地下储层构型表征:现状与展望
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摘要
地下储层构型表征是近十几年发展起来的油气藏开发地质研究方向。与露头构型分析不同的是,地下储层构型表征主要依据地震信息和多井信息,相应地发展了两类方法,其一为地震沉积学(地貌学)方法,即通过三维地震资料地层切片等方式,利用地震成像特征研究沉积单元的分布;其二为多井模式预测方法,即通过将不同级次的定量构型模式与地下井资料(包括动态监测资料)进行拟合,分级约束并预测不同级次的构型单元的井间分布。论述了这两类方法的起源、基本原理、应用范畴及存在问题,并根据油田生产要求与技术发展提出了进一步深入研究的方向,包括三维定量构型模式的深化研究、储层构型地震响应及解释方法研究、多井模拟拟合方法的改进与创新等。
Subsurface reservoir architecture analysis has gradually become the important developing direction of hydrocarbon reservoir geology research in the past 10 years.Compared with outcrop architecture analysis,subsurface reservoir architecture characterization depends primarily on seismic and multi-well information,accordingly two methods are developed:(1) Seismic Sedimentology(or Seismic Geomorphology),study the distribution of deposit units utilizing seismic imaging feature that was acquired by means of 3D seismic stratal slicing and other ways;(2) Multi-well pattern forecast,match various order quantitative architecture mode with well information(well log,core,test and dynamics) to infer interwell architecture unit distribution that restricted in different architecture order.This paper provides an overview of the origin,basic principle,application and problem of these two methods.According to actual production demand and technological development,further research trends are propounded:(1) in-deep research on 3D quantitative architecture mode;(2) recognition of seismic response of reservoir architecture units and seismic interpretation methods for reservoir architecture characterization;(3) improvement and innovation of multi-well pattern matching method.
Subsurface reservoir architecture analysis has gradually become the important developing direction of hydrocarbon reservoir geology research in the past 10 years.Compared with outcrop architecture analysis,subsurface reservoir architecture characterization depends primarily on seismic and multi-well information,accordingly two methods are developed:(1) Seismic Sedimentology(or Seismic Geomorphology),study the distribution of deposit units utilizing seismic imaging feature that was acquired by means of 3D seismic stratal slicing and other ways;(2) Multi-well pattern forecast,match various order quantitative architecture mode with well information(well log,core,test and dynamics) to infer interwell architecture unit distribution that restricted in different architecture order.This paper provides an overview of the origin,basic principle,application and problem of these two methods.According to actual production demand and technological development,further research trends are propounded:(1) in-deep research on 3D quantitative architecture mode;(2) recognition of seismic response of reservoir architecture units and seismic interpretation methods for reservoir architecture characterization;(3) improvement and innovation of multi-well pattern matching method.
引文
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[37]Morend D,Pugin A,Gorin G E.High-resolution seismic im-aging of outcrop-scale channels and an incised-valley system within the fluvial-dominated Lower Freshwater Molasse(Aquitanian,Western Swiss Molasse Basin)[J].Sedimenta-ry Geology,2002,149:245-264.
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[2]Miall A D.Architectural elements and bounding surfaces in fluvial deposits:Anatomy of the Kayenta Formation(Lower Jurassic),Southwest Colorado[J].Sedimentary Geology,1988,155:233-262.
[3]Miall A D.Hierarchies of architectural units in clastic rocks,and their relationship to sedimentation rate[C]∥Miall A D,Tyler N.The Three-dimensional Facies Architecture of Ter-rigenous Clastic Sediments,and Its Implications for Hydro-carbon Discovery and Recovery.SEPM,Concepts in Sedim-entology and Paleontology,1991,3:6-12.
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[5]Miall A D.Reconstructing the architecture and sequence stratigraphy of the preserved fluvial record as a tool for reser-voir development:A reality check[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90:989-1002.
[6]Mitchum R M,Vail P R,Sangree J B.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level,Part6:Stratigraphic inter-pretation of seismic reflection patterns in depositional se-quences[C]∥Payton C E.Seismic Stratigraphy:Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration.AAPG,Memoir26,1977:117-133.
[7]曾洪流.地震沉积学(译文集)[M].朱筱敏,曾洪流,董艳蕾,等译.北京:石油工业出版社,2011.
[8]Zeng H L,Backus M M,Barrow K T,et al.Stratal slicing,realistic3Dseismic model[J].Geophysics,1998,63(2):502-513.
[9]Zeng H L,Henry S C,Riola J P.Stratal slicing,partⅡ:Re-al seismic data[J].Geophysics,1998,63(2):514-522.
[10]Zeng H L,Kerans C.Seismic frequency control on carbonate seismic stratigraphy:A case study of the Kingdom Abo Se-quence,West Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2003,87(2):273-293.
[11]Zeng H L,Backus M M.Interpretative advantages of90°phase wavelets,partⅠ:Modeling[J].Geophysics,2005,70(3):7-15.
[12]Zeng H L,Backus M M.Interpretative advantages of90°phase wavelets,partⅡ:Seismic application[J].Geophysics,2005,70(3):17-24.
[13]Partyka G,Gridley J,Lopez J.Interpretational application of spectral decomposition in reservoir characterization[J].The Leading Edge,1999,18(3):353-360.
[14]Davies R J,Posamentier H W,Wood L J.Seismic Geomor-phology:Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration and Pro-duction[M].London:London Geological Society,Special Publications,No277,2007:15-28.
[15]Miall A D.Architecture and sequence stratigraphy of pleisto-cene fluvial systems in the malay basin based on seismic time-slice analysis[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(7):1201-1216.
[16]Clark J D,Kevin T.Pickering architectural elements and growth patterns of submarine channels:Application to hydro-carbon exploration[J].AAPG Bulletin,1996,80(2):194-221.
[17]Qiu Y N,Xue P H,Xiao J X.Fluvial sandstone bodies as hydrocarbon reservoirs in lake basin[C]∥Ethridge F G.Re-cent development in fluvial sedimentology.Tulsa:SEPM,Special Publication No29,1987,39:329-342.
[18]裘怿楠,贾爱林.储层地质模型10年[J].石油学报,2000,21(4):101-104.
[19]尹太举,张昌民,樊中海,等.地下储层建筑结构预测模型的建立[J].西安石油学院学报:自然科学版,2002,17(3):7-10.
[20]赵翰卿.储层非均质体系、砂体内部建筑结构和流动单元研究思路探讨[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2002,21(6):16-18.
[21]李阳,李双应,岳书仓,等.胜利油田孤岛油区馆陶组上段沉积结构单元[J].地质科学,2002,37(2):219-230.
[22]陈清华,曾明,章凤奇,等.河流相储层单一河道的识别及其对油田开发的意义[J].油气地质与采收率,2004,11(3):11-15.
[23]赵翰卿,付志国,吕晓光.储层层次分析和模式预测描述方法[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2004,23(5):74-77.
[24]于兴河,马兴祥,穆龙新,等.辫状河储层地质模式及层次界面分析[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004:60-106.
[25]何文祥,吴胜和,唐义疆,等.地下点坝砂体内部构型分析以孤岛油田为例[J].矿物岩石,2005,25(2):81-86.
[26]岳大力,吴胜和,刘建民.曲流河点坝地下储层构型精细解剖方法[J].石油学报,2007,28(4):99-103.
[27]吴胜和,岳大力,刘建民,等.地下古河道储层构型的层次建模研究[J].中国科学:D辑,2008,38(增刊1):111-121.
[28]吴胜和.储层表征与建模[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010.
[29]周银邦,吴胜和,岳大力,等.点坝内部侧积层倾角控制因素分析及识别方法[J].中国石油大学学报,2009,33(2):7-11.
[30]Posamentier H W.Depositional elements associated with a basin floor channel-levee system:Case study from the Gulf of Mexico[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20:677-690.
[31]Posamentier H W,Davies R J,Cartwright J A,et al.Seis-mic Geomorphology:An overview[C]∥Davis R J.Seismic Geomorphology Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production.London:London Geological Society,Special Publications No277,2007:1-14.
[32]Zeng H L,Loucks R G,Frank L.Mapping sediment-dis-persal patterns and associated systems tracts in fourth-and fifth-order sequences using seismic sedimentology:Example from Corpus Christi Bay,Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91:981-1003.
[33]Zeng H L.Seismic imaging for seismic geomorphology be-yond the seabed:Potentials and challenges[C]∥Davis R J.Seismic Geomorphology Applications to Hydrocarbon Explo-ration and Production.London:London Geological Society,Special Publications No277,2007:15-29.
[34]Kollaa V,Posamentier H W,Wood L J.Deep-water and flu-vial sinuous channels:Characteristics,similarities and dis-similarities,and modes of formation[J].Marine and Petrole-um Geology,2007,24:388-405.
[35]Posamentier H W,Kolla V.Seismic geomorphology and stratigraphy of depositional elements in deep-water settings[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2003,73:367-388.
[36]Wood L J.Quantitative seismic geomorphology of pliocene and miocene fluvial systems in the northern Gulf of Mexico,U.S.A.[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2007,77:68-86.
[37]Morend D,Pugin A,Gorin G E.High-resolution seismic im-aging of outcrop-scale channels and an incised-valley system within the fluvial-dominated Lower Freshwater Molasse(Aquitanian,Western Swiss Molasse Basin)[J].Sedimenta-ry Geology,2002,149:245-264.
[38]Miall A D.How do we identify big rivers?And how big is big[J]?Sedimentary Geology,2006,186:39-50.
[39]Wood L J.Quantitative geomorphology of the mars eberswal-de delta[J].GSA Bulletin,2006,118:557-566.
[40]Schwab A M,Cronin B T,Ferreira H.Seismic expression of channel outcrops:Offset stacked versus amalgamated channel systems[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,10:16-27.
[41]Posamentier H W.Seismic geomorphology and depositional systems of deep water environments:Observations from Off-shore Nigeria,Gulf of Mexico,and Indonesia[J].AAPG An-nual Meeting Extended Abstracts,2001,10:160-161.
[42]Wood L J.Quantitative seismic geomorphology and reservoir architecture of clastic depositional systems:The future of un-certainty analysis in exploration and production[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Official Program,2003,12:182-183.
[43]Wood L J.Quantitative seismic geomorphology:The future of reservoir characterization[J].Houston Geological Society Bulletin,2004,46(11):13-17.
[44]Schumm S A.Fluvial paleochannels[C]∥Rigby J K.Recog-nition of Ancient Sedimentary Environments.Tulsa:SEPM,Special Publication No16,1972:98-107.
[45]Leeder M R.Fluviatile fining-upwards cycles and the magni-tude of palaeochannels[J].Geological Magazine,1973,110(3):265-276.
[46]Fieding C R,Crane R C.An application of statistical model-ing to the prediction of hydrocarbon recovery factors in fluvial reservoir sequences[C]∥Ethridge F G,Flores R M,Harvey M D.Recent Development in Fluvial Sedimentology.Tulsa:SEPM,Special Publication No39,1973:321-327.
[47]Gibling M R.Width and thickness of fluvial channel bodies and valley fills in the geological record:A literature compila-tion and classification[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2006,76:731-770.
[48]钱宁,张仁,周志德.河床演变学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987:123-179.
[49]薛培华.河流点坝相储层模式概论[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1991:51-63.
[50]马世忠,杨清彦.曲流点坝沉积模式、三维构形及其非均质模型[J].沉积学报,2000,18(2):241-247.
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