岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现
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摘要
1933年8月25日,四川岷江上游叠溪发生了一次7.5级地震。在叠溪地震引发的较场大滑坡上覆盖有较古老的厚土层,国内学者对其成因有不同解释。作者在开展叠溪地震滑坡调研中,发现并确认这是一套古堰塞湖相沉积物,当时的堰塞坝处在原叠溪古镇至下游马老顶乡一带长达数千米的河段,因此定名为叠溪古堰塞湖。古堰塞湖相沉积物厚度最大可达200余米,为一套层理清晰的粉土-黏土层。由叠溪向上游约30km河段,沿江断续可见这套沉积物,且有明显的相变。14C测年,湖相沉积物底部形成时代距今22ka,顶部距今约10ka,据此判断叠溪古堰塞湖维持了12ka。此外作者在较场一带还发现了以湖相沉积物为"基座"的五级"阶地",这些"阶地"上保存完好的二元结构河流相沉积物。该文较系统地介绍了叠溪古堰塞湖的基本特征,初步论述了其中包含的地质环境信息。
On August 25th, 1933, an earthquake of Magnitude 7.5 occurred near Diexi County seated in the upstream of Minjiang River of Sichuan Province and induced a series of avalanches and landslides. Some of them blocked the river and formed many dammed lakes ( the local people called them Haizi). In this calamity, more than 4000 people losed there lives by the direct damage of avalanches, landslides and floods due to the bursting of natural dams. 70 years past, a lot of rare geological phenomena resulted from earthquake can be identified. Among those dammed lakes, the large Haizi and the small Haizi are the largest in the major drainage area of Minjiang River and well preserved. They have been the local famous beauty spots. During the investigation of landslides, a suite of dammed lacustrine sediments more than 200 m thick were discovered, which formed 20 000 years ago in the area of Diexi. The natural dam of the ancient dammed lake just started near Diexi, so the lake was named Diexi ancient dammed lake. The lacustrine deposits are composed of veined silty soil and silty clay with yallow-grey color. Five river terraces were descovered on the lacustrine deposits, which formed during the vanishing process of the dammed lake. So that the ancient lacustrine deposits and terraces acumulation have put down the historical records of the evolution of geological envirorment as well as the variations of ancient climaie during the past 20 000 years. This paper introduces the basic characteristics of the ancient dammed lake, and the evolution of geological enviroments and the variation of the ancient climate are discussed in brief.
On August 25th, 1933, an earthquake of Magnitude 7.5 occurred near Diexi County seated in the upstream of Minjiang River of Sichuan Province and induced a series of avalanches and landslides. Some of them blocked the river and formed many dammed lakes ( the local people called them Haizi). In this calamity, more than 4000 people losed there lives by the direct damage of avalanches, landslides and floods due to the bursting of natural dams. 70 years past, a lot of rare geological phenomena resulted from earthquake can be identified. Among those dammed lakes, the large Haizi and the small Haizi are the largest in the major drainage area of Minjiang River and well preserved. They have been the local famous beauty spots. During the investigation of landslides, a suite of dammed lacustrine sediments more than 200 m thick were discovered, which formed 20 000 years ago in the area of Diexi. The natural dam of the ancient dammed lake just started near Diexi, so the lake was named Diexi ancient dammed lake. The lacustrine deposits are composed of veined silty soil and silty clay with yallow-grey color. Five river terraces were descovered on the lacustrine deposits, which formed during the vanishing process of the dammed lake. So that the ancient lacustrine deposits and terraces acumulation have put down the historical records of the evolution of geological envirorment as well as the variations of ancient climaie during the past 20 000 years. This paper introduces the basic characteristics of the ancient dammed lake, and the evolution of geological enviroments and the variation of the ancient climate are discussed in brief.
引文
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[12]段丽萍,王兰生,董孝璧.湖泊记录中的古气候和古环境指标及其地质灾害信息[J].沉积与特提斯地质2002,22(1):40-44.
[13]段丽萍,王兰生,杨立铮,等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖沉积物碳酸盐碳氧同位素记录所揭示的古气候演化特征[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2002,13(2):91-96.
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[16]韩美,李艳红,张维英,等.中国湖泊与环境演变研究的回顾与展望[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(2):125-129.
[17]李万春,李世杰.高分辨率古环境指示器:湖泊纹泥研究综述[J].地球科学进展,1999,14(2):172-176.
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[19]孙千里,周杰,肖举乐.岱海沉积物粒度特征及其古环境意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(1):93-95.
[20]刘东生,张华京,李炳元,等.青藏高原腹地湖泊沉积序列与古气候变化[J].地质学报,2000,74(4):363-369.
[21]王云飞,王苏民,薛滨,等.黄河袭夺若尔盖古湖泊的沉积学依据[J].科学通报,1995,40(8):723-725.
[22]吴敬禄,AndreasLuecke,李世杰,等.兴措湖沉积物有机碳及其同位素揭示的近代气候与环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(4):37-42.
[23]王建民.石羊河古终端湖泊沉积物粒度特征与沉积环境初探[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1999,35(1):186-198.
[24]覃建雄.高分辨率层序地层学进展[J].岩相古地理,1998,18(1):23-33.[25]王富葆,韩辉友,阎革,等.青藏高原东北部30ka以来的古植被与古气候演变序列[J].中国科学(D辑),1994,26(2):111-117.
[26]沈才明,唐领余,王苏明.若尔盖地区22000年以来的植被与气候[J].微体古生物学,1996,13(4):401-406.
[27]KutzbachJE.EstimatesofpastclimateatPaleo1akeChad,NorthAfrica,basedonahydrologicalandenergy balancemodel[J].QuaternaryResearch,1980,14(2):210-223.
[28]SwainAW,KutzbachJE,HastenrathS.EstimatesofHoloceneprecipitationforRajasthan,India,basedonpollenandlakeleveldate[J].QuaternaryResearch,1983,19(1):1-17.
[29]OldfieldF.Environmentalmagnetism:apersonalperspective[J].QuaternaryScienceReview,1991,10:73-85.
[30]BirksHJB,GordonAD.NumericalMethodsinQuaternaryPollenAnalysis[M].London:AcademicPress,1985.1-203.
[31]SybilleW,RolaodsR01fk.Cyclotella taxainlakesoftheA1pineregionandtheirrelationshiptoenvironmentalvariables[J].AquaticScience,1995,57(4):360-386.
[2]四川地震局.一九三三年叠溪地震[M].成都:四川:科学技术出版社,1985.
[3]黄祖智,唐荣昌.四川潜在震源区划分中的地震构造标志研究[A].中国地震区划文集[C].北京:地震出版社,1993.85-94.
[4]邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学[J].地震地质,1994,16(4):390-396.
[5]黄祖智,唐荣昌,刘盛利.四川较场弧形构造与1933年叠溪地震发震构造的再讨论[J].中国地震,18(2):183-192.
[6]江在雄.徐近之实察叠溪地震及震后的建议和对策[J].山西地震,1994,(3):8.
[7]柴贺军,刘汉超,张倬元.中国地质灾害概述[A].环境地质研究(四)[C].北京:地质出版社,1992.
[8]刘东生.黄土与环境[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1985.336-348.
[9]刘东生,刘嘉麒,吕厚远,等.玛洱湖高分辨率古环境研究新进展[J].第四纪研究,1998,(4):289-297.
[10]袁道先.现代岩溶学和全球变化研究[J].地学前缘,1997,14(1-2):17-24.
[11]王兰生,杨立铮,李天斌,等.四川岷江叠溪较场地震滑坡及环境保护[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2000,11(3):195-199.
[12]段丽萍,王兰生,董孝璧.湖泊记录中的古气候和古环境指标及其地质灾害信息[J].沉积与特提斯地质2002,22(1):40-44.
[13]段丽萍,王兰生,杨立铮,等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖沉积物碳酸盐碳氧同位素记录所揭示的古气候演化特征[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2002,13(2):91-96.
[14]李万春,李世杰.高分辨率古环境指示器湖泊纹泥研究描述[J].地球科学进展,1999,(2):172-176.
[15]王苏民,张振克.中国湖泊沉积与环境演变研究的新进展[J].科学通报,1999,44(6):579-587.
[16]韩美,李艳红,张维英,等.中国湖泊与环境演变研究的回顾与展望[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(2):125-129.
[17]李万春,李世杰.高分辨率古环境指示器:湖泊纹泥研究综述[J].地球科学进展,1999,14(2):172-176.
[18]王苏民,张振克.中国湖泊沉积与环境演变研究的新进展[J].科学通报,1999,44(6):579-584.
[19]孙千里,周杰,肖举乐.岱海沉积物粒度特征及其古环境意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(1):93-95.
[20]刘东生,张华京,李炳元,等.青藏高原腹地湖泊沉积序列与古气候变化[J].地质学报,2000,74(4):363-369.
[21]王云飞,王苏民,薛滨,等.黄河袭夺若尔盖古湖泊的沉积学依据[J].科学通报,1995,40(8):723-725.
[22]吴敬禄,AndreasLuecke,李世杰,等.兴措湖沉积物有机碳及其同位素揭示的近代气候与环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(4):37-42.
[23]王建民.石羊河古终端湖泊沉积物粒度特征与沉积环境初探[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1999,35(1):186-198.
[24]覃建雄.高分辨率层序地层学进展[J].岩相古地理,1998,18(1):23-33.[25]王富葆,韩辉友,阎革,等.青藏高原东北部30ka以来的古植被与古气候演变序列[J].中国科学(D辑),1994,26(2):111-117.
[26]沈才明,唐领余,王苏明.若尔盖地区22000年以来的植被与气候[J].微体古生物学,1996,13(4):401-406.
[27]KutzbachJE.EstimatesofpastclimateatPaleo1akeChad,NorthAfrica,basedonahydrologicalandenergy balancemodel[J].QuaternaryResearch,1980,14(2):210-223.
[28]SwainAW,KutzbachJE,HastenrathS.EstimatesofHoloceneprecipitationforRajasthan,India,basedonpollenandlakeleveldate[J].QuaternaryResearch,1983,19(1):1-17.
[29]OldfieldF.Environmentalmagnetism:apersonalperspective[J].QuaternaryScienceReview,1991,10:73-85.
[30]BirksHJB,GordonAD.NumericalMethodsinQuaternaryPollenAnalysis[M].London:AcademicPress,1985.1-203.
[31]SybilleW,RolaodsR01fk.Cyclotella taxainlakesoftheA1pineregionandtheirrelationshiptoenvironmentalvariables[J].AquaticScience,1995,57(4):360-386.
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