朝鲜核爆的Rayleigh波震级测量
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摘要
利用1995年至2009年中国东北及邻近地区11个宽频带台站记录到的77个地震事件、3个化学爆炸和2次朝鲜核爆的区域地震资料,标定该区域台网的Rayleigh波震级.通过对8～25s周期的垂直分量Rayleigh波形进行分析,获取基于最大振幅的面波震级.计算82个区域事件不同周期的台基响应,经过台基校正后取最大振幅的面波震级为事件震级.2006年和2009年两次朝鲜核爆的面波震级分别为2.93±0.19和3.62±0.21.将地震和核爆事件的面波震级Ms与体波震级mb(Lg)进行比较,发现根据该区域台网的数据利用Ms-mb识别方法无法鉴别朝鲜地区的核爆与地震.朝鲜核爆的面波震级相对较大,使Ms-mb识别方法失效,其原因可能是源区介质的不均匀性、由核爆炸冲击引发的深部的拉伸破坏被抑制,或者是近爆源区存在张性的构造预应力.假定核爆可能的埋藏深度范围是0.01～1.0km,用Rayleigh波震级估计朝鲜核爆的当量,对2006年和2009年核爆当量的估值范围分别为0.42～3.17kt和2.06～15.53kt.
We collect regional seismic data recorded at broadband seismic stations from 77 earthquakes,3 chemical explosions and 2 nuclear explosions between 1995 and 2009 in Northeast China and its vicinity.These data are used to calibrate the regional seismic network for measuring the Rayleigh-wave magnitude.Based on vertical-component Rayleigh wave records between 8 and 25 s,we obtain the maximum-amplitude surface-wave magnitudes.Using records from 82 events,we calculate the site corrections at different period for all stations.After removing the site response,we obtain the Rayleigh-wave magnitude for individual station-event pair.Finally the network average magnitude is obtained for each event.The Rayleigh-wave magnitudes are 2.93±0.19 and 3.62±0.21 for 2006 and 2009 North Korean nuclear explosions.The comparison between the Rayleigh-wave magnitude Ms and the body wave magnitude mb(Lg) suggests that Ms-mb method is invalid in discriminating the nuclear explosions from earthquake populations in Northeast China/North Korea region and within the regional distances.The two North Korean nuclear explosions excited strong Rayleigh waves,leading to the poor performance of Ms-mb discrimination.The possible reasons include near-source heterogeneities,asymmetric source or existing tensile tectonic release.Given the depth of burial between 0.01 and 1.0 km and using the obtained Rayleigh-wave magnitudes,the yields of the 2006 and 2009 North Korean nuclear tests are estimated to be 0.42~3.17 kt and 2.06~15.53 kt,respectively.
We collect regional seismic data recorded at broadband seismic stations from 77 earthquakes,3 chemical explosions and 2 nuclear explosions between 1995 and 2009 in Northeast China and its vicinity.These data are used to calibrate the regional seismic network for measuring the Rayleigh-wave magnitude.Based on vertical-component Rayleigh wave records between 8 and 25 s,we obtain the maximum-amplitude surface-wave magnitudes.Using records from 82 events,we calculate the site corrections at different period for all stations.After removing the site response,we obtain the Rayleigh-wave magnitude for individual station-event pair.Finally the network average magnitude is obtained for each event.The Rayleigh-wave magnitudes are 2.93±0.19 and 3.62±0.21 for 2006 and 2009 North Korean nuclear explosions.The comparison between the Rayleigh-wave magnitude Ms and the body wave magnitude mb(Lg) suggests that Ms-mb method is invalid in discriminating the nuclear explosions from earthquake populations in Northeast China/North Korea region and within the regional distances.The two North Korean nuclear explosions excited strong Rayleigh waves,leading to the poor performance of Ms-mb discrimination.The possible reasons include near-source heterogeneities,asymmetric source or existing tensile tectonic release.Given the depth of burial between 0.01 and 1.0 km and using the obtained Rayleigh-wave magnitudes,the yields of the 2006 and 2009 North Korean nuclear tests are estimated to be 0.42~3.17 kt and 2.06~15.53 kt,respectively.
引文
[1]Gutenberg B.Amplitudes of surface waves and magnitudes ofshallow earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1945,35(1):3-12.
[2]von Seggern D.Amplitude-distance relation for 20-secondRayleigh waves.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1977,67(2):405-411.
[3]Yacoub N K.“Instantaneous amplitudes”:a new method tomeasure seismic magnitude.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1983,73(5):1345-1355.
[4]Bonner J L,Harkrider D G,Herrin E T,et al.Evaluation ofshort-period,near-regional Msscales for the Nevada TestSite.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2003,93(4):1773-1791.
[5]Vaněk J,Zatopek A,Karnik V,et al.Standardization ofmagnitude scales.Bull.Acad.Sci.U.S.S.R.,Geophys.Ser.,1962,2:108-111.
[6]Basham P W.A new magnitude formula for short periodcontinental Rayleigh waves.Geophys.J.Int.,1971,23(2):255-260.
[7]Evernden J F.Variation of Rayleigh-wave amplitude withdistance.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1971,61(2):231-240.
[8]Marshall P D,Basham P W.Discrimination betweenearthquakes and underground explosions employing animproved Msscale.Geophys.J.Int.,1972,28(5):431-458.
[9]Rezapour M,Pearce R G.Bias in surface-wave magnitude Msdue to inadequate distance corrections.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(1):43-61.
[10]韩绍卿,李夕海,安跃文等.核爆、化爆、地震识别研究综述.地球物理学进展,2010,25(4):1206-1218.Han S Q,Li X H,An Y W,et al.A review on theidentification of nuclear explosions,chemical explosions andnatural earthquakes.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,25(4):1206-1218.
[11]Patton H.Ms:mbrelationships for small magnitude events:observations and physical basis for mbbased on regionalphases.∥Proceedings of the 22nd Seismic Research Review:Planning for verification of and compliance with the ComprehensiveNuclear Test Ban Treaty(CTBT).2000,2:293-300.
[12]Patton H J.Regional magnitude scaling,transportability,and Ms:mbdiscrimination at small magnitudes.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2001,158(11):1951-2015.
[13]Patton H J,Phillips W S.Regional magnitude researchsupporting broad-area monitoring of small seismic events.∥Proceedings of the 27th Seismic Research Review:Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies.2005:606-611.
[14]Taylor S R,Patton H J,Yang X N,et al.Regional eventidentification research in eastern Asia.∥Proceedings of the27th Seismic Research Review:Ground-Based Nuclear ExplosionMonitoring Technologies.2005:673-682.
[15]Russell D R.Development of a time-domain,variable-periodsurface wave magnitude measurement procedure for application atregional and teleseismic distances,part I:Theory.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(2):665-677.
[16]Bonner J L,Russell D R,Harkrider D G,et al.Developmentof a time-domain,variable-period surface-wave magnitudemeasurement procedure for application at regional andteleseismic distances,part II:Application and Ms-mbperformance.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(2):678-696.
[17]Patton H J,Schlittenhardt J.A transportable mb(Lg)scalefor central Europe and implications for low-magnitude Ms-mbdiscrimination.Geophys.J.Int.,2005,163(1):126-140.
[18]Zhou R M,Stump B W,Hayward C T.Ms:mbdiscrimination study of mining explosions in Wyomin,Usa,and in Qianan,China.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(5):1742-1752.
[19]Bonner J,Herrmann R B,Harkrider D,et al.The surfacewave magnitude for the 9October 2006North Korean nuclearexplosion.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(5):2498-2506.
[20]Shin J S,Sheen D H,Kim G.Regional observations of thesecond North Korean nuclear test on 2009May 25.Geophys.J.Int.,2010,180(1):243-250.
[21]Chun K Y,Wu Y,Henderson G A.Magnitude estimationand source discrimination:a close look at the 2006and 2009North Korean underground nuclear explosions.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2011,101(3):1315-1329.
[22]Murphy J R,Kohl B C,Stevens J L,et al.Exploitation ofthe IMS and other data for a comprehensive,advancedanalysis of the North Korean nuclear tests.∥Proceedings ofthe 2010 Monitoring Research Review:Ground-BasedNuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies.2010,1:456-465.
[23]Wen L X,Long H.High-precision location of North Korea′s2009nuclear test.Seism.Res.Lett.,2010,81(1):26-29.
[24]Lay T,Wallace T C.Modern Global Seismology.California:Academic Press,1995.
[25]周仕勇,许忠淮.现代地震学教程.北京:北京大学出版社,2010.Zhou S Y,Xu Z H.Modern Seismology Tutorial(inChinese).Beijing:Peking University Press,2010.
[26]陈运泰,吴忠良,王培德等.数字地震学.北京:地震出版社,2000.Chen Y T,Wu Z L,Wang P D,et al.Digital Seismology(inChinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2000.
[27]Havskov J,Ottemoller L.Routine Data Processing inEarthquake Seismology.New York:Springer,2010.
[28]Zhao L F,Xie X B,Wang W M,et al.Yield estimation ofthe 25 May 2009 North Korean nuclear explosion.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2012,102(2):467-478.
[29]Murphy J R,Barker B W,Marshall M E.Event screening atthe IDC using the Ms/mbdiscriminant.Maxwell TechnologiesFinal Report,1997:23.
[30]Bache T.Estimating the yield of underground nuclearexplosions.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1982,72:S131-S168.
[31]Stevens J L,Murphy J R.Yield estimation from surface-wave amplitudes.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2001,158(11):2227-2251.
[32]Zhao L F,Xie X B,Wang W M,et al.Regional seismiccharacteristics of the 9October 2006 North Korean nucleartest.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(6):2571-2589.
[33]Denny M D,Johnson L R.The explosion seismic sourcefunction:model and scaling laws revisited.∥Taylor S R,Patton H J,Richards P G.Explosion Source Phenomenology.American Geophysical Monograph,1991,65:1-24.
[34]Herrmann R B.Computer Programs in Seismology,version3.30.St.Louis University,2006.
[35]Rougier E,Patton H J,Knight E E,et al.Constraints onburial depth and yield of the 25May 2009North Korean testfrom hydrodynamic simulations in a granite medium.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2011,38(16):L16316.
[36]Koper K D,Herrmann R B,Benz H M.Overview of openseismic data from the North Korean event of 9October 2006.Seism.Res.Lett.,2008,79(2):178-185.
[37]Ford S R,Dreger D S,Walter W R.Source analysis of theMemorial Day explosion,Kimchaek,North Korea.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36(21):L21304,doi:10.1029/2009GL040003.
[38]Patton H J,Taylor S R.Effects of shock-induced tensilefailure on mb-Msdiscrimination:Contrasts between historicnuclear explosions and the North Korean test of 9 October2006.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35(14):L14301,doi 10.1029/2008GL034211.
[39]Schlittenhardt J,Canty M,Grünberg I.Satellite Earthobservations support CTBT monitoring:A case study of thenuclear test in North Korea of Oct.9,2006and comparisonwith seismic results.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2010,167(4-5):601-618.
[40]Murphy J R,Stevens J L,Kohl B C,et al.Supplementanalysis of the seismic characteristic of the 2006and 2009North Korean nuclear tests.∥Proceedings of the 2011Monitoring Research Review:Ground-Based Nuclear ExplosionMonitoring Technologies.2011,3:513-523.
[41]Jin S,Park P H.Strain accumulation in South Korea inferredfrom GPS measurements.Earth,Planets and Space,2006,58:529-534.
[2]von Seggern D.Amplitude-distance relation for 20-secondRayleigh waves.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1977,67(2):405-411.
[3]Yacoub N K.“Instantaneous amplitudes”:a new method tomeasure seismic magnitude.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1983,73(5):1345-1355.
[4]Bonner J L,Harkrider D G,Herrin E T,et al.Evaluation ofshort-period,near-regional Msscales for the Nevada TestSite.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2003,93(4):1773-1791.
[5]Vaněk J,Zatopek A,Karnik V,et al.Standardization ofmagnitude scales.Bull.Acad.Sci.U.S.S.R.,Geophys.Ser.,1962,2:108-111.
[6]Basham P W.A new magnitude formula for short periodcontinental Rayleigh waves.Geophys.J.Int.,1971,23(2):255-260.
[7]Evernden J F.Variation of Rayleigh-wave amplitude withdistance.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1971,61(2):231-240.
[8]Marshall P D,Basham P W.Discrimination betweenearthquakes and underground explosions employing animproved Msscale.Geophys.J.Int.,1972,28(5):431-458.
[9]Rezapour M,Pearce R G.Bias in surface-wave magnitude Msdue to inadequate distance corrections.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(1):43-61.
[10]韩绍卿,李夕海,安跃文等.核爆、化爆、地震识别研究综述.地球物理学进展,2010,25(4):1206-1218.Han S Q,Li X H,An Y W,et al.A review on theidentification of nuclear explosions,chemical explosions andnatural earthquakes.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,25(4):1206-1218.
[11]Patton H.Ms:mbrelationships for small magnitude events:observations and physical basis for mbbased on regionalphases.∥Proceedings of the 22nd Seismic Research Review:Planning for verification of and compliance with the ComprehensiveNuclear Test Ban Treaty(CTBT).2000,2:293-300.
[12]Patton H J.Regional magnitude scaling,transportability,and Ms:mbdiscrimination at small magnitudes.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2001,158(11):1951-2015.
[13]Patton H J,Phillips W S.Regional magnitude researchsupporting broad-area monitoring of small seismic events.∥Proceedings of the 27th Seismic Research Review:Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies.2005:606-611.
[14]Taylor S R,Patton H J,Yang X N,et al.Regional eventidentification research in eastern Asia.∥Proceedings of the27th Seismic Research Review:Ground-Based Nuclear ExplosionMonitoring Technologies.2005:673-682.
[15]Russell D R.Development of a time-domain,variable-periodsurface wave magnitude measurement procedure for application atregional and teleseismic distances,part I:Theory.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(2):665-677.
[16]Bonner J L,Russell D R,Harkrider D G,et al.Developmentof a time-domain,variable-period surface-wave magnitudemeasurement procedure for application at regional andteleseismic distances,part II:Application and Ms-mbperformance.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(2):678-696.
[17]Patton H J,Schlittenhardt J.A transportable mb(Lg)scalefor central Europe and implications for low-magnitude Ms-mbdiscrimination.Geophys.J.Int.,2005,163(1):126-140.
[18]Zhou R M,Stump B W,Hayward C T.Ms:mbdiscrimination study of mining explosions in Wyomin,Usa,and in Qianan,China.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(5):1742-1752.
[19]Bonner J,Herrmann R B,Harkrider D,et al.The surfacewave magnitude for the 9October 2006North Korean nuclearexplosion.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(5):2498-2506.
[20]Shin J S,Sheen D H,Kim G.Regional observations of thesecond North Korean nuclear test on 2009May 25.Geophys.J.Int.,2010,180(1):243-250.
[21]Chun K Y,Wu Y,Henderson G A.Magnitude estimationand source discrimination:a close look at the 2006and 2009North Korean underground nuclear explosions.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2011,101(3):1315-1329.
[22]Murphy J R,Kohl B C,Stevens J L,et al.Exploitation ofthe IMS and other data for a comprehensive,advancedanalysis of the North Korean nuclear tests.∥Proceedings ofthe 2010 Monitoring Research Review:Ground-BasedNuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies.2010,1:456-465.
[23]Wen L X,Long H.High-precision location of North Korea′s2009nuclear test.Seism.Res.Lett.,2010,81(1):26-29.
[24]Lay T,Wallace T C.Modern Global Seismology.California:Academic Press,1995.
[25]周仕勇,许忠淮.现代地震学教程.北京:北京大学出版社,2010.Zhou S Y,Xu Z H.Modern Seismology Tutorial(inChinese).Beijing:Peking University Press,2010.
[26]陈运泰,吴忠良,王培德等.数字地震学.北京:地震出版社,2000.Chen Y T,Wu Z L,Wang P D,et al.Digital Seismology(inChinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2000.
[27]Havskov J,Ottemoller L.Routine Data Processing inEarthquake Seismology.New York:Springer,2010.
[28]Zhao L F,Xie X B,Wang W M,et al.Yield estimation ofthe 25 May 2009 North Korean nuclear explosion.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2012,102(2):467-478.
[29]Murphy J R,Barker B W,Marshall M E.Event screening atthe IDC using the Ms/mbdiscriminant.Maxwell TechnologiesFinal Report,1997:23.
[30]Bache T.Estimating the yield of underground nuclearexplosions.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1982,72:S131-S168.
[31]Stevens J L,Murphy J R.Yield estimation from surface-wave amplitudes.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2001,158(11):2227-2251.
[32]Zhao L F,Xie X B,Wang W M,et al.Regional seismiccharacteristics of the 9October 2006 North Korean nucleartest.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2008,98(6):2571-2589.
[33]Denny M D,Johnson L R.The explosion seismic sourcefunction:model and scaling laws revisited.∥Taylor S R,Patton H J,Richards P G.Explosion Source Phenomenology.American Geophysical Monograph,1991,65:1-24.
[34]Herrmann R B.Computer Programs in Seismology,version3.30.St.Louis University,2006.
[35]Rougier E,Patton H J,Knight E E,et al.Constraints onburial depth and yield of the 25May 2009North Korean testfrom hydrodynamic simulations in a granite medium.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2011,38(16):L16316.
[36]Koper K D,Herrmann R B,Benz H M.Overview of openseismic data from the North Korean event of 9October 2006.Seism.Res.Lett.,2008,79(2):178-185.
[37]Ford S R,Dreger D S,Walter W R.Source analysis of theMemorial Day explosion,Kimchaek,North Korea.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2009,36(21):L21304,doi:10.1029/2009GL040003.
[38]Patton H J,Taylor S R.Effects of shock-induced tensilefailure on mb-Msdiscrimination:Contrasts between historicnuclear explosions and the North Korean test of 9 October2006.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35(14):L14301,doi 10.1029/2008GL034211.
[39]Schlittenhardt J,Canty M,Grünberg I.Satellite Earthobservations support CTBT monitoring:A case study of thenuclear test in North Korea of Oct.9,2006and comparisonwith seismic results.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2010,167(4-5):601-618.
[40]Murphy J R,Stevens J L,Kohl B C,et al.Supplementanalysis of the seismic characteristic of the 2006and 2009North Korean nuclear tests.∥Proceedings of the 2011Monitoring Research Review:Ground-Based Nuclear ExplosionMonitoring Technologies.2011,3:513-523.
[41]Jin S,Park P H.Strain accumulation in South Korea inferredfrom GPS measurements.Earth,Planets and Space,2006,58:529-534.
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