西非被动大陆边缘盐构造样式与成因机制
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摘要
基于三维地震资料,对西非陆缘盐构造样式及分布特征进行了刻画,剖析了其形成演化机制与控制因素。西非陆缘盐上地层滑脱形成典型的薄皮构造,前缘发育挤压变形,后缘发育拉张变形,两者之间为过渡变形。拉张区发育白垩系盐筏、前盐筏、新近系盐筏等盐构造;过渡变形区以发育各种底辟构造为特征;挤压变形区主要发育侵位盐席构造。重力滑脱作用是被动陆缘盐构造发育过程中始终存在的驱动机制,重力扩展作用在大陆边缘成熟阶段作用明显,在陆缘演化早期并不突出。陆缘构造活动控制盐构造的形成,差异沉积负载作用影响着盐上地层滑移特征,而盐下底形对盐岩流动、盐上地层滑移速率及相关断裂体系的产生与沉积响应具有重要影响。
The styles of salt structures developed on the west-Africa margin and their evolutionary mechanism and controlling factors are studied upon 3-D seismic data.The thin-skin structures were formed due to the gliding of the overlying strata,characterized by a compressional deformation zone in the frontier area and an extensional deformation zone on the backside,with a transitional zone in between.Salt rafts,pre-rafts and monocline structures develop in the extensional area,whereas the transitional deformation zone is characterized by various extensional diapirs.Squeezed diapir and allochthonous sheets are well developed in the compressional deformation zone.Gravity gliding is the driving force of the salt tectonics on the passive margin throughout the forming time.Gravity spreading derived from the differentiation of sediment load significantly controls the salt tectonics in the stage while the margin is mature,but weak in the early time.Tectonic activity at the continental margin is the main factor which triggers salt tectonics which starts after the cessation of tectonic activities.Differentiation of sediment load influences the decollement of strata overlying the salt,and the topography below the salt layer has significant impacts on the salt flowing,the slipping velocity of the strata,the generation of related faults and the responses of sedimentation.
The styles of salt structures developed on the west-Africa margin and their evolutionary mechanism and controlling factors are studied upon 3-D seismic data.The thin-skin structures were formed due to the gliding of the overlying strata,characterized by a compressional deformation zone in the frontier area and an extensional deformation zone on the backside,with a transitional zone in between.Salt rafts,pre-rafts and monocline structures develop in the extensional area,whereas the transitional deformation zone is characterized by various extensional diapirs.Squeezed diapir and allochthonous sheets are well developed in the compressional deformation zone.Gravity gliding is the driving force of the salt tectonics on the passive margin throughout the forming time.Gravity spreading derived from the differentiation of sediment load significantly controls the salt tectonics in the stage while the margin is mature,but weak in the early time.Tectonic activity at the continental margin is the main factor which triggers salt tectonics which starts after the cessation of tectonic activities.Differentiation of sediment load influences the decollement of strata overlying the salt,and the topography below the salt layer has significant impacts on the salt flowing,the slipping velocity of the strata,the generation of related faults and the responses of sedimentation.
引文
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[15]Mauduit T,Guerin G,Brun J P,et al.Raft tectonics:the effects of basal slope value and sedimentation rate on progressive extension[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19:1 219-1 230.
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[18]Jackson M P A,Hudec M R.Stratigraphic record of translation down ramps in a passive-margin salt detachment[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2005,27:889-911.
[19]Hudec M R,Jackson M P A.Regional restoration across the Kwanza Basin,Angola:salt tectonics triggered by repeated uplift of a metastable passive margin[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88:971-990.
[20]Jackson M P A,Vendeville B.Regional extension as a geologic trigger for diapirism[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1994,106:57-73.
[21]Worrall D M,Snelson S.Evolution of the northern Gulf of Mexico,with emphasis on Cenozoic growth faulting and the role of salt[C]∥Bally A,Palmer A.The Geology of North American Overview.Boulder,Colorado:Geological Society of America,1989:7-138.
[22]Hudec M R,Jackson M P A,Schultz-Ela D.The paradox of minibasin subsidence into salt:clues to the evolution of crustal basins[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2009,121:201-221.
[23]Fort X,Brun J P,Chauvel F.Salt tectonic on the Angolan margin:synsedimentary deformation process[J].America Association of Petroleum Geologists,2003,88:1 523-1 544.
[24]Cramez C,Jackson M P A.Superposed deformation straddling the continental-oceanic transition in deep-water Angola[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:1 095-1 109.
[25]Vendeville B C.Salt tectonics driven by sediment progradation:Part I-Mechanics and kinematics[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89:1 071-1 079.
[26]Ge H,Jackson M P A,Vendeville B C.Kinematics and dynamics of salt tectonics driven by progradation[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81:398-423.
[27]Brun J P,Fort X.Salt tectonics at passive margins:geology versus models[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2011,28:1 123-1 145.
[28]Fort X,Brun J P,Chauvel F.Contraction induced by block rotation above salt(Angola margin)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2004,21:1 281-1 294.
[29]Cobbold P R,Szatmari P.Radial gravitational gliding on passive margins[J].Tectonophysics,1991,188:249-289.
[30]Loncke L,gaullier V,Mascle J,et al.The Nile deep-water fan:An example of interacting sedimentation,salt tectonics,and inherited sub-salt paleotopographic features[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:297-315.
[2]Mann P,Horn M,Cross I.Tectonic Setting of 79Giant Oil and Gas Fields Discovered from 2000—2007:Implications for Future Discovery Trends[C].Long Beach,California:AAPG,Annual Convention,2007.
[3]吴时国,袁圣强.世界深水油气勘探进展与我国南海深水油气前景[J].天然气地球科学,2005,16(6):693-699.
[4]彭文绪,王应斌,吴奎,等.盐构造的识别、分类及与油气的关系[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(6):689-698.
[5]贾承造,赵文智,魏国齐,等.盐构造与油气勘探[J].石油勘探与开发.2003,30(2):17-19.
[6]戈红星,Jackson M P A.盐构造与油气圈闭及其综合利用[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),1996,32(4):640-649.
[7]Peter H W.Pre-salt discoveries continue in Brazil-Potential for super-giant fields remains to be confirmed in ultra deepwater[J].Offshore,2008,68(7):36-41.
[8]Hudec M R,Jackson M P A.Terra Infirma:Understanding salt tectonics[J].Earth-Science Review,2007,82:1-28.
[9]Kolla V,Bourges P,Urruty J M,et al.Evolution of deepwater Tertiary sinuous channels offshore Angola(West Africa)and implications for reservoir architecture[J].AAPG Bulletin,2001,85:1 373-1 405.
[10]Gee M J R,Gawthorpe R L.Submarine channels controlled by salt tectonics:Examples from 3Dseismic data offshore Angola[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:443-458.
[11]Tiago M A,Joe C,Richard J D.Faulting of salt-withdrawing basins during early halokinesis:Effects on the Paleogene Rio Doce Canyon system(Espirto Santo Basin,Brazil)[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(5):617-652.
[12]Nuernberg D,Mueller R D.The tectonic evolution of the South Atlantic from Late Jurassic to present[J].Tectonophysics,1991,191(1/2):27-53.
[13]Emery K O.Continental margin off West-Africa:Angola to Sierra Leone[J].AAPG Bulletin,1975,59(12):2 209-2 265.
[14]Hudec M R,Jackson M P A.Structural segmentation,inversion,and salt tectonics on a passive margin:evolution of the Inner Kwanza Basin,Angola[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2002,114:1 222-1 244.
[15]Mauduit T,Guerin G,Brun J P,et al.Raft tectonics:the effects of basal slope value and sedimentation rate on progressive extension[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19:1 219-1 230.
[16]Duval B,Cramez C,Jackson M P A.Raft tectonics in the Kwanza Basin,Angola[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,1992,9:389-404.
[17]Paul J V,John G G,William H H.Tectonostratigraphic development in the eastern Lower Congo Basin,Offshore Angola,West Africa[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2011,18:909-92.
[18]Jackson M P A,Hudec M R.Stratigraphic record of translation down ramps in a passive-margin salt detachment[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2005,27:889-911.
[19]Hudec M R,Jackson M P A.Regional restoration across the Kwanza Basin,Angola:salt tectonics triggered by repeated uplift of a metastable passive margin[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88:971-990.
[20]Jackson M P A,Vendeville B.Regional extension as a geologic trigger for diapirism[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1994,106:57-73.
[21]Worrall D M,Snelson S.Evolution of the northern Gulf of Mexico,with emphasis on Cenozoic growth faulting and the role of salt[C]∥Bally A,Palmer A.The Geology of North American Overview.Boulder,Colorado:Geological Society of America,1989:7-138.
[22]Hudec M R,Jackson M P A,Schultz-Ela D.The paradox of minibasin subsidence into salt:clues to the evolution of crustal basins[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2009,121:201-221.
[23]Fort X,Brun J P,Chauvel F.Salt tectonic on the Angolan margin:synsedimentary deformation process[J].America Association of Petroleum Geologists,2003,88:1 523-1 544.
[24]Cramez C,Jackson M P A.Superposed deformation straddling the continental-oceanic transition in deep-water Angola[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:1 095-1 109.
[25]Vendeville B C.Salt tectonics driven by sediment progradation:Part I-Mechanics and kinematics[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89:1 071-1 079.
[26]Ge H,Jackson M P A,Vendeville B C.Kinematics and dynamics of salt tectonics driven by progradation[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81:398-423.
[27]Brun J P,Fort X.Salt tectonics at passive margins:geology versus models[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2011,28:1 123-1 145.
[28]Fort X,Brun J P,Chauvel F.Contraction induced by block rotation above salt(Angola margin)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2004,21:1 281-1 294.
[29]Cobbold P R,Szatmari P.Radial gravitational gliding on passive margins[J].Tectonophysics,1991,188:249-289.
[30]Loncke L,gaullier V,Mascle J,et al.The Nile deep-water fan:An example of interacting sedimentation,salt tectonics,and inherited sub-salt paleotopographic features[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:297-315.
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