基于PSInSAR技术的海原断裂带地壳形变初步研究
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摘要
常规差分干涉测量(DInSAR)受时间、空间失相干的严重制约和和大气延迟等相位误差的影响,难以实现对长期累积微小地壳形变场的有效探测.PSInSAR技术克服了常规DInSAR的局限性,能够高精度监测微小地壳形变.本文首先介绍了PSInSAR技术的算法模型和处理方法.该方法通过二维线性相位模型,对时序干涉图象上相干点目标的差分干涉相位进行回归分析,逐次消除大气延迟、轨道残余和地形残余等相位误差,提取出准确可靠的形变相位,进而得到相干点目标上的累积形变量和形变速率.在此基础上,以祁连山海原断裂带为实验研究区,利用2003～2009年的21景ENVISAT ASAR数据,采用上述相干点目标处理方法进行了海原断裂带地壳微小形变的探索性研究,得到海原断裂东段绝大多数高相干点的形变速率在6～7 mm/a,2003～2009年共6.3年累积位移平均值约为4.2 cm,运动性质为左旋走滑.这一结果与GPS,库仑应力反演和地质学方法得到的结果基本一致,说明PSInSAR技术在长期累积微小地壳形变探测中具有广阔的应用前景和巨大发展潜力,有望成为探测震间微小形变,获取地震形变异常的有效途径之一.
Because of serious constraints from the phase decorrelations in time and space and the phase errors due to atmospheric delay,the current differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar(DInSAR) technique cannot work well in mapping the long-term accumulated small crustal deformation.To solve this problem,a new method called PSInSAR(Permanent scatterer InSAR) has been developed recently.In this paper,we introduce the principle,algorithm and data processing procedures of PSInSAR.Using a two-dimensional linear model of phase,this method makes regression analysis of differential interferometric phases at coherent point targets on images of time serial interferograms,eliminates phase errors from atmospheric delay,orbit residuals and topographic influence,and yields real phases associated with deformation.Finally it acquires the accumulated deformation and its rates at the coherent points on images.Then we take the Haiyuan fault zone as the experimental area to test this technique.We use 21 scenes of ENVISAT ASAR data from 2003 to 2009 and the PSInSAR technology presented above to examine the small crustal deformation on this fault zone.The result shows that most coherent point targets display a left lateral slip rate about 6～7 mm/a,the average cumulated displacement of these points in 2003～2009 is about 4.2cm,which is roughly in agreement with that from GPS measurements and geological investigations.This suggests that the PSInSAR technique is capable of detecting long-term accumulated crustal deformation on active faults.
Because of serious constraints from the phase decorrelations in time and space and the phase errors due to atmospheric delay,the current differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar(DInSAR) technique cannot work well in mapping the long-term accumulated small crustal deformation.To solve this problem,a new method called PSInSAR(Permanent scatterer InSAR) has been developed recently.In this paper,we introduce the principle,algorithm and data processing procedures of PSInSAR.Using a two-dimensional linear model of phase,this method makes regression analysis of differential interferometric phases at coherent point targets on images of time serial interferograms,eliminates phase errors from atmospheric delay,orbit residuals and topographic influence,and yields real phases associated with deformation.Finally it acquires the accumulated deformation and its rates at the coherent points on images.Then we take the Haiyuan fault zone as the experimental area to test this technique.We use 21 scenes of ENVISAT ASAR data from 2003 to 2009 and the PSInSAR technology presented above to examine the small crustal deformation on this fault zone.The result shows that most coherent point targets display a left lateral slip rate about 6～7 mm/a,the average cumulated displacement of these points in 2003～2009 is about 4.2cm,which is roughly in agreement with that from GPS measurements and geological investigations.This suggests that the PSInSAR technique is capable of detecting long-term accumulated crustal deformation on active faults.
引文
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[2]Peltzer G,Crampe F,King G.Evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from the Mw7.6 Mani(Tibet) earthquake.Science, 1999,286:272-276
[3]单新建,马瑾,王长林等.利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场提取玛尼地震震源断层参数.中国科学D辑,2002, 32(11):837-844 Shan X J,Ma J,Wang C L,et al.Co seismic ground deformation and source parameters of Mani M7.9 earthquake inferred from Spaceborne D-InSAR observation data.Science in China(Series D),2004,47(6):481-488
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[11]陈强.基于永久散射体雷达差分干涉探测区域地表形变的研究[博士论文].成都:西南交通大学,2006 Chen Q.Detecting regional ground deformation by differential SAR interferometry based on permanent scatterers[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2006
[12]范景辉,李梅,郭小芳等.基于PSInSAR方法和ASAR数据监测天津地面沉降的试验研究.国土资源遥感,2007,74 (4):23-28 Fan J H,Li M,Guo X F,et al.A preliminary study of the subsidence in Tianjin area using ASAR images based on PSInSAR technique.Remote Sensing For Land & Resources (in Chinese),2007,74(4):23-28
[13]葛大庆,王艳,郭小芳等.基于相干点目标的多基线D- InSAR技术与地表形变监测.遥感学报,2007,11(4):574- 580 Ge D Q,Wang Y,Guo X F,et al.Surface deformation monitoring with multi-baseline D-InSAR based on coherent point target.Journal of Remote Sensing(in Chinese),2007, 11(4):574-580
[14]王艳,廖明生,李德仁等.利用长时间序列相干目标获取地面沉降场.地球物理学报,2007,50(2):598-604 Wang Y,Liao M S,Li D R,et al.Subsidence velocity retrieval from long-term coherent targets in radar interferometric stacks.Chinese J.Geophus.(in Chinese),2007,50(2):598- 604
[15]卢丽君,廖明生,王腾等.一种在长时间序列SAR影像上提取稳定目标点的多级探测法.遥感学报,2008,12(4):561- 567 Lu L J,Liao M S,Wang T,et al.A multi-step detection method for extracion of stable pointwise target in long temporal SAR image series.Journal of Remote Sensing(in Chinese),2008,12(4):561-567
[16]王超,张红,刘智等.基于D-InSAR的1993-1995年苏州市地面沉降监测.地球物理学报,2002,45:244- 253 Wang C,Zhang H,Liu Z,et al.Subidence of Suzhou City (China) from 1993 to 1995 detected by ERS differential SAR interferometry.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002, 45:244-253
[17]张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学D辑,2003,33(增刊):12-20 Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Strong earthquake activity and active blocks in China mainland.Science in China (Series D)(in Chinese),2003,33(增刊):12-20
[18]徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华等.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形特征分析.地震地质,2007,29(2):201- 217 Xu X W,Yu G H,Chen G H,et al.Near- surface character of permanent geologic deformation across the Mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan Plateau.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2007,29(2):201-217
[19]Gan W J,Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,et al.Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,B08416,doi: 10.1029/2005JB004120
[20]崔笃信,胡亚轩,王文萍等.海原断裂带库仑应力积累.地球科学中国地质大学学报,2009,34(4):641-650 Cui D X,Hu Y X,Wang W P,et al.Coulomb stress accumulation along Haiyuan Fault Zone.Earth Science Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese), 2009,34(4):641-650
[21]张希,江在森,王琪等.青藏高原北部地区构造变形特征及与强震关系.地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):363-371 Zhang X,Jiang Z S,Wang Q,et al.Tectonic deformation features of the northern Tibetan plateau and their relationship to strong earthquakes.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese), 2004,19(2):363-371
[22]甘卫军,程朋根,周德敏等.青藏高原东北缘主要活动断裂带GPS加密观测及结果分析.地震地质,2005,27(2):177- 187 Gan W J,Cheng P G,Zhou D M,et al.Observation of A GPS profile across main faults on northeast margin of Tibean plateau and data analysis.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2005,27(2):177-187
[23]王庆良,王文萍,崔笃信等.青藏块体东北缘现今地壳远动.大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(4):12-16 Wang Q L,Wang W P,Cui D X,et al.Present-day crustal movement of northeastern margin of Qinghai Tibet Block. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2002,22 (4):12-16
[24]Lasserre C,Morel P H,Gaudemer Y,et al.Post glacial left slip rate and past occurrence of M＞8 earthquakes on the western Haiyuan fault(Gansu,China).J.Geophys.Res., 1999,104(B8):17633-17652
[25]Lasserre C,Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,et al.Fast late Pleistocene slip rate on the Leng Long Ling segment of the Haiyuan fault,Qinghai,China.J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107 (B11):1-15
[26]IPTA_sers_guide of GAMMA Software.GAMMA Remote Sensing Research and Consulting AG.2006
[2]Peltzer G,Crampe F,King G.Evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from the Mw7.6 Mani(Tibet) earthquake.Science, 1999,286:272-276
[3]单新建,马瑾,王长林等.利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场提取玛尼地震震源断层参数.中国科学D辑,2002, 32(11):837-844 Shan X J,Ma J,Wang C L,et al.Co seismic ground deformation and source parameters of Mani M7.9 earthquake inferred from Spaceborne D-InSAR observation data.Science in China(Series D),2004,47(6):481-488
[4]谌华,单新建,张云华等.利用NOAA-16/FY1C和ASAR数据纠正大气水汽对重轨星载D-INSAR的影响.地球物理学报,2007,50(3):707-713 Chen H,Shan X J,Zhang Y H,et al.Correction of atmospheric water vapour effects on the repeat-pass spaceborne DINSAR by using NOAA- 16/FY-1C and ASAR data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(3):707-713
[5]Ferretti A,Prati C,Rocca F.Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2001,39(1):8-19
[6]Ferretti A,Prati C,Rocca F.Non-linear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2002,38(5):2202-2212
[7]Kampes B,Adam N.Velocity field retrieval from long term coherent points in radar interferometric stacks.IEEE,2003, 0- 7803-7929-2:941-944
[8]Hooper A,Zebker H A,Segall P,et al.A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers.Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(L23611):1 -5
[9]Kim J S,Kim D J,Kim S W,et al.Monitoring of urban land surface subsidence using PSInSAR.Geosciences Journal, 2007,11(1):59-73
[10]汤益先.基于相干目标的DInSAR方法及其地表沉降应用研究[博士论文].北京:中国科学院遥感应用研究所,2006 Tang Y X.Research of coherent target interferometry and its application to surface subsidence fields[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, CAS,2006
[11]陈强.基于永久散射体雷达差分干涉探测区域地表形变的研究[博士论文].成都:西南交通大学,2006 Chen Q.Detecting regional ground deformation by differential SAR interferometry based on permanent scatterers[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2006
[12]范景辉,李梅,郭小芳等.基于PSInSAR方法和ASAR数据监测天津地面沉降的试验研究.国土资源遥感,2007,74 (4):23-28 Fan J H,Li M,Guo X F,et al.A preliminary study of the subsidence in Tianjin area using ASAR images based on PSInSAR technique.Remote Sensing For Land & Resources (in Chinese),2007,74(4):23-28
[13]葛大庆,王艳,郭小芳等.基于相干点目标的多基线D- InSAR技术与地表形变监测.遥感学报,2007,11(4):574- 580 Ge D Q,Wang Y,Guo X F,et al.Surface deformation monitoring with multi-baseline D-InSAR based on coherent point target.Journal of Remote Sensing(in Chinese),2007, 11(4):574-580
[14]王艳,廖明生,李德仁等.利用长时间序列相干目标获取地面沉降场.地球物理学报,2007,50(2):598-604 Wang Y,Liao M S,Li D R,et al.Subsidence velocity retrieval from long-term coherent targets in radar interferometric stacks.Chinese J.Geophus.(in Chinese),2007,50(2):598- 604
[15]卢丽君,廖明生,王腾等.一种在长时间序列SAR影像上提取稳定目标点的多级探测法.遥感学报,2008,12(4):561- 567 Lu L J,Liao M S,Wang T,et al.A multi-step detection method for extracion of stable pointwise target in long temporal SAR image series.Journal of Remote Sensing(in Chinese),2008,12(4):561-567
[16]王超,张红,刘智等.基于D-InSAR的1993-1995年苏州市地面沉降监测.地球物理学报,2002,45:244- 253 Wang C,Zhang H,Liu Z,et al.Subidence of Suzhou City (China) from 1993 to 1995 detected by ERS differential SAR interferometry.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002, 45:244-253
[17]张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学D辑,2003,33(增刊):12-20 Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Strong earthquake activity and active blocks in China mainland.Science in China (Series D)(in Chinese),2003,33(增刊):12-20
[18]徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华等.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形特征分析.地震地质,2007,29(2):201- 217 Xu X W,Yu G H,Chen G H,et al.Near- surface character of permanent geologic deformation across the Mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan Plateau.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2007,29(2):201-217
[19]Gan W J,Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,et al.Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,B08416,doi: 10.1029/2005JB004120
[20]崔笃信,胡亚轩,王文萍等.海原断裂带库仑应力积累.地球科学中国地质大学学报,2009,34(4):641-650 Cui D X,Hu Y X,Wang W P,et al.Coulomb stress accumulation along Haiyuan Fault Zone.Earth Science Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese), 2009,34(4):641-650
[21]张希,江在森,王琪等.青藏高原北部地区构造变形特征及与强震关系.地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):363-371 Zhang X,Jiang Z S,Wang Q,et al.Tectonic deformation features of the northern Tibetan plateau and their relationship to strong earthquakes.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese), 2004,19(2):363-371
[22]甘卫军,程朋根,周德敏等.青藏高原东北缘主要活动断裂带GPS加密观测及结果分析.地震地质,2005,27(2):177- 187 Gan W J,Cheng P G,Zhou D M,et al.Observation of A GPS profile across main faults on northeast margin of Tibean plateau and data analysis.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2005,27(2):177-187
[23]王庆良,王文萍,崔笃信等.青藏块体东北缘现今地壳远动.大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(4):12-16 Wang Q L,Wang W P,Cui D X,et al.Present-day crustal movement of northeastern margin of Qinghai Tibet Block. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2002,22 (4):12-16
[24]Lasserre C,Morel P H,Gaudemer Y,et al.Post glacial left slip rate and past occurrence of M＞8 earthquakes on the western Haiyuan fault(Gansu,China).J.Geophys.Res., 1999,104(B8):17633-17652
[25]Lasserre C,Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,et al.Fast late Pleistocene slip rate on the Leng Long Ling segment of the Haiyuan fault,Qinghai,China.J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107 (B11):1-15
[26]IPTA_sers_guide of GAMMA Software.GAMMA Remote Sensing Research and Consulting AG.2006
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