地下核爆炸的主要非爆炸源机制
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摘要
通常将地下封闭式爆炸近似为球对称爆炸震源来研究,然而利用这一模型来解释由地下核爆炸激发的近场和远场地震波的全部特征是远远不够的,通过理论和利用地下核爆炸产生的地震波数据的研究,学者们总结出了一些重要的辅助震源模式,作为地下核爆炸的二次源机制,如地震波转换震源模式、层裂震源模式、构造应变能释放震源模式等.其中的一些模型成功地解释了诸如地下核爆炸Lg波的激发机制等重要问题.本文介绍了这些重要模式的研究背景及理论依据,并且详细地推导了层裂源的数学描述过程.
The source of underground nuclear explosions is usually regarded as a symmetric sphere source.However this model can not fully explain the characteristics of the seismic waves generated by the underground nuclear explosions.Through studying of theories and seismic waves generated by the underground explosions,some scholars have summarized some important assistance earthquake source mechanism models to explain the non-symmetry source,such as the wave-conversion source model,the spall model and the release of tectonic strain model.These models successfully explain some important questions,such as the mechanism of the generation of the Lg waves by underground nuclear explosions.This study presents the background and the theoretical basis of these models in detail.
The source of underground nuclear explosions is usually regarded as a symmetric sphere source.However this model can not fully explain the characteristics of the seismic waves generated by the underground nuclear explosions.Through studying of theories and seismic waves generated by the underground explosions,some scholars have summarized some important assistance earthquake source mechanism models to explain the non-symmetry source,such as the wave-conversion source model,the spall model and the release of tectonic strain model.These models successfully explain some important questions,such as the mechanism of the generation of the Lg waves by underground nuclear explosions.This study presents the background and the theoretical basis of these models in detail.
引文
[1] 滕吉文.当代地球物理学研究的核心科学问题和发展导向[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3) :637～640．
[2] Press F, Dewart G, Gilman R. Release of tectonic strain by underground explosions [J]. J. Geophys. Res. , 1963, 67: 337～343．
[3] Press F, Dewart G, Gilman R. A study of diagnostic techniques for identi fying earthquakes[J]. J. Geophys. Res, 1963,68:2908～2928．
[4] Brune J, Espinosa A, Oliver J. Relative excitation of surface waves by earthquakes and underground explosions in California and Nevada[J]. J. Geoph y. Res. , 1963,68: 3501～3513．
[5] Toksoz M N, Menahem A B, Harkrider D G. Determination of source parameters of explosions and earthquakes by amplitude equalization of seimic surface waves [J ]. J. Geophys. Res. , 1964,69:4355～4366．
[6] Von Seggern D H, Blandfond R R. Source time functions and spectra for underground nuclear explosions[J]. 1972,31: 83～97．
[7] Von Seggern, D. H. Seismic shear waves as a discrimination between earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions[R]. SDL. Report 295, Teledyne-Geotech, Alexandria, Virginia, 1972．
[8] Smith A T. Relative source comparison of the NPE to underground nuclear explosions at local distances, In Proc. Of the Symposium on the Non-proliferation Experiment: Results and implications for Test Ban Treaties [ R ]. 19-21, April 1994． Denny M D(Editor). Rockville Maryland, CONF,1994．
[9] Muller R A, Murphy R J. Seismic characteristics of underground nuclear detonations[J]. Part I, Bull Seism Soc Am.,1971,61:1675～1692．
[10] Marshall P D, Basham P W. Discrimination between earthquakes and underground explosions employing an improved Ms scale[J]. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. , 1971,28: 431～458．
[11] Bakun W H, Johnson L R. The deconvolution of teleseismic P waves from explosions Milrow and Cannikin[J]. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. ,1973,34,321～342．
[12] Stump B W, Johnson L R. Near-field source characterization of contained nuclear explosions in tuff[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. ,1984,74: 1～26．
[13] Brian W S, Lane R J. The determination of source properties by linear inversion of seismograms[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. , 1977,67:1489～1502．
[14] OliverJ P, Ewing M. Long-period surface waves from nuclear explosions in various environments[J]. Science, 1960, 131: 1804～1805．
[15] Stump B W, Reinke R E, Olsen K H, et al. Isotropic and deviatoric characterization of the COALORA nuclear explosion in Yucca flats[J]. Geophys. J. , 1994,116 : 538～552．
[16] Taylor S R, Denny D M. Regional discrimination between NTS explosion and Western U. S. earthquakes[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. ,1989,79:1142～1176．
[17] Taylor S R. Analysis of high frequency Pg/Lg ratiofrom NTS explosions and western U. S. earthquakes[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. ,1996,86:1042～1053．
[18] Taylor S R. Regional discrimination between NTS-explosions andearthquakes[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am.,1989,79:1142～ 1176．
[19] Patton H J. Seismic moment estimation and the scaling of the long-period explosion source spectrum reviewed in Explosion Source Phenomenology [ C ]. American Geophysical Monograph,1991, 65: 172～183．
[20] Patton H J, Taylor R S. Analysis of Lg spectral ratios from NTS explosions: Implications for the source mechanisms of spai1 and the generation of Lg waves[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. ,1995,85:220～236．
[21] He Y F, Chen X F, Zhang H M. The effect of spall on Lg waves[J ]. Acta Seismological Sinica, 2005, 18 (3) : 331 ～ 336．
[22] 何永锋,陈晓非,张海明.下核爆炸Rg波低谷点的激发机理[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(3) :643～647． He Y F, Chen X F, Zhang H M. The generation of null in Rg wave by underground explosions. Chinese J. Geophys.2005, 48(3) :643～647
[23] 何永锋,陈晓非,张海明.核爆炸Lg波的激发机制[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(2) :367～369． He Y F, Chen X F, Zhang H M. The generation of the Lg wave by underground explosion. Chinese J. Geophys. 2005,48(2) : 367～372
[24] 刘彦,孟小红,胡金民,吴江南.断层识别技术及其在MB油气田的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(2) :515～521．
[25] Masse R P. Review of seismic source models for underground nuclear explosions[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. , 1981,71 : 1249 ～ 1268．
[26] Wallace T C, Helmberger D V, Engen G R. Evidence of tectonic release from underground nuclear explosions in long-period P waves[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. , 1983, 7 3 : 593 ～ 613
[27] William R W. Tectonic release from the Soviet joint verification experiment[J]. Geophysical R. Lett. ,1990,17 : 1517～1520．
[28] Richard A S. Moment tensor inversions and source models [J]. Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 1978, 52: 359～364．
[29] Aki K, Richards P. Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods[M]. San Francisco:W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980．
[30] Day S M, McLaughlin K L. Seismic source representations for spall[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am., 1991,81:191～201．
[31] Day S M, Cherry. Surface waves from underground explosions with spall: analysis of elastic and no-linear source models[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. , 1983,73:247～264
[32] Denny M D, Johnson L R. The explosion seismic source fuction:models and scaling laws reviewed in Explosion Source Phenomenology [ C]. American Geophysical Monograph,1991,65:1～24．
[33] Stump B W. Constrains on Explosive Source with spall from Nuclear Source Waveforms[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am, 1985,74:361～378
[34] Day S M, Rimer N, Cherry J T. Surface waves from underground explosions with spall: analysis of elastic and nonlinear source models[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. , 1983, 73: 247～264．
[2] Press F, Dewart G, Gilman R. Release of tectonic strain by underground explosions [J]. J. Geophys. Res. , 1963, 67: 337～343．
[3] Press F, Dewart G, Gilman R. A study of diagnostic techniques for identi fying earthquakes[J]. J. Geophys. Res, 1963,68:2908～2928．
[4] Brune J, Espinosa A, Oliver J. Relative excitation of surface waves by earthquakes and underground explosions in California and Nevada[J]. J. Geoph y. Res. , 1963,68: 3501～3513．
[5] Toksoz M N, Menahem A B, Harkrider D G. Determination of source parameters of explosions and earthquakes by amplitude equalization of seimic surface waves [J ]. J. Geophys. Res. , 1964,69:4355～4366．
[6] Von Seggern D H, Blandfond R R. Source time functions and spectra for underground nuclear explosions[J]. 1972,31: 83～97．
[7] Von Seggern, D. H. Seismic shear waves as a discrimination between earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions[R]. SDL. Report 295, Teledyne-Geotech, Alexandria, Virginia, 1972．
[8] Smith A T. Relative source comparison of the NPE to underground nuclear explosions at local distances, In Proc. Of the Symposium on the Non-proliferation Experiment: Results and implications for Test Ban Treaties [ R ]. 19-21, April 1994． Denny M D(Editor). Rockville Maryland, CONF,1994．
[9] Muller R A, Murphy R J. Seismic characteristics of underground nuclear detonations[J]. Part I, Bull Seism Soc Am.,1971,61:1675～1692．
[10] Marshall P D, Basham P W. Discrimination between earthquakes and underground explosions employing an improved Ms scale[J]. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. , 1971,28: 431～458．
[11] Bakun W H, Johnson L R. The deconvolution of teleseismic P waves from explosions Milrow and Cannikin[J]. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. ,1973,34,321～342．
[12] Stump B W, Johnson L R. Near-field source characterization of contained nuclear explosions in tuff[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. ,1984,74: 1～26．
[13] Brian W S, Lane R J. The determination of source properties by linear inversion of seismograms[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. , 1977,67:1489～1502．
[14] OliverJ P, Ewing M. Long-period surface waves from nuclear explosions in various environments[J]. Science, 1960, 131: 1804～1805．
[15] Stump B W, Reinke R E, Olsen K H, et al. Isotropic and deviatoric characterization of the COALORA nuclear explosion in Yucca flats[J]. Geophys. J. , 1994,116 : 538～552．
[16] Taylor S R, Denny D M. Regional discrimination between NTS explosion and Western U. S. earthquakes[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. ,1989,79:1142～1176．
[17] Taylor S R. Analysis of high frequency Pg/Lg ratiofrom NTS explosions and western U. S. earthquakes[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. ,1996,86:1042～1053．
[18] Taylor S R. Regional discrimination between NTS-explosions andearthquakes[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am.,1989,79:1142～ 1176．
[19] Patton H J. Seismic moment estimation and the scaling of the long-period explosion source spectrum reviewed in Explosion Source Phenomenology [ C ]. American Geophysical Monograph,1991, 65: 172～183．
[20] Patton H J, Taylor R S. Analysis of Lg spectral ratios from NTS explosions: Implications for the source mechanisms of spai1 and the generation of Lg waves[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. ,1995,85:220～236．
[21] He Y F, Chen X F, Zhang H M. The effect of spall on Lg waves[J ]. Acta Seismological Sinica, 2005, 18 (3) : 331 ～ 336．
[22] 何永锋,陈晓非,张海明.下核爆炸Rg波低谷点的激发机理[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(3) :643～647． He Y F, Chen X F, Zhang H M. The generation of null in Rg wave by underground explosions. Chinese J. Geophys.2005, 48(3) :643～647
[23] 何永锋,陈晓非,张海明.核爆炸Lg波的激发机制[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(2) :367～369． He Y F, Chen X F, Zhang H M. The generation of the Lg wave by underground explosion. Chinese J. Geophys. 2005,48(2) : 367～372
[24] 刘彦,孟小红,胡金民,吴江南.断层识别技术及其在MB油气田的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(2) :515～521．
[25] Masse R P. Review of seismic source models for underground nuclear explosions[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. , 1981,71 : 1249 ～ 1268．
[26] Wallace T C, Helmberger D V, Engen G R. Evidence of tectonic release from underground nuclear explosions in long-period P waves[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. , 1983, 7 3 : 593 ～ 613
[27] William R W. Tectonic release from the Soviet joint verification experiment[J]. Geophysical R. Lett. ,1990,17 : 1517～1520．
[28] Richard A S. Moment tensor inversions and source models [J]. Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 1978, 52: 359～364．
[29] Aki K, Richards P. Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods[M]. San Francisco:W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980．
[30] Day S M, McLaughlin K L. Seismic source representations for spall[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am., 1991,81:191～201．
[31] Day S M, Cherry. Surface waves from underground explosions with spall: analysis of elastic and no-linear source models[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. , 1983,73:247～264
[32] Denny M D, Johnson L R. The explosion seismic source fuction:models and scaling laws reviewed in Explosion Source Phenomenology [ C]. American Geophysical Monograph,1991,65:1～24．
[33] Stump B W. Constrains on Explosive Source with spall from Nuclear Source Waveforms[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am, 1985,74:361～378
[34] Day S M, Rimer N, Cherry J T. Surface waves from underground explosions with spall: analysis of elastic and nonlinear source models[J]. Bull Seism Soc Am. , 1983, 73: 247～264．
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