东昆仑断裂东段玛沁—玛曲段几何结构特征
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摘要
文中主要通过ETM,Quickbird,Worldview卫星影像解译,利用断裂带的几何、构造不连续点,对东昆仑断裂带玛沁—玛曲段进行几何分段。自西向东可分为东倾沟段、大武滩段、肯定那段、西科河段、唐地段、玛曲段、墨溪段和罗叉段,前7条断裂羽列排列,唐地段和玛曲段为右阶排列,其余为左阶排列,各阶区之间范围较小,联系紧密。最大的阶区长10km,宽1.3km。除了阶区,断裂的分段标志还有走向的弯曲与断裂的交会。东倾沟段和罗叉段的分段标志主要为断裂走向的弯曲,最大的走向弯曲为东倾沟段,为34°的右阶挤压弯曲。在莫哈汤南侧东昆仑断裂与阿万仓断裂交会,为西科河段的1个分段标志。该段广泛分布的构造地貌和古地震造成的破裂标志表明该段曾经历过多次活动。断裂带从NW向SE呈帚状散开,结合不同段上的滑动速率,发现东昆仑断裂东段滑动速率呈梯度下降与东昆仑断裂带东段帚状散开的几何特征一一对应。
The paper carries out geometric segmentation of the eastern segment of East Kunlun Active Fault(Maqin-Maqu segment)based on the interpretation of ETM and QuickBird satellite images and using segmental signs of strike-slip fault,such as geometric and tectonic discontinuities in combination of geomorphic features and fault zone materials. In this study,we divide the Kunlun Active Fault(Maqin-Maqu segment)into eight segments,geometrically,namely,Dongqinggou,Dawutan,Kendingna,Xikehe,Tangdi,Maqu,Moxi and Luocha. Faults in the former seven segments are developed en echelon,of which,that in the Tangdi and Maqu segments are of right-stepping en echelon,and the rest are of left-stepping. The space between steps is small and well-connected. Beside the stepover,the segmentation indicators also include the bend of fault strike and the intersection of fault with others. Luocha segment is divided mainly by the strike bend. The east Kunlun Fault intersects with the Awancang Fault and Xikehe-Maqu Fault at the south side of Mohatang,which is taken as an indicator of segmentation of the Xikehe segment. The extensive landform and evidence of paleo-seismic rupture indicate that the Maqin-Maqu segment has experienced numerous movements. The fault splays out from northwest to southeast,which has good correlation with the slip rate gradients along the Eastern Kunlun Fault.
The paper carries out geometric segmentation of the eastern segment of East Kunlun Active Fault(Maqin-Maqu segment)based on the interpretation of ETM and QuickBird satellite images and using segmental signs of strike-slip fault,such as geometric and tectonic discontinuities in combination of geomorphic features and fault zone materials. In this study,we divide the Kunlun Active Fault(Maqin-Maqu segment)into eight segments,geometrically,namely,Dongqinggou,Dawutan,Kendingna,Xikehe,Tangdi,Maqu,Moxi and Luocha. Faults in the former seven segments are developed en echelon,of which,that in the Tangdi and Maqu segments are of right-stepping en echelon,and the rest are of left-stepping. The space between steps is small and well-connected. Beside the stepover,the segmentation indicators also include the bend of fault strike and the intersection of fault with others. Luocha segment is divided mainly by the strike bend. The east Kunlun Fault intersects with the Awancang Fault and Xikehe-Maqu Fault at the south side of Mohatang,which is taken as an indicator of segmentation of the Xikehe segment. The extensive landform and evidence of paleo-seismic rupture indicate that the Maqin-Maqu segment has experienced numerous movements. The fault splays out from northwest to southeast,which has good correlation with the slip rate gradients along the Eastern Kunlun Fault.
引文
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邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.2002.中国活动构造特征[J].中国科学(D辑),32(17):1020—1030.DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Pei-zhen,RAN Yong-kang,et al.2002.Characteristics of active tectonics of China[J].Sci-ence in China(Ser D),32(17):1020—1030(in Chinese).
丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.1993.活断层分段:原则、方法及应用[M].北京:地震出版社.DING Guo-yu,TIAN Qin-jian,KONG Fan-chen,et al.1993.Segmentation of Active Fault[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
顾功叙主编.1983.中国地震目录[Z].北京:科学出版社.GU Gong-xu(ed).1983.Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes[Z].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
何文贵,袁道阳,熊振,等.2006a.东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂新活动特征及全新世滑动速率研究[J].地震,26(4):67—75.HE Wen-gui,YUAN Dao-yang,XIONG Zhen,et al.2006a.Study on characteristics of new activity and Holocene sliprate along Maqu Fault of East Kunlun Active Fault[J].Earthquake,26(4):67—75(in Chinese).
何文贵,熊振,袁道阳,等.2006b.东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂古地震初步研究[J].中国地震,22(2):126—134.HE Wen-gui,XIONG Zhen,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.2006b.Palaeo-earthquake study on the Maqu Fault of East KunlunActive Fault[J].Earthquake Research in China,22(2):126—134(in Chinese).
李春峰,贺群禄,赵国光.2005.东昆仑活动断裂带东段古地震活动特征[J].地震学报,25(1):60—67.LI Chun-feng,HE Qun-lu,ZHAO Guo-guang.2005.Paleo-earthquake studies on the eastern section of the Kunlun Fault[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,25(1):60—67(in Chinese).
李春锋,贺群禄,赵国光.2004.东昆仑活动断裂带东段全新世滑动速率研究[J].地震地质,26(4):676—687.LI Chun-feng,HE Qun-lu,ZHAO Guo-guang.2004.Holocene slip rate along the eastern segment of the Kunlun Fault[J].Seismology and Geology,26(4):676—687(in Chinese).
刘光勋.1996.东昆仑活动构造带及强震活动[J].中国地震,12(2):119—126.LIU Guang-xun.1996.Eastern Kunlun Active Fault zone and its seismic activity[J].Earthquake Research in China,12(2):119—126(in Chinese).
马寅生,施炜,杨农,等.2005.东昆仑活动断裂带玛曲段活动特征及其东延[J].地质通报,24(1):30—35.MA Yin-sheng,SHI Wei,YANG Nong,et al.2005.Characteristics of the activity of the Maqu segment of the East Kun-lun Active Fault belt and its eastward extension[J].Geological Bulletin of China,24(1):30—35(in Chinese).
裴先治.2001.勉略-阿尼玛卿构造带的形成演化与动力学特征[D]:学位论文.西安:西北大学.PEI Xian-zhi.2001.Geological evolution and dynamics of the Mianlue-A nyemaqen Tectonic Zone,Central China[D].Ph D thesis.Northwest University,Xi an(in Chinese).
青海省地震局,中国地震局地壳应力研究所.1999.东昆仑活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.Seismological Bureau of Qinghai Province,Institute of Crustal Dynamics,China Seismological Bureau.1999.The East-ern Kunlun Active Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
闻学泽,张培震,杜方,等.2009.2008年汶川8.0级地震发生的历史与现今地震活动背景[J].地球物理学报,52(2):444—454.WEN Xue-ze,ZHANG Pei-zhen,DU Fang,et al.2009.The background of historical and modern seismic activities ofthe occurrence of the2008MS8.0Wenchuan,Sichuan,earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(2):444—454(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,Tapponnier P,Van Der Woerd J,等.2003.阿尔金断裂带晚第四纪左旋走滑速率及其构造运动转换模式讨论[J].中国科学(D辑),33(10):967—974.XU Xi-wei,Tapponnier P,Van Der Woerd J,et al.2005.Late Quaternary sinistral slip rate along the Altyn Tagh Faultand its structural transformation model[J].Science in China(Ser D),48(3):384—397.
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2002.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征[J].地震地质,24(1):1—13.XU Xi-wei,CHEN Wen-bin,YUGui-hua,et al.2002.Characteristic features of the surface ruptures of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)earthquakes(MS8.1),northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Seismology and Geology,24(1):1—13(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华,等.2007.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J].地震地质,29(2).201—217.XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,CHEN Gui-hua,et al.2007.Near-surface character of permanent geologic deformation acrossthe mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,29(2):201—217(inChinese).
赵国光.1996.青藏高原北部的第四纪断层运动[J].中国地震,12(2):107—118.ZHAO Guo-guang.1996.Quaternary faulting in north Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J].Earthquake Research in China,12(2),107—118(in Chinese).
Avouac J P,Tapponnier P.1993.Kinematic model of active deformation in Central-Asia[J].Geophysical ResearchLetters,20(10):895—898.
Burchfiel B C.2004.New technology;New geological challenges[J].GSA Today,14(2):4—9.
Chen S F,Wilson C J L,Deng QD,et al.1994.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes inthe Min Shan and Longmen Mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau[J].J Geophys Res,99:24025—24038.
Kirby E,Whipple K X,Burchfiel B C,et al.2000.Neotectonics of the Min Shan,China:Implications for mechanismsdriving Quaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].GSA Bulletin,112(3):375—393.
Kirby E,Harkins N,Wang E Q,et al.2007.Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun Fault[J].Tectonics,26.TC2010.doi:10.1029/2006TC002033.
Li HB,Van Der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,et al.2005.Slip rate on the Kunlun Fault at Hongshui Gou,and recurrencetime of great events comparable to the14/11/2001,MWsimilar to7.9Kokoxili earthquake[J].Earth and Plane-tary Science Letters,237:285—299.
Harkins N and Kirby E.2008.Fluvial terrace riser degradation and determination of slip rates on strike-slip faults:Anexample from the Kunlun Fault,China[J].Geophysical Research Letters,35,L05406.doi:10.1029/2007GL033073.
Shen Z K,LJ,Wang M,et al.2005.Contemporary crustal deformation around the southeast borderland of the TibetanPlateau[J].J Geophys Res,110,B1409.doi:10.1029/2004JB003421.
Van Der Woerd J,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.2000.Uniform slip-rate along the Kunlun Fault:Implication forseismic behavior and large-scale tectonics[J].Geophysical Research Letters,27(16):2353—2356.
Van Der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,et al.2002.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central600km of theKunlun Fault,from26A1,10Be,and14C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology[J].Geophysical Journal International,I48:356—388.
Wang Q,Zhang P Z,Jeffrey T,et al.2001.Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by Global PositioningSystem measurements[J].Science,294:574—577.
Xu X W,Yu G H,Klinger Y,et al.2006.Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7.8),northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,111,B05316.doi:10.1029/2004JB003488.
Wen X Z,Yi G X,Xu X W.2007.Background and precursory seismicities along and surrounding the Kunlun Fault be-fore theMS8.1,2001,Kokoxili earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,30(1):63—72.
Zhang Y Q,Vergely P,Mercier J.1995.Active faulting in and along the Qinling Range(China)inferred from SPOTim-agery analysis and extrusion tectonics of south China[J].Tectonophysics,243(1-2):69—95.
邓起东.1995.活动断裂分段研究的原则和方法(一)[A].见:国家地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究,第6卷.北京:地震出版社.DENG Qi-dong.1995.Principles and methods for study of segmentation of active faults(Ⅰ)[A].In:Institute of Geol-ogy,SSB(ed).Research on Recent Crustal Movement(6).Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.2002.中国活动构造特征[J].中国科学(D辑),32(17):1020—1030.DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Pei-zhen,RAN Yong-kang,et al.2002.Characteristics of active tectonics of China[J].Sci-ence in China(Ser D),32(17):1020—1030(in Chinese).
丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.1993.活断层分段:原则、方法及应用[M].北京:地震出版社.DING Guo-yu,TIAN Qin-jian,KONG Fan-chen,et al.1993.Segmentation of Active Fault[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
顾功叙主编.1983.中国地震目录[Z].北京:科学出版社.GU Gong-xu(ed).1983.Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes[Z].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
何文贵,袁道阳,熊振,等.2006a.东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂新活动特征及全新世滑动速率研究[J].地震,26(4):67—75.HE Wen-gui,YUAN Dao-yang,XIONG Zhen,et al.2006a.Study on characteristics of new activity and Holocene sliprate along Maqu Fault of East Kunlun Active Fault[J].Earthquake,26(4):67—75(in Chinese).
何文贵,熊振,袁道阳,等.2006b.东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂古地震初步研究[J].中国地震,22(2):126—134.HE Wen-gui,XIONG Zhen,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.2006b.Palaeo-earthquake study on the Maqu Fault of East KunlunActive Fault[J].Earthquake Research in China,22(2):126—134(in Chinese).
李春峰,贺群禄,赵国光.2005.东昆仑活动断裂带东段古地震活动特征[J].地震学报,25(1):60—67.LI Chun-feng,HE Qun-lu,ZHAO Guo-guang.2005.Paleo-earthquake studies on the eastern section of the Kunlun Fault[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,25(1):60—67(in Chinese).
李春锋,贺群禄,赵国光.2004.东昆仑活动断裂带东段全新世滑动速率研究[J].地震地质,26(4):676—687.LI Chun-feng,HE Qun-lu,ZHAO Guo-guang.2004.Holocene slip rate along the eastern segment of the Kunlun Fault[J].Seismology and Geology,26(4):676—687(in Chinese).
刘光勋.1996.东昆仑活动构造带及强震活动[J].中国地震,12(2):119—126.LIU Guang-xun.1996.Eastern Kunlun Active Fault zone and its seismic activity[J].Earthquake Research in China,12(2):119—126(in Chinese).
马寅生,施炜,杨农,等.2005.东昆仑活动断裂带玛曲段活动特征及其东延[J].地质通报,24(1):30—35.MA Yin-sheng,SHI Wei,YANG Nong,et al.2005.Characteristics of the activity of the Maqu segment of the East Kun-lun Active Fault belt and its eastward extension[J].Geological Bulletin of China,24(1):30—35(in Chinese).
裴先治.2001.勉略-阿尼玛卿构造带的形成演化与动力学特征[D]:学位论文.西安:西北大学.PEI Xian-zhi.2001.Geological evolution and dynamics of the Mianlue-A nyemaqen Tectonic Zone,Central China[D].Ph D thesis.Northwest University,Xi an(in Chinese).
青海省地震局,中国地震局地壳应力研究所.1999.东昆仑活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.Seismological Bureau of Qinghai Province,Institute of Crustal Dynamics,China Seismological Bureau.1999.The East-ern Kunlun Active Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
闻学泽,张培震,杜方,等.2009.2008年汶川8.0级地震发生的历史与现今地震活动背景[J].地球物理学报,52(2):444—454.WEN Xue-ze,ZHANG Pei-zhen,DU Fang,et al.2009.The background of historical and modern seismic activities ofthe occurrence of the2008MS8.0Wenchuan,Sichuan,earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(2):444—454(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,Tapponnier P,Van Der Woerd J,等.2003.阿尔金断裂带晚第四纪左旋走滑速率及其构造运动转换模式讨论[J].中国科学(D辑),33(10):967—974.XU Xi-wei,Tapponnier P,Van Der Woerd J,et al.2005.Late Quaternary sinistral slip rate along the Altyn Tagh Faultand its structural transformation model[J].Science in China(Ser D),48(3):384—397.
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2002.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征[J].地震地质,24(1):1—13.XU Xi-wei,CHEN Wen-bin,YUGui-hua,et al.2002.Characteristic features of the surface ruptures of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)earthquakes(MS8.1),northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Seismology and Geology,24(1):1—13(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华,等.2007.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J].地震地质,29(2).201—217.XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,CHEN Gui-hua,et al.2007.Near-surface character of permanent geologic deformation acrossthe mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,29(2):201—217(inChinese).
赵国光.1996.青藏高原北部的第四纪断层运动[J].中国地震,12(2):107—118.ZHAO Guo-guang.1996.Quaternary faulting in north Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J].Earthquake Research in China,12(2),107—118(in Chinese).
Avouac J P,Tapponnier P.1993.Kinematic model of active deformation in Central-Asia[J].Geophysical ResearchLetters,20(10):895—898.
Burchfiel B C.2004.New technology;New geological challenges[J].GSA Today,14(2):4—9.
Chen S F,Wilson C J L,Deng QD,et al.1994.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes inthe Min Shan and Longmen Mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau[J].J Geophys Res,99:24025—24038.
Kirby E,Whipple K X,Burchfiel B C,et al.2000.Neotectonics of the Min Shan,China:Implications for mechanismsdriving Quaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].GSA Bulletin,112(3):375—393.
Kirby E,Harkins N,Wang E Q,et al.2007.Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun Fault[J].Tectonics,26.TC2010.doi:10.1029/2006TC002033.
Li HB,Van Der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,et al.2005.Slip rate on the Kunlun Fault at Hongshui Gou,and recurrencetime of great events comparable to the14/11/2001,MWsimilar to7.9Kokoxili earthquake[J].Earth and Plane-tary Science Letters,237:285—299.
Harkins N and Kirby E.2008.Fluvial terrace riser degradation and determination of slip rates on strike-slip faults:Anexample from the Kunlun Fault,China[J].Geophysical Research Letters,35,L05406.doi:10.1029/2007GL033073.
Shen Z K,LJ,Wang M,et al.2005.Contemporary crustal deformation around the southeast borderland of the TibetanPlateau[J].J Geophys Res,110,B1409.doi:10.1029/2004JB003421.
Van Der Woerd J,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.2000.Uniform slip-rate along the Kunlun Fault:Implication forseismic behavior and large-scale tectonics[J].Geophysical Research Letters,27(16):2353—2356.
Van Der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,et al.2002.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central600km of theKunlun Fault,from26A1,10Be,and14C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology[J].Geophysical Journal International,I48:356—388.
Wang Q,Zhang P Z,Jeffrey T,et al.2001.Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by Global PositioningSystem measurements[J].Science,294:574—577.
Xu X W,Yu G H,Klinger Y,et al.2006.Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7.8),northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,111,B05316.doi:10.1029/2004JB003488.
Wen X Z,Yi G X,Xu X W.2007.Background and precursory seismicities along and surrounding the Kunlun Fault be-fore theMS8.1,2001,Kokoxili earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,30(1):63—72.
Zhang Y Q,Vergely P,Mercier J.1995.Active faulting in and along the Qinling Range(China)inferred from SPOTim-agery analysis and extrusion tectonics of south China[J].Tectonophysics,243(1-2):69—95.
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