小江断裂带中段和南段井水位变化与形变分析
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摘要
应用井孔-裂隙、微裂隙(孔隙)水流交换产生的潮汐水位-固体潮的位相差和振幅变化理论,结合井水位变化,分析小江断裂带中段和南段的形变特征。裂隙承压含水层条件下,地震波和构造应力引起的形变能够引起潮汐水位分波位相差和振幅的变化。地震波引起含水层与井孔之间水流交换增大,疏通裂隙而使渗透率增大,震后井水位潮汐分波相位差提前,其后裂隙内沉积物重新堵塞裂隙,渗透率降低,位相差逐渐下降。位相差的长期趋势性变化反映出含水层在构造应力作用下的应变信息。小江断裂带中段和南段形变变化不同。断裂带中段地区,观测井位相差和振幅趋势性下降,表明该区段不仅有走滑特性,并且具有挤压特征。小江断裂带与红河断裂带交会地区观测井振幅和位相差稳定,表明该区域没有受到明显的挤压,形变不明显。
This paper analyses the deformations of middle and southern segments of Xiaojiang Fault zone using the theory of phase shift and amplitude changes between tidal water level and earth tides caused by water exchange among the systems of well hole-fracture-micro fracture.Seismic waves and deformation caused by tectonic stress can lead to changes of phases shift and amplitudes of tide levels in fractured confined aquifer.Seismic waves can increase water exchange between the aquifer and the borehole.So the fluid pathways can be unclogged during the earthquake and permeability in the fractured rock system can be increased after the earthquake.Smaller phase shift lag implies the higher permeability in the system.Permeability will return to background value gradually because of reclogging of fluid pathways and phase shift decreases.The long-term trend of phase shift represents the information of aquifer deformation caused by tectonic stress.The middle and southern segments of Xiaojiang Fault zone deform differently.The middle segment of the fault zone shows both strike-slip and compression characteristics.Deformation of this section is accumulated continuously.Phase shift and amplitude of the monitoring wells located at the intersection of Xiaojiang Fault zone and Honghe Fault zone change in a small scope.This shows that deformation of this section is not obvious and the aquifer is not squeezed remarkably.
This paper analyses the deformations of middle and southern segments of Xiaojiang Fault zone using the theory of phase shift and amplitude changes between tidal water level and earth tides caused by water exchange among the systems of well hole-fracture-micro fracture.Seismic waves and deformation caused by tectonic stress can lead to changes of phases shift and amplitudes of tide levels in fractured confined aquifer.Seismic waves can increase water exchange between the aquifer and the borehole.So the fluid pathways can be unclogged during the earthquake and permeability in the fractured rock system can be increased after the earthquake.Smaller phase shift lag implies the higher permeability in the system.Permeability will return to background value gradually because of reclogging of fluid pathways and phase shift decreases.The long-term trend of phase shift represents the information of aquifer deformation caused by tectonic stress.The middle and southern segments of Xiaojiang Fault zone deform differently.The middle segment of the fault zone shows both strike-slip and compression characteristics.Deformation of this section is accumulated continuously.Phase shift and amplitude of the monitoring wells located at the intersection of Xiaojiang Fault zone and Honghe Fault zone change in a small scope.This shows that deformation of this section is not obvious and the aquifer is not squeezed remarkably.
引文
方颖,江在森,张晶,等.2006.川滇地区断层形变模型与应变积累分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,26(2):48 —52.FANG Ying,JIANG Zai-sen,ZHANG Jing,et al.2006.Analysis of fault deformation model and strain accumulation in Sichuan-Yunnan area[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,26(2):48—52(in Chinese).
韩月萍,杨国华,高艳龙,等.2009.云南中部及周围地区近期地壳形变特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,29(6):64—67.HAN Yue-ping,YANG Guo-hua,GAO Yan-long,et al.2009.Characteristics of recent crustal deformation in median and surrounding areas of Yunnan[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,29(6):64—67(in Chinese).
黄辅琼,晏锐,陈顒,等.2004.利用深井地下水位动态研究大华北地区现今构造应力场状态[J].地震,24(1):112—118.HUANG Fu-qiong,YUN Rui,CHEN Yong,et al.2004.Study of present tectonic stress field of Pan-North China region based on ground water level dynamic in deep wells[J].Earthquake,24(1):112—118(in Chinese).
李铁明,邓志辉,吕弋培.2003.川滇地区现今地壳形变及其与强震时空分布的相关性研究[J].中国地震,19(2):132—147.LI Tie-ming,DENG ZHi-hui,LYi-pei.2003.Research on the crustal deformation data related to characteristics of strong earthquake(M S≥6.0)distribution in the area of Chuandian(Sichuan-Yunnan),China[J].Earthquake Research in China,19(2):132—147(in Chinese).
刘春平,唐彦东,廖欣,等.2011a.线弹性含水层井水位、孔压对引潮位响应的研究及其应用[J].地震地质,33(1):133—140.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.01.013.LIU Chun-ping,TANG Yan-dong,LIAO Xin,et al.2011a.Well water level change with tide generating height for linear poroelastic aquifer and their application[J].Seismology and Geology,33(1):133—140(in Chinese).
刘春平,唐彦东,廖欣.2011b.垂向和径向排水的潮汐水位振幅和位相变化研究[J].地震,31(4):68—76.LIU Chun-ping,TANG Yan-dong,LIAO Xin.2011b.Tidal water level amplitude and phase under the condition of vertical and radial flow[J].Earthquake,31(4):68—76(in Chinese).
乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林.2004.川滇地区活动地块现今地壳形变特征[J].地球物理学报,47(5):805—811.QIAO Xue-jun,WANG Qi,DU Rui-lin.2004.Characteristics of current crustal deformation of active blocks in the Sichuan-Yunnan region[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,47(5):805—811(in Chinese).
石云,刘春平,唐彦东,等.2013.潮汐水位位相和振幅变化研究及在地下水异常分析中的应用[J].地震学报,4(3):402—410.SHI Yun,LIU Chun-ping,TANG Yan-dong,et al.2013.The research of tidal water level amplitude and phase based on vertical and radial flow condition[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,4(3):402—410(in Chinese).
宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤.1998.小江活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.SONG Fang-min,WANG Yi-peng,YU Wei-xian.1998.Xiaojiang Active Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
唐文清,刘宇平,陈智梁,等.2006.云南小江断裂中南段现今活动特征[J].沉积与特提斯地质,26(2):21—24.TANG Wen-qing,LIU Yu-ping,CHEN Zhi-liang,et al.2006.Modern activity in the southern and central parts of the Xiaojiang Fault in Yunnan[J].Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,26(2):21—24(in Chinese).
王阎昭,王恩宁,沈正康,等.2008.基于GPS资料约束反演川滇地区主要断裂现今活动速率[J].中国科学:(D辑),38(5):582—597.WANG Yan-zhao,WANG En-ning,SHEN Zheng-kang,et al.2008.GPS-constrained inversion of present-day slip rates along major faults of the Sichuan-Yunnan region,China[J].Science in China(Ser D),38(5):582—597(in Chinese).
闻学泽,杜方,龙锋,等.2011.小江和曲江-石屏两断裂系统的构造动力学与强震序列的关联性[J].中国科学(D辑),41(5):713—24.WEN Xue-ze,DU Fang,LONG Feng,et al.2011.Tectonic dynamics and correlation of major earthquake sequences of the Xiaojiang and Qujiang-Shiping Fault systems,Yunnan,China[J].Science in China(Ser D),41(5):713—724 (in Chinese).
杨国华,韩月萍,杨博.2009.川滇地区地壳水平运动与变形场的演化特征及其机制讨论[J].地震研究,32(3):275 —282.YANG Guo-hua,HAN Yue-ping,YANG Bo.2009.Discussion about the evolvement characteristics and the mechanism of the crustal horizontal movement and deformation field in Sichuan-Yunnan area[J].Journal of Seismological Research,32(3):275—282(in Chinese).
张希,张四新,王双绪,等.2007.川滇地区近期地壳运动的应变积累[J].大地测量与地球动力学,27(4):8—15 .ZHANG Xi,ZHANG Si-xin,WANG Shuang-xu,et al.2007.On strain accumulation of recent crust movement in Sichuan-Yunnan area[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,27(4):8—15(in Chinese).
张昭栋,刘庆国,耿杰.1999.由承压井水位动态反演水井含水层的应力变化[J].华南地震,19(1):37—42.ZHANG Zhao-dong,LIU Qing-guo,GENG Jie.1999.Stress variation of well aquifer inverted by water level behaviors of pressure well[J].South China Journal of Seismology,19(1):37—42(in Chinese).
赵静,江在森,武艳强,等.2011.汶川地震前后川滇块体应变与断裂变形特征研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,31(5):30—34.ZHAO Jing,JIANG Zai-sen,WU Yan-qiang,et al.2011.Study on characteristics of block strain and faults deformation of Sichuan-Yunnan region before and after Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,31(5):30—34(in Chinese).
Bodvarsson G.1970.Confined fluids as strain meters[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,75(14):2711—2718.
Bower D R.1983.Bedrock fracture parameters from the interpretation of well tides[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,88(B6):5025—5035.
Brodsky E E,Roeloffs E,Woodcock D,et al.2003.A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,108(B8):2390.
Elkhoury J E,Brodsky E E,Agnew D C.2006.Seismic waves increase permeability[J].Nature,441(7097):1135—1138.
Elkhoury J E,Niemeijer A,Brodsky E E,et al.2011.Laboratory observations of permeability enhancement by fluid pressure oscillation of in situ fractured rock[J].J Geophys Res,116:B2311.
Johnson A G,Kovach R L,Nur A,et al.1973.Pore pressure changes during creep events on the San Andreas Fault[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,78(5):851—857.
Mortensen C E,Lee R C,Burford R O.1977.Observations of creep-related tilt,strain,and water-level changes on the central San Andreas Fault[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,67(3):641—649.
韩月萍,杨国华,高艳龙,等.2009.云南中部及周围地区近期地壳形变特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,29(6):64—67.HAN Yue-ping,YANG Guo-hua,GAO Yan-long,et al.2009.Characteristics of recent crustal deformation in median and surrounding areas of Yunnan[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,29(6):64—67(in Chinese).
黄辅琼,晏锐,陈顒,等.2004.利用深井地下水位动态研究大华北地区现今构造应力场状态[J].地震,24(1):112—118.HUANG Fu-qiong,YUN Rui,CHEN Yong,et al.2004.Study of present tectonic stress field of Pan-North China region based on ground water level dynamic in deep wells[J].Earthquake,24(1):112—118(in Chinese).
李铁明,邓志辉,吕弋培.2003.川滇地区现今地壳形变及其与强震时空分布的相关性研究[J].中国地震,19(2):132—147.LI Tie-ming,DENG ZHi-hui,LYi-pei.2003.Research on the crustal deformation data related to characteristics of strong earthquake(M S≥6.0)distribution in the area of Chuandian(Sichuan-Yunnan),China[J].Earthquake Research in China,19(2):132—147(in Chinese).
刘春平,唐彦东,廖欣,等.2011a.线弹性含水层井水位、孔压对引潮位响应的研究及其应用[J].地震地质,33(1):133—140.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.01.013.LIU Chun-ping,TANG Yan-dong,LIAO Xin,et al.2011a.Well water level change with tide generating height for linear poroelastic aquifer and their application[J].Seismology and Geology,33(1):133—140(in Chinese).
刘春平,唐彦东,廖欣.2011b.垂向和径向排水的潮汐水位振幅和位相变化研究[J].地震,31(4):68—76.LIU Chun-ping,TANG Yan-dong,LIAO Xin.2011b.Tidal water level amplitude and phase under the condition of vertical and radial flow[J].Earthquake,31(4):68—76(in Chinese).
乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林.2004.川滇地区活动地块现今地壳形变特征[J].地球物理学报,47(5):805—811.QIAO Xue-jun,WANG Qi,DU Rui-lin.2004.Characteristics of current crustal deformation of active blocks in the Sichuan-Yunnan region[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,47(5):805—811(in Chinese).
石云,刘春平,唐彦东,等.2013.潮汐水位位相和振幅变化研究及在地下水异常分析中的应用[J].地震学报,4(3):402—410.SHI Yun,LIU Chun-ping,TANG Yan-dong,et al.2013.The research of tidal water level amplitude and phase based on vertical and radial flow condition[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,4(3):402—410(in Chinese).
宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤.1998.小江活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.SONG Fang-min,WANG Yi-peng,YU Wei-xian.1998.Xiaojiang Active Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
唐文清,刘宇平,陈智梁,等.2006.云南小江断裂中南段现今活动特征[J].沉积与特提斯地质,26(2):21—24.TANG Wen-qing,LIU Yu-ping,CHEN Zhi-liang,et al.2006.Modern activity in the southern and central parts of the Xiaojiang Fault in Yunnan[J].Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,26(2):21—24(in Chinese).
王阎昭,王恩宁,沈正康,等.2008.基于GPS资料约束反演川滇地区主要断裂现今活动速率[J].中国科学:(D辑),38(5):582—597.WANG Yan-zhao,WANG En-ning,SHEN Zheng-kang,et al.2008.GPS-constrained inversion of present-day slip rates along major faults of the Sichuan-Yunnan region,China[J].Science in China(Ser D),38(5):582—597(in Chinese).
闻学泽,杜方,龙锋,等.2011.小江和曲江-石屏两断裂系统的构造动力学与强震序列的关联性[J].中国科学(D辑),41(5):713—24.WEN Xue-ze,DU Fang,LONG Feng,et al.2011.Tectonic dynamics and correlation of major earthquake sequences of the Xiaojiang and Qujiang-Shiping Fault systems,Yunnan,China[J].Science in China(Ser D),41(5):713—724 (in Chinese).
杨国华,韩月萍,杨博.2009.川滇地区地壳水平运动与变形场的演化特征及其机制讨论[J].地震研究,32(3):275 —282.YANG Guo-hua,HAN Yue-ping,YANG Bo.2009.Discussion about the evolvement characteristics and the mechanism of the crustal horizontal movement and deformation field in Sichuan-Yunnan area[J].Journal of Seismological Research,32(3):275—282(in Chinese).
张希,张四新,王双绪,等.2007.川滇地区近期地壳运动的应变积累[J].大地测量与地球动力学,27(4):8—15 .ZHANG Xi,ZHANG Si-xin,WANG Shuang-xu,et al.2007.On strain accumulation of recent crust movement in Sichuan-Yunnan area[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,27(4):8—15(in Chinese).
张昭栋,刘庆国,耿杰.1999.由承压井水位动态反演水井含水层的应力变化[J].华南地震,19(1):37—42.ZHANG Zhao-dong,LIU Qing-guo,GENG Jie.1999.Stress variation of well aquifer inverted by water level behaviors of pressure well[J].South China Journal of Seismology,19(1):37—42(in Chinese).
赵静,江在森,武艳强,等.2011.汶川地震前后川滇块体应变与断裂变形特征研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,31(5):30—34.ZHAO Jing,JIANG Zai-sen,WU Yan-qiang,et al.2011.Study on characteristics of block strain and faults deformation of Sichuan-Yunnan region before and after Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,31(5):30—34(in Chinese).
Bodvarsson G.1970.Confined fluids as strain meters[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,75(14):2711—2718.
Bower D R.1983.Bedrock fracture parameters from the interpretation of well tides[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,88(B6):5025—5035.
Brodsky E E,Roeloffs E,Woodcock D,et al.2003.A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,108(B8):2390.
Elkhoury J E,Brodsky E E,Agnew D C.2006.Seismic waves increase permeability[J].Nature,441(7097):1135—1138.
Elkhoury J E,Niemeijer A,Brodsky E E,et al.2011.Laboratory observations of permeability enhancement by fluid pressure oscillation of in situ fractured rock[J].J Geophys Res,116:B2311.
Johnson A G,Kovach R L,Nur A,et al.1973.Pore pressure changes during creep events on the San Andreas Fault[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,78(5):851—857.
Mortensen C E,Lee R C,Burford R O.1977.Observations of creep-related tilt,strain,and water-level changes on the central San Andreas Fault[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,67(3):641—649.
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