地壳形变与地下水异常关系研究进展
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摘要
地壳形变异常是地壳构造变动中直接的表现 ,也是物理含义最为明确的地震前兆之一。地下水异常能够提供多种形式的构造活动过程 (包括地震 )。这两类异常能够以不同的方式和特点反映出地震孕育过程中伴随的前兆信息 ,并成为地震预报的重要手段 ;而它们之间既相互联系又相互影响。因此 ,对两类异常关系的研究对于识别地震前兆特别是短临前兆至关重要。归类了地震孕育模型及其前兆异常机理 ,并对前兆异常机理进行归纳整理和简述 ,然后从机理和前兆方面综述了地壳形变与地下水异常关系的研究成果。
The anomaly of crustal deformation is not only one of the most direct expression of crustal tectonic movement,but also the most evident seismic precursor in physical meaning;the anomaly of under ground water can provide polytype tectonic active process(as well as earthquake).The two types of anomalies can reflect precursory information in the development process of earthquake in different ways and with different features and become the important methods for seismic prediction.They are connected and influence each other.So,research on the relation of the two types of anomalies for identifying the earthquake precursor especially the short impending precursor is very important.In this paper,first of all,the siesmogenic models and the mechanisms of precursors are calssified.And the later is summed up and recounted briefly.Futhermore,the relation of crustal deformation with the anomaly of under ground water is summarized in the seismic mechanisms and precursor based on the examples of earthquake.
The anomaly of crustal deformation is not only one of the most direct expression of crustal tectonic movement,but also the most evident seismic precursor in physical meaning;the anomaly of under ground water can provide polytype tectonic active process(as well as earthquake).The two types of anomalies can reflect precursory information in the development process of earthquake in different ways and with different features and become the important methods for seismic prediction.They are connected and influence each other.So,research on the relation of the two types of anomalies for identifying the earthquake precursor especially the short impending precursor is very important.In this paper,first of all,the siesmogenic models and the mechanisms of precursors are calssified.And the later is summed up and recounted briefly.Futhermore,the relation of crustal deformation with the anomaly of under ground water is summarized in the seismic mechanisms and precursor based on the examples of earthquake.
引文
①刘耀伟,李丽,张慧,等.“十五”国家科技攻关项目—流体短期前兆的机理研究(02-02-03)的进展汇报,2003.
1 MogiK .Sourcelocationofelasticshocksinthefracturingprocessinrocks[J].BulletinofEarthquakeResearchUni versityofTokyo,1968,46(5):1103-1125.
2 唐春安,徐小荷.岩石破裂前的前兆变形率、前兆应力降及临震前兆[J].地壳形变与地震,1990,10(3):12～18.2 TangChunanandXuXiaohe.Precursorydeformationrateandstressdropinruptureexperimentsofbrittlerocksandearthquakeprecursory[J].CrustalDeformationandEarth quake,1990,10(3):12-18.(inChinese)
3 汪成民,车用太,万迪堃,等.地下水微动态研究[M ].北京:地震出版社,1988.3 WangChengmin,CheYongtai,WanDikun,etal.Studyofmicro behaviorofgroundwater[M ].Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1988.(inChinese)
4 NurA .Dilatancyporefluidsandpremonitoryvariationsofts/tptravaltimes[J].BullseismsocAmer,1972,62(5):1217-1222.
5 WhitcombJH .GramanyJDandAnsersonDL .Earthquakeprediction:VariationofseismicvelocitiesbeforetheSanFer nandoearthquake[J].Science,1973,180:632-641.
6 ScholzCH ,SykesLRandAggrawalYP .earthquakepre diction:Aphysicalbasis[J].Science,1973,181:803-809.
7 MyachkinVI ,BraceWFandSobolevGA ,etal.Twomodelsforearthquakeforerunners[J].PureandAppliedGeophysics,1975,113(1-2):169-182.
8 BradyBT .TheoryofearthquakesⅠ:Ascaleindependenttheoryofrockfailure[J].PureandAppliedGeophysics,1974,112(4):701-725.
9 BradyBT .TheoryofearthquakesⅡ:Inclusiontheoryofcrustalearthquake[J].PureandAppliedGeophysics,1975,113(1-2):149-168.
10 郭增建,秦保燕,徐文耀,等.震源孕育模式的初步讨论[J].地球物理学报,1973,16:43～48.10 GuoZengjian,QinBaoyan,XuWenyao,etal.Preliminarystudyandamodelforthedevelopmentofthefocusofanearthquake[J].ChineseJournalofGeophysics,1973,16:43-48.(inChinese)
11 梅世蓉.地震前兆场物理模式及前兆分布特征与机制研究进展[J].地震,1995,增刊:2～22.11 MeiShirong.Developmentofresearchonthe physicalmodelofearthquakeprecusor’fieldandthemechanismofprecursorstime-spacedistribution[J].Earthquake,1995,Supp.:2-22.(inChinese)
12 车用太,刘五洲,鱼金子,等.板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震假设[J].地震学报,2000,22(1):93～101.12 CheYongtai,LiuWuzhou,YuJinzi,etal.Ahypothesisonseismogenicprocessinahardintercalarystratainthecrustandpromotingearthquakebyfluidsforintraplatestrongearthquake[J].ActaSeismologicalSinica,2002,22(1):93-101.(inChinese)
13 车用太,鱼金子,黄振仪,等.唐山大地震地下水位前兆场的特征及其形成与演化模式[J].地震,1994,增刊:33～39.13 CheYongtai,YuJinzi,HuangZhenyi,etal.CharacteristicsofprecursoryfieldofgroundwaterandmodeofformationandevolutionbeforeTangshanstrongearthquake[J].Earthquake,1994,Supp.:33-39.(inChinese)
14 王吉易,宋贯一,曹志成,等.地下水诱发的浅层前兆异常及其机理与有关的地震预报问题(1)[J].华北地震科学,2002,20(2):28～41.14 WangJiyi,SongGuanyi,CaoZhicheng,etal.Themecha nismofshallowlayersanomalycausedbygroundwateranditsrelatedquestioninearthquakeprediction(1)[J].NorthChinaEarthquakeSciences,2002,20(2):28-41.(inChi nese)
15 王吉易,宋贯一,曹志成,等.地下水诱发的浅层前兆异常及其机理与有关的地震预报问题(2)[J].华北地震科学,2002,20(3):1～13.15 WangJiyi,SongGuanyi,CaoZhicheng,etal.Themecha nismofshallowlayersanomalycausedbygroundwateranditsrelatedquestioninearthquakeprediction(2)[J].NorthChinaEarthquakeSciences,2002,20(3):1-13.(inChi nese)
16 王吉易,宋贯一,曹志成,等.地下水诱发的浅层前兆异常及其机理与有关的地震预报问题(3)[J].华北地震科学,2003,21(1):1～10.16 WangJiyi,SongGuanyi,CaoZhicheng,etal.Themecha nismofshallowlayersanomalycausedbygroundwateranditsrelatedquestioninearthquakeprediction(3)[J].NorthChinaEarthquakeSciences,2003,21(1):1-10.(inChi nese)
17 梅世蓉,冯德益,张国民,等著.中国地震预报概论[M ].北京:地震出版社,1993.17 MeiShirong,FengDeyi,ZhangGuomin,etal.IntroductiontoearthquakepredictioninChina[M ].Beijing:Seismologi calPress,1993.(inChinese)
18 陆明勇.现有孕震模式的研究及其修正[J].地壳形变与地震,1995,15(4):8～14.18 LuMingyong.Studyandamendmentofseismogenicmod els[J].CrustalDeformationandEarthquake,1995,15(4):8-14.(inChinese)
19 车用太,刘五洲,鱼金子,等.井水位对地壳应力应变响应灵敏度的研究[J].地震,2003,23(3):113～120.19 CheYongtai,LiuWuzhou,YuJinzi,etal.Thestudyofre spondingsensitivityofwellwaterleveltocrustalstress strain[J].Earthquake,2003,23(3):113-120.(inChi nese)
20 张慧,梁子彬.坚固体孕震模式下地下流体异常时空演化的数值模拟[J].地震学报,2000,22(2):176～182.20 ZhangHuiandLiangZibin.Numericalsimulationofspa tial temporalevolutioncharacteristicsofsubfacefluidbasedonstrongbodyseismogenicmodel[J].ActaSeismologicaSinica,2000,22(2):176-182.(inChinese)
21 孙秀君,刘五洲,车用太.地下水对反应源体应力、应变场的影响———以唐山地震为例[J].地震地质,2000,22(2):179-186.21 SunXiujun,LiuWuzhouandCheYongtai.Effectofunder groundwateronthestressandstrainfieldinearthquakefoci--AcaseofTangshanearthquake[J].SeismologyandGeology,2000,22(2):176-182.(inChinese)
22 刘五洲,孙秀君.地下水在地震前兆应力场演化过程中的作用[J].地震,2000,20(4):12～18.22 LiuWuzhouandSunXiujun.Therolesofgroundwaterintheevolutionprocessofseismicprecursorstressfield[J].Earthquake,2000,20(4):12-18.(inChinese)
23 张永仙.热应力三维数值模拟研究及热物质的运移在地震孕育过程中的作用探讨[D].中国地震局地球物理研究所,1999.23 ZhangYongxian.Numericalsimulationstudyonthermalstressby3Dfiniteelementmethodandexplorationoftheeffectsonearthquakepreparationcausedbymigrationofhotmateria[D].InstituteofGeophysics,CEA ,1999.(inChinese)
24 焦明若,张国民.地震前兆复杂性成因机理研究的讨论(一)———地震前兆复杂性的表现形式[J].地震,1998,18(1):14～20.24 JiaoMingruoandZhangGuomin.Studyongeneticmecha nismofseismic precursorycomplexity(No.1)———Themanifestationoftheseismicprecursorycomplexity[J].Earthquake,1998,18(1):14-20.(inChinese)
25 牛安福.地壳形变的突变性与地震短期预报[D].中国地震局地球物理研究所,2000.25 NiuAnfu.Ontherapidchangeindeformationandshort termearthquakeprediction[D].InstituteofGeophysics,CEA ,2000.(inChinese)
26 张肇成,罗兰格,李海华,等编.中国震例(1976～1980)[M ].北京:地震出版社,1990.26 ZhangZhaocheng,LuoLangge,LiHaihua,etal.Earth quakecasesinChina(1976-1980)[M ].Beijing:Seismo logicalPress,1990.(inChinese)
27 宋治平,尹祥础,梅世蓉.地震前兆异常迁移速率的非线性变化特征及其力学解释[J].地震,1996,16(4):372～376.27 SongZhiping,YinXiangchuandMeiShirong.Thenonlin earvariationcharacterstiicsofseismicprecusoranomalymi grationvelocityanditsmechanicalinterpretation[J].Earthquake,1996,16(4):372-376.(inChinese)
1 MogiK .Sourcelocationofelasticshocksinthefracturingprocessinrocks[J].BulletinofEarthquakeResearchUni versityofTokyo,1968,46(5):1103-1125.
2 唐春安,徐小荷.岩石破裂前的前兆变形率、前兆应力降及临震前兆[J].地壳形变与地震,1990,10(3):12～18.2 TangChunanandXuXiaohe.Precursorydeformationrateandstressdropinruptureexperimentsofbrittlerocksandearthquakeprecursory[J].CrustalDeformationandEarth quake,1990,10(3):12-18.(inChinese)
3 汪成民,车用太,万迪堃,等.地下水微动态研究[M ].北京:地震出版社,1988.3 WangChengmin,CheYongtai,WanDikun,etal.Studyofmicro behaviorofgroundwater[M ].Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1988.(inChinese)
4 NurA .Dilatancyporefluidsandpremonitoryvariationsofts/tptravaltimes[J].BullseismsocAmer,1972,62(5):1217-1222.
5 WhitcombJH .GramanyJDandAnsersonDL .Earthquakeprediction:VariationofseismicvelocitiesbeforetheSanFer nandoearthquake[J].Science,1973,180:632-641.
6 ScholzCH ,SykesLRandAggrawalYP .earthquakepre diction:Aphysicalbasis[J].Science,1973,181:803-809.
7 MyachkinVI ,BraceWFandSobolevGA ,etal.Twomodelsforearthquakeforerunners[J].PureandAppliedGeophysics,1975,113(1-2):169-182.
8 BradyBT .TheoryofearthquakesⅠ:Ascaleindependenttheoryofrockfailure[J].PureandAppliedGeophysics,1974,112(4):701-725.
9 BradyBT .TheoryofearthquakesⅡ:Inclusiontheoryofcrustalearthquake[J].PureandAppliedGeophysics,1975,113(1-2):149-168.
10 郭增建,秦保燕,徐文耀,等.震源孕育模式的初步讨论[J].地球物理学报,1973,16:43～48.10 GuoZengjian,QinBaoyan,XuWenyao,etal.Preliminarystudyandamodelforthedevelopmentofthefocusofanearthquake[J].ChineseJournalofGeophysics,1973,16:43-48.(inChinese)
11 梅世蓉.地震前兆场物理模式及前兆分布特征与机制研究进展[J].地震,1995,增刊:2～22.11 MeiShirong.Developmentofresearchonthe physicalmodelofearthquakeprecusor’fieldandthemechanismofprecursorstime-spacedistribution[J].Earthquake,1995,Supp.:2-22.(inChinese)
12 车用太,刘五洲,鱼金子,等.板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震假设[J].地震学报,2000,22(1):93～101.12 CheYongtai,LiuWuzhou,YuJinzi,etal.Ahypothesisonseismogenicprocessinahardintercalarystratainthecrustandpromotingearthquakebyfluidsforintraplatestrongearthquake[J].ActaSeismologicalSinica,2002,22(1):93-101.(inChinese)
13 车用太,鱼金子,黄振仪,等.唐山大地震地下水位前兆场的特征及其形成与演化模式[J].地震,1994,增刊:33～39.13 CheYongtai,YuJinzi,HuangZhenyi,etal.CharacteristicsofprecursoryfieldofgroundwaterandmodeofformationandevolutionbeforeTangshanstrongearthquake[J].Earthquake,1994,Supp.:33-39.(inChinese)
14 王吉易,宋贯一,曹志成,等.地下水诱发的浅层前兆异常及其机理与有关的地震预报问题(1)[J].华北地震科学,2002,20(2):28～41.14 WangJiyi,SongGuanyi,CaoZhicheng,etal.Themecha nismofshallowlayersanomalycausedbygroundwateranditsrelatedquestioninearthquakeprediction(1)[J].NorthChinaEarthquakeSciences,2002,20(2):28-41.(inChi nese)
15 王吉易,宋贯一,曹志成,等.地下水诱发的浅层前兆异常及其机理与有关的地震预报问题(2)[J].华北地震科学,2002,20(3):1～13.15 WangJiyi,SongGuanyi,CaoZhicheng,etal.Themecha nismofshallowlayersanomalycausedbygroundwateranditsrelatedquestioninearthquakeprediction(2)[J].NorthChinaEarthquakeSciences,2002,20(3):1-13.(inChi nese)
16 王吉易,宋贯一,曹志成,等.地下水诱发的浅层前兆异常及其机理与有关的地震预报问题(3)[J].华北地震科学,2003,21(1):1～10.16 WangJiyi,SongGuanyi,CaoZhicheng,etal.Themecha nismofshallowlayersanomalycausedbygroundwateranditsrelatedquestioninearthquakeprediction(3)[J].NorthChinaEarthquakeSciences,2003,21(1):1-10.(inChi nese)
17 梅世蓉,冯德益,张国民,等著.中国地震预报概论[M ].北京:地震出版社,1993.17 MeiShirong,FengDeyi,ZhangGuomin,etal.IntroductiontoearthquakepredictioninChina[M ].Beijing:Seismologi calPress,1993.(inChinese)
18 陆明勇.现有孕震模式的研究及其修正[J].地壳形变与地震,1995,15(4):8～14.18 LuMingyong.Studyandamendmentofseismogenicmod els[J].CrustalDeformationandEarthquake,1995,15(4):8-14.(inChinese)
19 车用太,刘五洲,鱼金子,等.井水位对地壳应力应变响应灵敏度的研究[J].地震,2003,23(3):113～120.19 CheYongtai,LiuWuzhou,YuJinzi,etal.Thestudyofre spondingsensitivityofwellwaterleveltocrustalstress strain[J].Earthquake,2003,23(3):113-120.(inChi nese)
20 张慧,梁子彬.坚固体孕震模式下地下流体异常时空演化的数值模拟[J].地震学报,2000,22(2):176～182.20 ZhangHuiandLiangZibin.Numericalsimulationofspa tial temporalevolutioncharacteristicsofsubfacefluidbasedonstrongbodyseismogenicmodel[J].ActaSeismologicaSinica,2000,22(2):176-182.(inChinese)
21 孙秀君,刘五洲,车用太.地下水对反应源体应力、应变场的影响———以唐山地震为例[J].地震地质,2000,22(2):179-186.21 SunXiujun,LiuWuzhouandCheYongtai.Effectofunder groundwateronthestressandstrainfieldinearthquakefoci--AcaseofTangshanearthquake[J].SeismologyandGeology,2000,22(2):176-182.(inChinese)
22 刘五洲,孙秀君.地下水在地震前兆应力场演化过程中的作用[J].地震,2000,20(4):12～18.22 LiuWuzhouandSunXiujun.Therolesofgroundwaterintheevolutionprocessofseismicprecursorstressfield[J].Earthquake,2000,20(4):12-18.(inChinese)
23 张永仙.热应力三维数值模拟研究及热物质的运移在地震孕育过程中的作用探讨[D].中国地震局地球物理研究所,1999.23 ZhangYongxian.Numericalsimulationstudyonthermalstressby3Dfiniteelementmethodandexplorationoftheeffectsonearthquakepreparationcausedbymigrationofhotmateria[D].InstituteofGeophysics,CEA ,1999.(inChinese)
24 焦明若,张国民.地震前兆复杂性成因机理研究的讨论(一)———地震前兆复杂性的表现形式[J].地震,1998,18(1):14～20.24 JiaoMingruoandZhangGuomin.Studyongeneticmecha nismofseismic precursorycomplexity(No.1)———Themanifestationoftheseismicprecursorycomplexity[J].Earthquake,1998,18(1):14-20.(inChinese)
25 牛安福.地壳形变的突变性与地震短期预报[D].中国地震局地球物理研究所,2000.25 NiuAnfu.Ontherapidchangeindeformationandshort termearthquakeprediction[D].InstituteofGeophysics,CEA ,2000.(inChinese)
26 张肇成,罗兰格,李海华,等编.中国震例(1976～1980)[M ].北京:地震出版社,1990.26 ZhangZhaocheng,LuoLangge,LiHaihua,etal.Earth quakecasesinChina(1976-1980)[M ].Beijing:Seismo logicalPress,1990.(inChinese)
27 宋治平,尹祥础,梅世蓉.地震前兆异常迁移速率的非线性变化特征及其力学解释[J].地震,1996,16(4):372～376.27 SongZhiping,YinXiangchuandMeiShirong.Thenonlin earvariationcharacterstiicsofseismicprecusoranomalymi grationvelocityanditsmechanicalinterpretation[J].Earthquake,1996,16(4):372-376.(inChinese)
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