塔河油田岩溶型碳酸盐岩缝洞结构研究
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摘要
塔北隆起奥陶系碳酸盐岩经过上亿年的岩溶作用形成了纵横交错的溶洞和裂缝,成为复杂的储集体,位于该隆起中心部位的塔河油田就是在这样的储集体内发现了上十亿吨的石油储量。针对缝洞成因及其空间展布问题,通过对现代岩溶和古岩溶的地质考察,精细分析研究区地质、测井和地震等资料,提出表层岩溶带、渗流岩溶带和径流岩溶带划分方案,并且定义出每个岩溶带缝洞成因类型及其发育特征,建立缝洞结构模式;同时分析不同岩溶带缝洞充填物性质,为岩溶型碳酸盐岩储集空间描述和预测提供了理论依据。
The fracture-cave reservoir in Ordovician carbonates was formed by karstification in middle Paleozoic in Tahe Oilfield. It is one of the most complicated reservoirs in the world. Investigation of modern and ancient karstsand comprehensive interpretation on geological,well-logging and seismic data reveal that there are three zones(i. e. epikarst zone,vadose karst zone,and runoff karst zone) in the fracture-cave systems. Fracture-cave structure models were established for each zone to characterize the features and mechanism of fracture and cave in Ordovician carbonates in Tahe Oilfield. The filling materials in the different zones of fracture-cave system were discussed. In conclusion,the study may help to describle and predict fracture-cave reservoir in karsted carbonates.
The fracture-cave reservoir in Ordovician carbonates was formed by karstification in middle Paleozoic in Tahe Oilfield. It is one of the most complicated reservoirs in the world. Investigation of modern and ancient karstsand comprehensive interpretation on geological,well-logging and seismic data reveal that there are three zones(i. e. epikarst zone,vadose karst zone,and runoff karst zone) in the fracture-cave systems. Fracture-cave structure models were established for each zone to characterize the features and mechanism of fracture and cave in Ordovician carbonates in Tahe Oilfield. The filling materials in the different zones of fracture-cave system were discussed. In conclusion,the study may help to describle and predict fracture-cave reservoir in karsted carbonates.
引文
[1]张抗.塔河油田的发现及其地质意义[J].石油与天然气地质,1999,20(2):120-125.ZHANG Kang.The discovery of Tahe Oilfield and its geological implication[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2011,32(1):101-106.
[2]李阳.塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏开发理论及方法[J].石油学报,2013,34(1):115-121.LI Yang.The theory and method for development of carbonate fractured-cavity reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(1):115-121.
[3]CRAIG D H.Caves and other features of Permian Karst in Sand Andres Dolomite,Yates Field reservoir,West Texas[M]∥JAMES N P,CHOQUETTE.Paleokarst.Springer-Verlag,1988:342-363.
[4]DEREK FORD.Paleokarst as a target for modern karstification[J].Carbonates and Evaporites,1995,10(2):138-147.
[5]PURDY Edward G,DAVE Waltham.Reservoir implications of modern karst topography[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83(11):1774-1794.
[6]LOUCKS R G.Modern analogs for paleocave-sediment fills and their importance in identifying paleocave reservoirs[J].Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions,2001(46):195-206.
[7]ZENG H L,LOUCKS R G,JANSON X,et al.Three-dimensional seismic geomorphology and analysis of the Ordovician paleokarst drainage system in the central Tabei Uplift,northern Tarim Basin,western China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2011,95(12):2061-2083.
[8]FRANCISCO Gutiérrez,GUERRERO Jesús,PEDRO Lucha.A genetic classification of sinkholes illustrated from evaporite paleokarst exposures in Spain[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2008,53(5):993-1006.
[9]LOUCKS R G.Paleocave carbonate reservoirs:origins,burial-depth modifications,spatial complexity,and reservoir implications[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83(11):1795-1834.
[10]ANGELA Mcdonnell,LOUCKS R G,TIM Dooley.Quantifying the origin and geometry of circular sag structures in northern Fort Worth Basin,Texas:Paleocave collapse,pullapart fault systems,or hydrothermal alteration?[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(9):1295-1318.
[11]金强,王端平.潜山型碳酸盐岩储集空间成因模式[J].油气地质与采收率,2003,10(5):12-15.JIN Qiang,WANG Duan-ping.Genetic models of buried hill carbonate reservoir space[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2003,10(5):12-15.
[12]ALAN Glennon,CHRIS Groves.An examination of perennial stream drainage patterns within the Mammoth Cave watershed,Kentucky[J].Journal of Cave and Karst Studies,2002,64(1):82-91.
[13]DEREK Ford,WILLIAMS Paul.Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology[M].London:Wiley,2007:39-65.
[14]LOUCKS R G.A review of coalesced,collapsed-paleocave systems and associated suprastratal deformation[J].Acta Carsologica,2007,36(1):121-132.
[15]LOUCKS R G,MESCHER Paul K,MCMECHAN George A.Three-dimensional architecture of a coalesced,collapsed-paleocave system in the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group,central Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(5):545-564.
[16]GALE Julia F W,GOMEZ Leonel A.Late openingmode fractures in karst-brecciated dolostones of the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group,west Texas:Recognition,characterization,and implications for fluid flow[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(7):1005-1023.
[17]肖玉茹,何峰煜,孙义梅.古洞穴型碳酸盐岩储层特征研究:以塔河油田奥陶系古洞穴为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2003,24(1):75-80.XIAO Yu-ru,HE Feng-yi,SUN Yi-mei.Reservoir characteristics of paleocave carbonates a case study of Ordovician paleocave in Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin[J],Oil&Gas Geology,2003,24(1):75-80.
[18]李阳,范智慧.塔河奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏缝洞系统发育模式与分布规律[J].石油学报,2011,32(1):101-106.LI Yang,FAN Zhi-hui.Developmental pattern and distribution rule of the fracture-cavity system of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe Oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(1):101-106.
[19]张学丰,李明,陈志勇,等.塔北哈拉哈塘奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层发育特征及主要岩溶期次[J].岩石学报,2012,28(3):815-826.ZHANG Xue-feng,LI Ming,CHEN Zhi-yong,et al.Characteristics and karstification of the Ordovician carbonate reservoir,Halahatang area,northern Tarim Basin[J].Actor Petrologica Sinica,2012,28(3):815-826.
[20]ZHANG Tao,YAN Xiang-bin.A study of the genetics of karst-type subtle reservoir in Tahe Oilfield[J].Petroleum Science,2004,2(2):99-104.
[21]何治亮,彭守涛,张涛.塔里木盆地塔河地区奥陶系储层形成的控制因素和复合-联合成因机制[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31(6):743-752.HE Zhi-liang,PENG Shou-tao,ZHANG Tao.Controlling factors and genetic pattern of the Ordovician reservoirs in the Tahe area,Tarim Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2010,31(6):743-752.
[22]张文博,金强,徐守余,等.塔北奥陶系露头古溶洞充填特征及其油气储层意义[J].特种油气藏,2012,19(3):50-54.ZHANG Wen-bo,JIN Qiang,XU Shou-yu,et al.Paleocavern filling characteristics and hydrocarbon reservoir implication in the Ordovician outcrops in the northern Tarim Basin[J].Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,2012,19(3):50-54.
[23]田飞,金强,李阳,等.塔河油田奥陶系缝洞型储层小型缝洞及其充填物测井识别[J].石油与天然气地质,2012,33(9):900-908.TIAN Fei,JIN Qiang,LI Yang,et al.Identification of small fracture-vugs and their fillings through log interpretation in fractured-vuggy Ordovician reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2012,33(9):900-908.
[2]李阳.塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏开发理论及方法[J].石油学报,2013,34(1):115-121.LI Yang.The theory and method for development of carbonate fractured-cavity reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(1):115-121.
[3]CRAIG D H.Caves and other features of Permian Karst in Sand Andres Dolomite,Yates Field reservoir,West Texas[M]∥JAMES N P,CHOQUETTE.Paleokarst.Springer-Verlag,1988:342-363.
[4]DEREK FORD.Paleokarst as a target for modern karstification[J].Carbonates and Evaporites,1995,10(2):138-147.
[5]PURDY Edward G,DAVE Waltham.Reservoir implications of modern karst topography[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83(11):1774-1794.
[6]LOUCKS R G.Modern analogs for paleocave-sediment fills and their importance in identifying paleocave reservoirs[J].Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions,2001(46):195-206.
[7]ZENG H L,LOUCKS R G,JANSON X,et al.Three-dimensional seismic geomorphology and analysis of the Ordovician paleokarst drainage system in the central Tabei Uplift,northern Tarim Basin,western China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2011,95(12):2061-2083.
[8]FRANCISCO Gutiérrez,GUERRERO Jesús,PEDRO Lucha.A genetic classification of sinkholes illustrated from evaporite paleokarst exposures in Spain[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2008,53(5):993-1006.
[9]LOUCKS R G.Paleocave carbonate reservoirs:origins,burial-depth modifications,spatial complexity,and reservoir implications[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83(11):1795-1834.
[10]ANGELA Mcdonnell,LOUCKS R G,TIM Dooley.Quantifying the origin and geometry of circular sag structures in northern Fort Worth Basin,Texas:Paleocave collapse,pullapart fault systems,or hydrothermal alteration?[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(9):1295-1318.
[11]金强,王端平.潜山型碳酸盐岩储集空间成因模式[J].油气地质与采收率,2003,10(5):12-15.JIN Qiang,WANG Duan-ping.Genetic models of buried hill carbonate reservoir space[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2003,10(5):12-15.
[12]ALAN Glennon,CHRIS Groves.An examination of perennial stream drainage patterns within the Mammoth Cave watershed,Kentucky[J].Journal of Cave and Karst Studies,2002,64(1):82-91.
[13]DEREK Ford,WILLIAMS Paul.Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology[M].London:Wiley,2007:39-65.
[14]LOUCKS R G.A review of coalesced,collapsed-paleocave systems and associated suprastratal deformation[J].Acta Carsologica,2007,36(1):121-132.
[15]LOUCKS R G,MESCHER Paul K,MCMECHAN George A.Three-dimensional architecture of a coalesced,collapsed-paleocave system in the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group,central Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(5):545-564.
[16]GALE Julia F W,GOMEZ Leonel A.Late openingmode fractures in karst-brecciated dolostones of the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group,west Texas:Recognition,characterization,and implications for fluid flow[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(7):1005-1023.
[17]肖玉茹,何峰煜,孙义梅.古洞穴型碳酸盐岩储层特征研究:以塔河油田奥陶系古洞穴为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2003,24(1):75-80.XIAO Yu-ru,HE Feng-yi,SUN Yi-mei.Reservoir characteristics of paleocave carbonates a case study of Ordovician paleocave in Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin[J],Oil&Gas Geology,2003,24(1):75-80.
[18]李阳,范智慧.塔河奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏缝洞系统发育模式与分布规律[J].石油学报,2011,32(1):101-106.LI Yang,FAN Zhi-hui.Developmental pattern and distribution rule of the fracture-cavity system of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe Oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(1):101-106.
[19]张学丰,李明,陈志勇,等.塔北哈拉哈塘奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层发育特征及主要岩溶期次[J].岩石学报,2012,28(3):815-826.ZHANG Xue-feng,LI Ming,CHEN Zhi-yong,et al.Characteristics and karstification of the Ordovician carbonate reservoir,Halahatang area,northern Tarim Basin[J].Actor Petrologica Sinica,2012,28(3):815-826.
[20]ZHANG Tao,YAN Xiang-bin.A study of the genetics of karst-type subtle reservoir in Tahe Oilfield[J].Petroleum Science,2004,2(2):99-104.
[21]何治亮,彭守涛,张涛.塔里木盆地塔河地区奥陶系储层形成的控制因素和复合-联合成因机制[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31(6):743-752.HE Zhi-liang,PENG Shou-tao,ZHANG Tao.Controlling factors and genetic pattern of the Ordovician reservoirs in the Tahe area,Tarim Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2010,31(6):743-752.
[22]张文博,金强,徐守余,等.塔北奥陶系露头古溶洞充填特征及其油气储层意义[J].特种油气藏,2012,19(3):50-54.ZHANG Wen-bo,JIN Qiang,XU Shou-yu,et al.Paleocavern filling characteristics and hydrocarbon reservoir implication in the Ordovician outcrops in the northern Tarim Basin[J].Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs,2012,19(3):50-54.
[23]田飞,金强,李阳,等.塔河油田奥陶系缝洞型储层小型缝洞及其充填物测井识别[J].石油与天然气地质,2012,33(9):900-908.TIAN Fei,JIN Qiang,LI Yang,et al.Identification of small fracture-vugs and their fillings through log interpretation in fractured-vuggy Ordovician reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2012,33(9):900-908.
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