herndon J M.Substructure of the inner core of the Earth[J].The Proceedings ofthe National Academy ofScience USA,1996,93(2):646-648.
[60]Rudnick R L,Barth M,Horn I,et al.Rutile-bearing refractoryeclogites:Missing link between continents and depleted mantle[J].Science,2000,287:278-281.
[61]O′Neill HS C,Palme H.Composition of the silicate Earth:Im-plications for accretion and core formation[M]∥Jackson I,ed.The Earth′s Mantle:Structure,Composition,and Evolution—The Ringwood Volume.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[62]Walker D.Core participation in mantle geochemistry:Geochemi-cal society ingersoll lecture,GSA,Denver,October 1999[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2000,64:2 897-2 911.
[63]Anderson O L,Isaak D G.Another look at the core density defi-cit of Earth′s outer core[J].Physics ofEarth and PlanetaryInte-rior,2002,131:19-27.
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