岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的研究意义
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摘要
近年来,在岷江上游及其支流杂谷脑河中发现了多处滑坡古堰塞湖沉积物,并受到广泛关注,但也有不少学者质疑是否是堰塞湖相沉积物。2008年5月12日四川汶川地震引发了几十个规模较大的滑坡堰塞湖,叠溪古堰塞湖展示的重大地质历史事件再次引起学术界广泛的关注。本文根据最新调查、勘查和测试资料对古堰塞湖的形成与消亡过程做了进一步查证;对获得的全断面岩芯样品开展了AMS~(14)C测年、孢粉分析、稳定碳氧同位素、有机质含量及粒度分析等一系列的环境代用指标分析。研究表明,叠溪古堰塞湖形成于30000万年前,经历了约15000年,沉积了200余米的湖相沉积物,大约在15000年前开始溃决消亡。从钻孔岩芯中获取了古地震和古气候的重要信息,揭示古堰塞湖沉积期间曾经历过至少10次强烈地震,并且与气候的变化有一定的相关性,这些资料信息为讨论岷江上游地区地貌和古气候演化规律提供了重要依据,提出了一套通过对古堰塞湖沉积物的分析研究,探讨地质环境和古气候演化的系统方法。
A huge ancient landslide-dammed lake at the upstream of Minjiang River has been discovered,which came into being 30000 years ago.It existed for ten thousand years with 200-meter-thick lacustrine sediments formed,and disappeared with its outburst in 15000 years ago.After that several other such lakes and their sediments had been founded in the same area.These discoveries attracted widespread attention when published,but some scholars are skeptical of their facies of landslide-dammed lake.When dozens of large-scale landslide-dammed lakes resulted from the Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12th,2008,Diexi Lake began to arouse widespread concern again in that it indicates major events in the geological history.Based on the latest surveys,explorations and tests,a further demonstration was done on its formation and disappearance.An AMS experiment was done on whole cross-section cores to carry out C dating and pollen analysis,and to test stable carbon-oxygen isotopes,organic matter content and particle size.Paleo-seismic and paleo-climate information were obtained from drill cores,reveal that during deposition of the ancient dammed lake had experienced at least 10 times strong earthquake from 30830aB.P.to 14854aB.P.These change is a certain correlation with climate change.The obtained data provide an important basis for the discussion of the ancient topography and paleoclimate evolution in the upper reaches of Minjiang River.This study also indicates a new approach to study ancient geological and climatic evolution with samples from the sediments of ancient landslide-dammed lake.
A huge ancient landslide-dammed lake at the upstream of Minjiang River has been discovered,which came into being 30000 years ago.It existed for ten thousand years with 200-meter-thick lacustrine sediments formed,and disappeared with its outburst in 15000 years ago.After that several other such lakes and their sediments had been founded in the same area.These discoveries attracted widespread attention when published,but some scholars are skeptical of their facies of landslide-dammed lake.When dozens of large-scale landslide-dammed lakes resulted from the Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12th,2008,Diexi Lake began to arouse widespread concern again in that it indicates major events in the geological history.Based on the latest surveys,explorations and tests,a further demonstration was done on its formation and disappearance.An AMS experiment was done on whole cross-section cores to carry out C dating and pollen analysis,and to test stable carbon-oxygen isotopes,organic matter content and particle size.Paleo-seismic and paleo-climate information were obtained from drill cores,reveal that during deposition of the ancient dammed lake had experienced at least 10 times strong earthquake from 30830aB.P.to 14854aB.P.These change is a certain correlation with climate change.The obtained data provide an important basis for the discussion of the ancient topography and paleoclimate evolution in the upper reaches of Minjiang River.This study also indicates a new approach to study ancient geological and climatic evolution with samples from the sediments of ancient landslide-dammed lake.
引文
1王兰生,杨立铮,李天斌等.四川岷江叠溪较场地震滑坡及环境保护.地质灾害与环境保护,2000,11(3):195-199 Wang Lansheng,Yang Lizheng,Li Tianbin et al.Evolution mechanism of Jiaochang earthquake landslide on Minjiang River and its control.Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,2000,11(3):195 -199
2王兰生,杨立铮,王小群等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(1):1-11 Wang Lansheng,Yang Lizheng,Wang Xiaoqun et al.Discovery of huge ancient dammed lake on upstream of Minjiang River in Sichuan.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition),2005,32(1):1 -11
3王兰生,王小群,许向宁等.岷江上游近两万年前发生了什么事件?地学前缘,2007,14(4):189-196 Wang Lansheng,Wang Xiaoqun,Xu Xiangning et al.What happened on the up stream of Minjiang River in Sichuan Province 200000 years ago.Earth Science Frontiers,2007,14(4):189 -196
4四川省地震局编著.一九三三年叠溪地震.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1983.49-68 The Earthquake Bureau of Sichuan Province.The Earthquake at Diexi in 1933.Chengdu:Science Technique Publisher,1983.49 -68
5司建涛,刘顺.青藏高原东缘岷江断裂构造特征、变形序列和演化历史.四川地质学报,2008,28(1):1-5 Si Jiantao,Liu Shun.Geological features,deformation sequence and evolution of the Minjiang fault on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Acta Geologic Sichuan,200$,28(1);1 -5
6刘东生等.黄土与环境.北京:北京科学技术出版社,1985 336-348 Liu Tungsheng et al.The Loess and Environment.Beijing:Peking Science Technique Publisher,1985.336 -348
7刘东生,刘嘉麒,吕厚远等.玛洱湖高分辨率古环境研究新进展.第四纪研究,1998,(4):289-297 Liu Tungsheng,Liu Jiaqi,Lu Houyuan.Progress in high-resolution paleoenvironment research from Maar Lake.Quaternary Sciences, 1998,(4):289-297
8王苏民,张振克.中国湖泊沉积与环境演变研究的新进展科学通报,1999,44(6):579-587 Wang Sumin,Zhang Zhenke.Progress in Chinese lacustrine deposit and environment evolvement research.Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999,44(6):579 -587
9沈才明,唐领余,王苏民等.若尔盖盆地RM孔孢粉记录及其年代序列科学通报,2005,50(3):246-254 Sheng Caiming,Tang Lingyu,Wang Sumin et al.Spore records and its chronological list of Ruoergai Basin.Chinese Science Bulletin 2005,50(3):246 -254
10罗超,刘卫国,彭子成等.新疆罗北洼地湖相沉积物有机碳同位素的变化序列及其古环境意义.第四纪研究,2008,28(4): 621 -628 Luo Chao,Liu Weiguo,Peng Zicheng et al.Stable carbon isotope record of organic matter from the Lop-Nur lacustrine sediment in Xinjiang,North West China.Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(4 ): 621 -628
11杨东,罗超,彭子成等.新疆罗布泊地区32.0-9.1kaB.P.期间的孢粉记录及其古气候古环境演化.第四纪研究,2009,29 ??(4):755 -766 Yang Dong,Luo Chao,Peng Zicheng et al.A pollen record and paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental evolution of Lop-Nur,Xinjiang during 32.0-9.1kaB.P.Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(4):755 -766
12孙千里,肖举乐,刘韬.岱海沉积物元素地球化学特征反映的末次冰期以来季风/干旱过渡区的水热条件变迁第四纪研究, 2010,30(6):1121 -1130 Sun Qianli,Xiao Jule,Liu Tao.Hydrothermal status in the monsoon/arid transition belt of China since the last glaciation inferred from geochemical characteristics of the sediment cores at Daihai Lake.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(6);112I -1130
13温锐林,肖举乐,常志刚等.全新世呼伦湖植被和气候变化的孢粉记录.第四纪研究,2010,30(6):1105-1115 Wen Ruilin,Xiao Jule,Chang Zhigang el al.Holocene vegetation and climate changes reflected by the pollen record of Hulun Lake,North eastern Inner Mongolia.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(6);1105 -1115
14韩艳,肖霞云,羊向东等.全新世以来滇西北地区天才湖粒度特征及古降水.第四纪研究,2011,31(6):999-1010 Han Yan,Xiao Xiayun,Yang Xiangdong el al.The grain-size characteristics of tiancai lake in northwestern of Yunnan Province and paleo-precipitalion history during Holocene.Quaternary Sciences,2011,31(6):999 -1010
15王萍,邱维理,张斌.川西杂谷脑“冰碛物”中软沉积物变形构造的成因.第四纪研究,2009,29(3):484-493 Wang Ping,Qiu Weili,Zhang Bin.Origin of deformational structures of soft sediments in moraines of the Zagunao area,western Sichuan. Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(3):484 -493
16段丽萍,王兰生,董孝璧.湖泊记录中的古气候和古环境指标及其地质灾害信息.沉积与特提斯地质,2002,22(1):40-45 Duan Liping,Wang Lansheng,Dong Xiaobi.The preliminary study of palaeoclimatic and alaeoenvironmental indicators and their information on geological disasters in lake records.Sedimentary Geology and Telhyan Geology,2002,22(1) 40 -45
17段丽萍,王兰生,杨立铮等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖沉积物碳酸盐碳氧同位素记录所揭示的古气候演化特征.中国地质灾害与防治学报,2002,13(2):91-96 Duan Liping,Wang Lansheng,Yang Lizheng et al.The ancient climatic evolution characteristic reflected by carbon and oxygen isotopes of carbonate in the ancient barrier lacustrine deposits, Diexi,Minjiang River.The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2002,13(2) -91 -96
18李海龙,张岳桥,李建华.青藏高原东缘南北向河流系统及其伴生古堰塞湖研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(4):812-824 Li Hailong,Zhang Yueqiao,Li Jianhua.Meridional river systems and ancient dammed lakes on the east margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(4 ):812 - 824
19李承三,吴燕生,李永昭等.四川龙门山南段东坡及其山前带第四纪冰川遗迹.见:中国第四纪研究委员会编.中国第四纪冰川遗迹研究文集.北京:科学出版社,1964.14-86 Li Chengsan,Wu Yansheng,Li Yongzhao et al.The Quaternary glacier historic relic of the Longmen Mountain south segment east brae in Sichuan Province.In;Chinese Association for Quaternary Research ed.The Chinese Quaternary Glacier Historic Relic Research Collection of Corpus.Beijing;Science Publisher, 1964.14 -86
20王靖泰,汪品先.中国东部晚更新世以来海面升降与气候变化的关系.地理学报,1980,35(4):299-312 Wang Jingtai,Wang Pinxian.The relationship between sea level changes and climate change since the Late Pleistocene in eastern China.Journal of Geographical Science,1980,35(4);299 -312
21王兰生.河流侵蚀、淤积的工程地质分析(第十四章).见:张倬元,王士天,王兰生等编.工程地质学分析原理.北京:地质出版社.2009.443-468 Wang Lansheng.Engineering geology of river erosion and siltation (Chapter 14).In;Zhang Zhuoyuan,Wang Shitian,Wang Lansheng et al.eds.Analysis Principle for Engineering Geology.Beijing: Geological Publishing House,2009.443 -468
22曹光杰,张学勤,熊万英等.冰后期长江河口段古河谷地层层序特征.地球科学与环境学报,2006,28(3):1-5 Cao Guangjie,Zhang Xueqin,Xiong Wanying et al.Characteristics of ??post-glacial incised-valley stratigraphic sequence in Yangtze River mouth area.Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2006,28 (3):1-5
23曹光杰,王建,屈贵贤等.南京长江大桥附近长江古河谷的形成及沉积特征.河南大学学报(自然科学版),2006,36(1):66-69 Cao Guangjie,Wang Jian,Qu Guixian et al.Formation & sedimentary characteristics of the Yangtze River incised-valley in Nanjing.Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2006,36(1):66 -69
24 Wang Ping,Zhang Bin,Qiu Weili et al.Soft-sediment deformation structures from the Diexi paleo-dammed lakes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,East Tibet.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011,40(4):865 -872
25崔杰,王兰生,徐进等.金沙江中游滑坡堵江事件及古滑坡体稳定性分析.工程地质学报,2008,16(1):15-lO Cui Jie,Wang Lansheng,Xu Jin et al.Stability analysis of old landslide for a possible ancient landslide event blocking middle of Jinsha River.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(1 );15 - 10
2王兰生,杨立铮,王小群等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(1):1-11 Wang Lansheng,Yang Lizheng,Wang Xiaoqun et al.Discovery of huge ancient dammed lake on upstream of Minjiang River in Sichuan.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition),2005,32(1):1 -11
3王兰生,王小群,许向宁等.岷江上游近两万年前发生了什么事件?地学前缘,2007,14(4):189-196 Wang Lansheng,Wang Xiaoqun,Xu Xiangning et al.What happened on the up stream of Minjiang River in Sichuan Province 200000 years ago.Earth Science Frontiers,2007,14(4):189 -196
4四川省地震局编著.一九三三年叠溪地震.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1983.49-68 The Earthquake Bureau of Sichuan Province.The Earthquake at Diexi in 1933.Chengdu:Science Technique Publisher,1983.49 -68
5司建涛,刘顺.青藏高原东缘岷江断裂构造特征、变形序列和演化历史.四川地质学报,2008,28(1):1-5 Si Jiantao,Liu Shun.Geological features,deformation sequence and evolution of the Minjiang fault on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Acta Geologic Sichuan,200$,28(1);1 -5
6刘东生等.黄土与环境.北京:北京科学技术出版社,1985 336-348 Liu Tungsheng et al.The Loess and Environment.Beijing:Peking Science Technique Publisher,1985.336 -348
7刘东生,刘嘉麒,吕厚远等.玛洱湖高分辨率古环境研究新进展.第四纪研究,1998,(4):289-297 Liu Tungsheng,Liu Jiaqi,Lu Houyuan.Progress in high-resolution paleoenvironment research from Maar Lake.Quaternary Sciences, 1998,(4):289-297
8王苏民,张振克.中国湖泊沉积与环境演变研究的新进展科学通报,1999,44(6):579-587 Wang Sumin,Zhang Zhenke.Progress in Chinese lacustrine deposit and environment evolvement research.Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999,44(6):579 -587
9沈才明,唐领余,王苏民等.若尔盖盆地RM孔孢粉记录及其年代序列科学通报,2005,50(3):246-254 Sheng Caiming,Tang Lingyu,Wang Sumin et al.Spore records and its chronological list of Ruoergai Basin.Chinese Science Bulletin 2005,50(3):246 -254
10罗超,刘卫国,彭子成等.新疆罗北洼地湖相沉积物有机碳同位素的变化序列及其古环境意义.第四纪研究,2008,28(4): 621 -628 Luo Chao,Liu Weiguo,Peng Zicheng et al.Stable carbon isotope record of organic matter from the Lop-Nur lacustrine sediment in Xinjiang,North West China.Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(4 ): 621 -628
11杨东,罗超,彭子成等.新疆罗布泊地区32.0-9.1kaB.P.期间的孢粉记录及其古气候古环境演化.第四纪研究,2009,29 ??(4):755 -766 Yang Dong,Luo Chao,Peng Zicheng et al.A pollen record and paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental evolution of Lop-Nur,Xinjiang during 32.0-9.1kaB.P.Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(4):755 -766
12孙千里,肖举乐,刘韬.岱海沉积物元素地球化学特征反映的末次冰期以来季风/干旱过渡区的水热条件变迁第四纪研究, 2010,30(6):1121 -1130 Sun Qianli,Xiao Jule,Liu Tao.Hydrothermal status in the monsoon/arid transition belt of China since the last glaciation inferred from geochemical characteristics of the sediment cores at Daihai Lake.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(6);112I -1130
13温锐林,肖举乐,常志刚等.全新世呼伦湖植被和气候变化的孢粉记录.第四纪研究,2010,30(6):1105-1115 Wen Ruilin,Xiao Jule,Chang Zhigang el al.Holocene vegetation and climate changes reflected by the pollen record of Hulun Lake,North eastern Inner Mongolia.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(6);1105 -1115
14韩艳,肖霞云,羊向东等.全新世以来滇西北地区天才湖粒度特征及古降水.第四纪研究,2011,31(6):999-1010 Han Yan,Xiao Xiayun,Yang Xiangdong el al.The grain-size characteristics of tiancai lake in northwestern of Yunnan Province and paleo-precipitalion history during Holocene.Quaternary Sciences,2011,31(6):999 -1010
15王萍,邱维理,张斌.川西杂谷脑“冰碛物”中软沉积物变形构造的成因.第四纪研究,2009,29(3):484-493 Wang Ping,Qiu Weili,Zhang Bin.Origin of deformational structures of soft sediments in moraines of the Zagunao area,western Sichuan. Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(3):484 -493
16段丽萍,王兰生,董孝璧.湖泊记录中的古气候和古环境指标及其地质灾害信息.沉积与特提斯地质,2002,22(1):40-45 Duan Liping,Wang Lansheng,Dong Xiaobi.The preliminary study of palaeoclimatic and alaeoenvironmental indicators and their information on geological disasters in lake records.Sedimentary Geology and Telhyan Geology,2002,22(1) 40 -45
17段丽萍,王兰生,杨立铮等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖沉积物碳酸盐碳氧同位素记录所揭示的古气候演化特征.中国地质灾害与防治学报,2002,13(2):91-96 Duan Liping,Wang Lansheng,Yang Lizheng et al.The ancient climatic evolution characteristic reflected by carbon and oxygen isotopes of carbonate in the ancient barrier lacustrine deposits, Diexi,Minjiang River.The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2002,13(2) -91 -96
18李海龙,张岳桥,李建华.青藏高原东缘南北向河流系统及其伴生古堰塞湖研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(4):812-824 Li Hailong,Zhang Yueqiao,Li Jianhua.Meridional river systems and ancient dammed lakes on the east margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(4 ):812 - 824
19李承三,吴燕生,李永昭等.四川龙门山南段东坡及其山前带第四纪冰川遗迹.见:中国第四纪研究委员会编.中国第四纪冰川遗迹研究文集.北京:科学出版社,1964.14-86 Li Chengsan,Wu Yansheng,Li Yongzhao et al.The Quaternary glacier historic relic of the Longmen Mountain south segment east brae in Sichuan Province.In;Chinese Association for Quaternary Research ed.The Chinese Quaternary Glacier Historic Relic Research Collection of Corpus.Beijing;Science Publisher, 1964.14 -86
20王靖泰,汪品先.中国东部晚更新世以来海面升降与气候变化的关系.地理学报,1980,35(4):299-312 Wang Jingtai,Wang Pinxian.The relationship between sea level changes and climate change since the Late Pleistocene in eastern China.Journal of Geographical Science,1980,35(4);299 -312
21王兰生.河流侵蚀、淤积的工程地质分析(第十四章).见:张倬元,王士天,王兰生等编.工程地质学分析原理.北京:地质出版社.2009.443-468 Wang Lansheng.Engineering geology of river erosion and siltation (Chapter 14).In;Zhang Zhuoyuan,Wang Shitian,Wang Lansheng et al.eds.Analysis Principle for Engineering Geology.Beijing: Geological Publishing House,2009.443 -468
22曹光杰,张学勤,熊万英等.冰后期长江河口段古河谷地层层序特征.地球科学与环境学报,2006,28(3):1-5 Cao Guangjie,Zhang Xueqin,Xiong Wanying et al.Characteristics of ??post-glacial incised-valley stratigraphic sequence in Yangtze River mouth area.Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2006,28 (3):1-5
23曹光杰,王建,屈贵贤等.南京长江大桥附近长江古河谷的形成及沉积特征.河南大学学报(自然科学版),2006,36(1):66-69 Cao Guangjie,Wang Jian,Qu Guixian et al.Formation & sedimentary characteristics of the Yangtze River incised-valley in Nanjing.Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2006,36(1):66 -69
24 Wang Ping,Zhang Bin,Qiu Weili et al.Soft-sediment deformation structures from the Diexi paleo-dammed lakes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,East Tibet.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011,40(4):865 -872
25崔杰,王兰生,徐进等.金沙江中游滑坡堵江事件及古滑坡体稳定性分析.工程地质学报,2008,16(1):15-lO Cui Jie,Wang Lansheng,Xu Jin et al.Stability analysis of old landslide for a possible ancient landslide event blocking middle of Jinsha River.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(1 );15 - 10
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