FMTT方法研究华北及邻区上地幔P波速度结构
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摘要
本文利用华北地震科学台阵190套宽频带地震仪在2006年10月至2009年3月记录的远震事件,采用波形互相关技术提取了52414条P波初动到时数据,进一步使用FMTT(Fast Marching Teleseismic Tomography)方法,获取了华北克拉通中、东部陆块下方上地幔分辨高达0.5°×0.5°的P波速度结构.我们的P波速度结果显示,华北克拉通中、东部块体在40～240 km的深度范围内都表现为相对低速,而燕山造山带则整体表现为相对高速,这暗示华北克拉通中、东部块体下方的壳幔速度结构都遭受了明显的改造,但改造的范围并没有涉及到燕山造山带,或者燕山造山带下方的改造并没有华北克拉通中、东部块体那么显著.华北克拉通中部陆块下方的低速异常向下一直延深至250 km左右,该低速异常很可能与汾渭河地堑及新生代广泛分布的火成岩有关.
In this study we used 52414 P wave first motion traveltimes to get the P wave velocity structure of upper mantle beneath the Central Block(CB)and Eastern Block(EB)of North China Craton(NCC)by Fast Marching Teleseismic Tomography(FMTT).There were 190 broadband stations from North China Seismic Array,and all of the teleseismic events occurred during Oct.2006 and Mar.2009.The relative traveltime residuals were got by waveform cross correlation.The checkerboard resolution was～0.5°×0.5°.The results reveal that:an obvious low-velocity anomaly is located at the region beneath the CB and EB of NCC,which extends from 40 km to 240 km;but beneath the Yanshan Uplift region,there is a high-velocity zone.These show that the CB and EB of the NCC have been obviously destructed,but the destruction region does not include the Yanshan Uplift;or the destruction of CB and EB is more apparent than that of Yanshan Uplift.The low-velocity anomaly extends to～250 km depth beneath the CB of NCC,which may have something to do with the formation of Cenozoic pyrogenic rock and Fenwei valley graben.
In this study we used 52414 P wave first motion traveltimes to get the P wave velocity structure of upper mantle beneath the Central Block(CB)and Eastern Block(EB)of North China Craton(NCC)by Fast Marching Teleseismic Tomography(FMTT).There were 190 broadband stations from North China Seismic Array,and all of the teleseismic events occurred during Oct.2006 and Mar.2009.The relative traveltime residuals were got by waveform cross correlation.The checkerboard resolution was～0.5°×0.5°.The results reveal that:an obvious low-velocity anomaly is located at the region beneath the CB and EB of NCC,which extends from 40 km to 240 km;but beneath the Yanshan Uplift region,there is a high-velocity zone.These show that the CB and EB of the NCC have been obviously destructed,but the destruction region does not include the Yanshan Uplift;or the destruction of CB and EB is more apparent than that of Yanshan Uplift.The low-velocity anomaly extends to～250 km depth beneath the CB of NCC,which may have something to do with the formation of Cenozoic pyrogenic rock and Fenwei valley graben.
引文
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[15] 汪一鹏,邓起东,朱世龙.华北地区岩石圈动力学特征.马杏垣主编.中国岩石动力学地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,1989 Wang Y P,Deng Q D,Zhu S L.Lithospheric dynamics of North China.In:Ma X Y ed.Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas of China (in Chinese).Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House,1989
[16] 邓起东等.中国活断层分布图(1:400万).北京:科学出版社,2004 Deng Q D,et al.Distribution of Active Faults in China (1 :4000000) (in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2004
[17] 房立华,吴建平,吕作勇.华北地区基于噪声的瑞利面波群速度层析成像.地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :663～671 Fang L H,Wu J P,Lii Z Y.Rayleigh wave group velocity tomography from ambient seismic noise in North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3) :663～671
[18] Rawlinson N,Reading A M,Kennett B L N.Lithospheric structure of Tasmania from a novel form of teleseismic tomography.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111,B02301,doi:10． 1029/2005JB003803
[19] VanDecar J C,Crosson R S.Determination of teleseismic relative phase arrival times using multi-channel crosscorrelation and least squares.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1990,80(1) :150～169
[20] Rawlinson N,Kennett B L N.Rapid estimation of relative and absolute delay times across a network by adaptive stacking.Geophys.J.Int.,2004,157:332～340
[21] 郭飚,刘启元,陈九辉等.川西龙门山及邻区地壳上地幔远震P波层析成像.地球物理学报,2009,52(2) :346～355 Guo B,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Teleseismic P-wave tomography of the crust and upper mantle in Longmenshan area,west Sichuan.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2) :346～355
[22] Sethian J A.A fast marching level set method for monotonically advancing fronts.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,1996,93:1591～1595
[23] Sethian J A,Popovici A M.3-D traveltime computation using the fast marching method.Geophysics,1999,64(2) :516～523
[24] 张风雪,吴庆举,李永华等.FMM射线追踪方法在地震学正演和反演中的应用.地球物理学进展,2010,25(4) :1197～1205 Zhang F X,Wu Q J,Li Y H,et al.Application of FMM ray tracing to forward and inverse problems of seismology.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,25 (4) :1197～1205
[25] Paige C C,Saunders M A.LSQR:an algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares.ACM Trans.Math.Softw.,1982,8(1) :43～71
[26] Paige C C,Saunders M A.Algorithm 583 LSQR:sparse linear equations and least squares problems.ACM Trans.Math.Softw.,1982,8(2) :195～209
[27] 成谷,张宝金.反射地震走时层析成像中的大型稀疏矩阵 压缩存储和求解.地球物理学进展,2008,23(3) :674～680 Cheng G,Zhang B J.Compression storage and solution of large sparse matrix in traveltime tomography of reflection seismic data.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,23(3) :674～680
[28] 嘉世旭,张先康.华北不同构造块体地壳结构及其对比研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(3) :611～620 Jia S X,Zhang X K.Crustal structure and comparison of different tectonic blocks in North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(3) :611～620
[29] Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R.Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from traveltimes.Geophys.J.Int.,1995,122:108～124
[30] 何正勤,叶太兰,丁志峰.华北东北部的面波相速度层析成像研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(5) :1233～1242 He Z Q,Ye T L,Ding Z F.Surface wave tomography for the phase velocity in the northeastern part of North China.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5) :1233～1242
[31] 潘佳铁,吴庆举,李永华等.华北地区瑞雷面波相速度层析成像.地球物理学报,2011,54(1) :67～76 Pan J T,Wu Q J,Li Y H,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of the phase velocity in North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1) :67～76
[32] Lei J,Xie F,Lan C,et al.Seismic images under the Beijing region inferred from P and PmP data.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,2008,168:134～146
[33] Ding Z,Zhou X,Wu Y,et al.Tomographic imaging of P wave velocity structure beneath the region around Beijing.Earthq.Sci.,2009,22:403-408
[34] 吕作勇,吴建平.华北地区地壳上地幔三维P波速度结构.地震学报,2010,32(1) :1～11 Lu Z Y,Wu J P.3-D P wave velocity structure of crust and upper mantle beneath North China.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2010,32(1) :1～11
[35] 邢作云,赵斌,涂美义等.汾渭裂谷系与造山带耦合关系及其形成机制研究.地学前缘,2005,12(2) :247～262 Xing Z Y,Zhao B,Tu M Y,et al.The formation of the Fenwei rift valley.Earth Science Frontiers (in Chinese),2005,12(2) :247～262
[36] Lebedev S,Nolet G.Upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia from S velocity tomography.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(Bl):2048,doi;10． 1029/2000JB000073
[37] Huang Z,Su W,Pen Y,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of China and adjacent regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108 (B2) :2073,doi:10． 1029/2001JB001696
[38] Tauzin B,Debayle E,Wittlinger G.The mantle transition zone as seen by global Pds phases:No clear evidence for a thin transition zone beneath hotspots.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113,B08309,doi:10． 1029/2007JB005364
[39] Chen L,Ai Y.Discontinuity structure of the mantle transition zone beneath the North China Craton from receiver function migration.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114,B06307,doi:10． 1029/2008JB006221
[2] 曾融生,朱露培,何正勤等.华北盆地强震的震源模型兼论强震和盆地的成因.地球物理学报,1991,34(3) :288～301 ZengRS,ZhuLP,HeZ Q,et al.A seismic source model of the large earthquakes in North China extensional basin and discussions on the genetic processes of the extensional basin and earthquakes.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica) (in Chinese),1991,34(3) :288～301
[3] 吴福元,葛文春,孙德有等.中国东部岩石圈减薄研究中的 几个问题.地学前缘,2003,10(3) :51～60Wu F Y,Ge W C,Sun D Y,et al.Discussions on the lithospheric thinning in eastern China.Earth Science Frontiers (in Chinese),2003,10(3) :51～60
[4] 吴福元,徐义刚,高 山等.华北岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏研究的主要学术争论.岩石学报,2008,24(6) :1145～1174 Wu F Y,Xu Y G,Gao S,et al.Lithospheric thinning and destruction of the North China Craton.Acta Petrologica Sinica (in Chinese),2008,24(6) :1145～1174
[5] 周新华.中国东部中、新生代岩石圈转型与减薄研究若干问题.地学前缘,2006,13(2) :50～64 Zhou X H.Major transformation of subcontinental lithosphere beneath eastern China in the Cenozoic-Mesozoic:review and prospect.Earth Science Frontiers (in Chinese),2006,13(2) :50～64
[6] 邓晋福,莫宣学,赵海玲等.中国东部岩石圈根/去根作用与大陆“活化”--东亚型大陆动力学模式研究计划.现代地质,1 994,8(3) :349～356 Deng J F,Mo X X,Zhao H L,et al.Lithosphere root/derooting and activation of the East China continent.Geoscience (in Chinese),1994,8(3) :349～356
[7] 邓晋福,苏尚国,刘翠等.关于华北克拉通燕山期岩石圈减薄的机制与过程的讨论:是拆沉,还是热侵蚀和化学交代?地学前缘,2006,13(2) :105～119 Deng J F,Su S G,Liu C,et al.Discussion on the lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton:delamination? Or thermal erosion and chemical metasomatism? Earth Science Frontiers (in Chinese),2006,13(2) :105～119
[8] 刘福田,曲克信,吴华等.中国大陆及其邻近地区的地震层析成象.地球物理学报,1989,32(3) :281～291 Liu F T,Qu K X,Wu H,et al.Seismic tomography of the Chinese continent and adjacent region.Chinese J.Seophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica) (in Chinese),1989,32(3) :281～291
[9] 宋仲和,陈国英,安昌强等.中国大陆及其海域地壳-上地幔三维速度结构.中国科学(B辑),1 993,23(2) :180～188 SongZ H,Chen G Y,An C Q,et al.The 3 D velocity structure of crust upper mantle beneath the China and around sea region.Science in China (Series B) (in Chinese),1993,23(2) :180～188
[10] Huang J,Zhao D.High-resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions.J.Geophys,Res.,2006,111,B09305,doi:10． 1029/2005JB004066
[11] Huang J,Zhao D.Seismic imaging of the crust and upper mantle under Beijing and surrounding regions.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,2009,173:330～348
[12] Tian Y,Zhao D,Sun R,et al.Seismic imaging of the crust and upper mantle beneath the North China Craton.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,2009,172:169～182
[13] Li Y,Wu Q,Zhang R,et al.The lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton inferred from Rayleigh waves inversion.Geophys.J.Int.,2009,177:1334～1342
[14] Zhao L,Allen R M,Zheng T,et al.Reactivation of Archean craton:constraints from P-and S-wave tomography in North China.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36． L17306,doi:10． 1029/2009GL039781
[15] 汪一鹏,邓起东,朱世龙.华北地区岩石圈动力学特征.马杏垣主编.中国岩石动力学地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,1989 Wang Y P,Deng Q D,Zhu S L.Lithospheric dynamics of North China.In:Ma X Y ed.Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas of China (in Chinese).Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House,1989
[16] 邓起东等.中国活断层分布图(1:400万).北京:科学出版社,2004 Deng Q D,et al.Distribution of Active Faults in China (1 :4000000) (in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2004
[17] 房立华,吴建平,吕作勇.华北地区基于噪声的瑞利面波群速度层析成像.地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :663～671 Fang L H,Wu J P,Lii Z Y.Rayleigh wave group velocity tomography from ambient seismic noise in North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3) :663～671
[18] Rawlinson N,Reading A M,Kennett B L N.Lithospheric structure of Tasmania from a novel form of teleseismic tomography.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111,B02301,doi:10． 1029/2005JB003803
[19] VanDecar J C,Crosson R S.Determination of teleseismic relative phase arrival times using multi-channel crosscorrelation and least squares.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1990,80(1) :150～169
[20] Rawlinson N,Kennett B L N.Rapid estimation of relative and absolute delay times across a network by adaptive stacking.Geophys.J.Int.,2004,157:332～340
[21] 郭飚,刘启元,陈九辉等.川西龙门山及邻区地壳上地幔远震P波层析成像.地球物理学报,2009,52(2) :346～355 Guo B,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Teleseismic P-wave tomography of the crust and upper mantle in Longmenshan area,west Sichuan.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2) :346～355
[22] Sethian J A.A fast marching level set method for monotonically advancing fronts.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,1996,93:1591～1595
[23] Sethian J A,Popovici A M.3-D traveltime computation using the fast marching method.Geophysics,1999,64(2) :516～523
[24] 张风雪,吴庆举,李永华等.FMM射线追踪方法在地震学正演和反演中的应用.地球物理学进展,2010,25(4) :1197～1205 Zhang F X,Wu Q J,Li Y H,et al.Application of FMM ray tracing to forward and inverse problems of seismology.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,25 (4) :1197～1205
[25] Paige C C,Saunders M A.LSQR:an algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares.ACM Trans.Math.Softw.,1982,8(1) :43～71
[26] Paige C C,Saunders M A.Algorithm 583 LSQR:sparse linear equations and least squares problems.ACM Trans.Math.Softw.,1982,8(2) :195～209
[27] 成谷,张宝金.反射地震走时层析成像中的大型稀疏矩阵 压缩存储和求解.地球物理学进展,2008,23(3) :674～680 Cheng G,Zhang B J.Compression storage and solution of large sparse matrix in traveltime tomography of reflection seismic data.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,23(3) :674～680
[28] 嘉世旭,张先康.华北不同构造块体地壳结构及其对比研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(3) :611～620 Jia S X,Zhang X K.Crustal structure and comparison of different tectonic blocks in North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(3) :611～620
[29] Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R.Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from traveltimes.Geophys.J.Int.,1995,122:108～124
[30] 何正勤,叶太兰,丁志峰.华北东北部的面波相速度层析成像研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(5) :1233～1242 He Z Q,Ye T L,Ding Z F.Surface wave tomography for the phase velocity in the northeastern part of North China.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5) :1233～1242
[31] 潘佳铁,吴庆举,李永华等.华北地区瑞雷面波相速度层析成像.地球物理学报,2011,54(1) :67～76 Pan J T,Wu Q J,Li Y H,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of the phase velocity in North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1) :67～76
[32] Lei J,Xie F,Lan C,et al.Seismic images under the Beijing region inferred from P and PmP data.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,2008,168:134～146
[33] Ding Z,Zhou X,Wu Y,et al.Tomographic imaging of P wave velocity structure beneath the region around Beijing.Earthq.Sci.,2009,22:403-408
[34] 吕作勇,吴建平.华北地区地壳上地幔三维P波速度结构.地震学报,2010,32(1) :1～11 Lu Z Y,Wu J P.3-D P wave velocity structure of crust and upper mantle beneath North China.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2010,32(1) :1～11
[35] 邢作云,赵斌,涂美义等.汾渭裂谷系与造山带耦合关系及其形成机制研究.地学前缘,2005,12(2) :247～262 Xing Z Y,Zhao B,Tu M Y,et al.The formation of the Fenwei rift valley.Earth Science Frontiers (in Chinese),2005,12(2) :247～262
[36] Lebedev S,Nolet G.Upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia from S velocity tomography.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(Bl):2048,doi;10． 1029/2000JB000073
[37] Huang Z,Su W,Pen Y,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of China and adjacent regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108 (B2) :2073,doi:10． 1029/2001JB001696
[38] Tauzin B,Debayle E,Wittlinger G.The mantle transition zone as seen by global Pds phases:No clear evidence for a thin transition zone beneath hotspots.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113,B08309,doi:10． 1029/2007JB005364
[39] Chen L,Ai Y.Discontinuity structure of the mantle transition zone beneath the North China Craton from receiver function migration.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114,B06307,doi:10． 1029/2008JB006221
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