发展中的板块边界:天山-贝加尔活动构造带
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摘要
亚洲内陆的强地震密集地发生在天山-贝加尔一线,但该处并不存在一条连续的大断裂,学术界对这个问题的认识长期相左。文中分析了这条地震带的时空分布、分区特点、应力状态和活动周期,计算了欧亚大陆的布格重力异常场、均衡重力异常场,反演了上地幔的密度分布和剪切波速分布。发现在这个部位的70~250km的深部有一条北东向的密度、速度陡变带,它是新生代的冷地幔和热地幔的交界带,与浅部构造存在立交关系,对亚洲大陆的现今构造运动和应力场具有重要的控制作用。这个带的地震不同于传统意义上的板缘地震和板内地震,是一种因为深浅构造不同而造成的结构性地震,性质上为大陆内缘地震。文中还就深浅构造的空间立交关系、时间镜像关系进行了讨论,指出在南北地震带和伊朗东侧地震带的立交结构也与上地幔构造有关。天山-贝加尔活动构造带是正在发展中的板块边界,是大陆内部的一个典型构造,北侧为稳定的俄罗斯-西伯利亚次板块,南侧为活动的中国-东南亚次板块。
It is obvious that a great amount of strong earthquakes in central Asia occurred densely along Tianshan-Baykal belt; however, none huge continuous fault has been revealed on the surface along the belt. It caused academic argument related to their relationship. The authors analyzed its seismic activity in terms of seismicity in time-space domain, zoning feature, stress field, and recurrence period of earthquakes. In addition, we studied the Bouguer gravity and isostatic anomaly, and calculated the distribution of density and shear wave velocity in the upper mantle. It is found that there is a gradient belt of density and velocity along NE direction at the depths of 70-250 km, which is actually a Cenozoic boundary of cold mantle and hot mantle, and has an overpass relation with the structure existed in the upper lithosphere. It is inferred that this gradient belt in the upper mantle played an important role in controlling present tectonic movement and stress field in Eurasia continent. As far as the earthquake nature in this belt is concerned, it is neither an interplate earthquake nor an intraplate one in the traditional sense. Such kind of earthquake caused by overpass structure actually belongs to the structural earthquake, and is of interplate within a continent. In this paper, the overpass relation and mirror relation in time-space domain between deep and shallow structures are discussed briefly. It is also noted that the overpass structures shown in the areas of both north-south seismic belt of China and eastern seismic belt of Iran are related to a special structure in the upper mantle. We conclude that the Tianshan-Baykal active tectonic belt is a developing boundary of plates, a typical tectonic within a continent, which separates Eurasian plate into two parts, i.e., the stable Russian sub-plate to the north and the active East Asia sub-plate to the south.
It is obvious that a great amount of strong earthquakes in central Asia occurred densely along Tianshan-Baykal belt; however, none huge continuous fault has been revealed on the surface along the belt. It caused academic argument related to their relationship. The authors analyzed its seismic activity in terms of seismicity in time-space domain, zoning feature, stress field, and recurrence period of earthquakes. In addition, we studied the Bouguer gravity and isostatic anomaly, and calculated the distribution of density and shear wave velocity in the upper mantle. It is found that there is a gradient belt of density and velocity along NE direction at the depths of 70-250 km, which is actually a Cenozoic boundary of cold mantle and hot mantle, and has an overpass relation with the structure existed in the upper lithosphere. It is inferred that this gradient belt in the upper mantle played an important role in controlling present tectonic movement and stress field in Eurasia continent. As far as the earthquake nature in this belt is concerned, it is neither an interplate earthquake nor an intraplate one in the traditional sense. Such kind of earthquake caused by overpass structure actually belongs to the structural earthquake, and is of interplate within a continent. In this paper, the overpass relation and mirror relation in time-space domain between deep and shallow structures are discussed briefly. It is also noted that the overpass structures shown in the areas of both north-south seismic belt of China and eastern seismic belt of Iran are related to a special structure in the upper mantle. We conclude that the Tianshan-Baykal active tectonic belt is a developing boundary of plates, a typical tectonic within a continent, which separates Eurasian plate into two parts, i.e., the stable Russian sub-plate to the north and the active East Asia sub-plate to the south.
引文
[1]Xu Zhonghuai.Apresent-day tectonic stress map for Eastern Asia region[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(5):492-501(in Chinese).
[2]Ren Jishun,Wang Zuoxun,Chen Bingwei,et al.The tectonic map of China and adjacent regions[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1999(in Chinese).
[3]Dewey J F,Bird J M.Mountain belts and the newglobal tec-tonics[J].J Geophys Res,1970,75(14):2625-2647.
[4]Zhang Yuming,Wang Liangmou,Dong Ruishu,et al.Seis-motectonic map of Asia and Europe[M].Beijing:China Car-tographic Publishing House,1981(in Chinese).
[5]Enkin R J,Yang Z Y,Chen Y,et al.Paleomagnetic con-straints on the geodynamic history of the major blocks of Chi-na fromthe Permianto the present[J].J Geophys Res,1992,97(B10):13953-13989.
[6]ВелоусовВВ.ТектоносфераЗемли[M].Москва:ИздНаука,1978.
[7]Ma Zongjin,Chen Zhangli,Fu Zhengxiang,et al.Seismo-tec-tonic features of Eurasian seismic system[J].Scientia Sinica:Series B,1981,24(3):386-395.
[8]Ma Zongjin.The features of present global tectonics and its geodynamic interpretation[J].Quaternary Research,1992,4:293-305(in Chinese).
[9]Shi Zhenliang,Huan Wenlin,Lu Shoude,et al.On the char-acteristics of seismic activityin Central and Eastern Asia con-tinent[J].Scientia Sinica:Series B,1983,26(3):438-448.
[10]Zhang Huailu,Yu Shujun,He Shuyun,et al.A prediction for seismicitylevel and places of main earthquake beltsin Chi-na for the period of1996-2005[C]∥Paper collection of earthquake prediction research.Beijing:Seismological Press,1995:43-54(in Chinese).
[11]Feng Rui,Zhou Hainan,Yao Cunying,et al.3D velocity structure and its tectonic i mplications in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1993,6(3):273-296.
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[13]Ma Xingyuan.Lithospheric dynamics atlas of China[M].Bei-jing:China Cartographic Publishing House,1989(in Chi-nese).
[14]Ren Jinwei,Ma Zongjin.Crustal movement and tectonic de-formation of eastern Asia[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):58-65(in Chinese).
[15]Yang Weiran,Sui Zhilong.Theinformation extraction andits geologic analysis of the Eurasia lineaments using the Fengyun i mage[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(4):551-558(in Chinese).
[16]Lu Yang,Hsu Houste.Research on the gravity model-IGG97L with720order[J].Crustal Deformation and Earth-quake,1998,18(Suppl):1-7(in Chinese).
[17]Zhang Chijun,Fang Jian,Ma Zongjin.Preli minary study on isostatic anomaly and recent tectonic stress field—taking east sea andits eastern boundary seas as example[J].Acta Seis-mologica Sinica,2003,25(1):32-39(in Chinese).
[18]Feng Rui,Wang Jun,Zheng Shuzhen,et al.Isostatic status in North China(1)—method andlocal compensation[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1987,9(4):406-416(in Chinese).
[19]Feng Rui,Zhang Ruoshui,Zheng Shuzhen,et al.Isostatic status in North China(2)—composite compensation and deep structure[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1988,10(4):385-395(in Chinese).
[20]Wang Yong,Feng Rui,Hsu Houste.Lithospheric isostasy,flexure and the strength of upper mantle in Tibetan Plateau[C]∥Hong Dawei.Proc,30th Int l Geol Gongr.Beijing:Ge-ological Publishing House,1997,4:153-160.
[21]Fang Shengming,Feng Rui,Tian Changzheng,et al.Fea-tures of isostatic gravity anomaly and seismic activity in the Central Asia region[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1997,19(6):650-654(in Chinese).
[22]Fang Shengming,Feng Rui,Li Changfa,et al.Research on the heterogeneity of upper mantle density in Central Asia[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1997,42(6):633-637(in Chi-nese).
[23]Artemjer ME,Kaban M K.Subcrustal densityinhomogenei-ties of Northern Eurasia as derived fromthe gravity data and isostatic models of the lithosphere[J].Tectonophysics,1994,240:249-280.
[24]Su WJ,Woodward R L,Dzei wonski A M.Degree12model of shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle[J].J Geophys Res,1994,99:6945-6980.
[25]Dzei wonski A M,Anderson D L.Preli minary reference Earth model[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1981,25:297-356.
[26]Guo Zengjian.Discussion on earthquake prediction by means of the stereoscopic cross model[J].Northwestern Seismologi-cal Journal,1985,7(1):94-101(in Chinese).
[27]Guo Zengjian,Qin Baoyan.Discussion on the stereographic cross model[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,1997,2:8-11(in Chinese).
[28]Bai Chaoying,Qin Baoyan.Controlling of deep shear deform-ation belt to shallow earthquake—finite element si mulating calculation on“stereoscopic model”[J].Northwestern Seis-mological Journal,1990,12(1):1-11(in Chinese).
[29]Qin Baoyan.The effect of near field transverse fault locked during a strong earthquake and earthquake prediction[M]∥Shi Telin.Changma earthquake and study of strong earth-quake ofM7.Beijing:Seismological Press,1994:96-101(in Chinese).
[30]Guo Xingquan.The finite element analysis of the near field transverse fault locked on account of the interaction between the deep and shallowfaults during a strong earthquake[J].1995,17(2):5-19(in Chinese).
[31]Guo Xingquan,Lei Jianshe,Liu Honggui.Near field stereo-scopic cause model and strong earthquake prediction[J].South China Journal of Seismology,1998,18(2):42-46(in Chinese).
[32]Feng Rui.Crustal thickness and densitiesinthe upper mantle beneath China—the results of three di mensional gravity in-version[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1985,7(2):143-157(in Chinese).
[33]Ren Jishun,Chen Yingyu,Niu Baogui,et al.Tectonic evolu-tion of the continental lithosphere and metallogeny in eastern China and adjacent areas[M].Beijing:Science Press,1990(in Chinese).
[34]Ren Jishun.The continental tectonics of China[J].Acta Geo-scientica Sinica—Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Geolog-ical Sciences,1994,3/4:5-13(in Chinese).
[35]Trifonov V G.The map of active faultsin Eurasia:principles,methods,and results[J].J Earthquake Prediction Research,1996,5(3):326-347.
[36]ЛевиКТ,ШерманСИ.АктуальныевопросысовременнойгеодинамикиЦентральнойАзии[M].Новосибирск:Издатель-ствоСОРАН,2005.
[1]许忠淮.东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制[J].地震学报,2001,23(5):492-501.
[2]任纪舜,王作勋,陈炳蔚,等.从全球看中国大地构造——中国及邻区大地构造图简要说明[M].北京:地质出版社,1999.
[4]张裕明,汪良谋,董瑞树,等.亚欧地震构造图说明书[M].北京:地图出版社,1981.
[6]ХрамовАН.古地磁学与大地构造问题[M]∥别洛乌索夫ВВ.地球构造圈(中译本).北京:地震出版社,1983:245-264.
[8]马宗晋.现今全球构造特征及其动力学解释[J].第四纪研究,1992,4:293-305.
[10]章淮鲁,郁曙君,何淑韵,等.未来十年(1996—2005年)中国各地震带地震活动强度及发震地点预测[C]∥地震预报研究论文集.北京:地震出版社,1995:43-54.
[11]冯锐,周海南,姚存英,等.东海与黄海的三维速度结构及其构造意义[J].地质学报,1993,67(1):19-36.
[12]马杏垣.解析构造学[M].北京:地质出版社,2004.
[13]马杏垣.中国岩石圈动力学地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1989.
[14]任金卫,马宗晋.东亚地区现代地壳运动特征与构造变形[J].地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):58-65.
[15]杨巍然,隋志龙.欧亚大陆风云影像线性构造信息提取及其地质分析[J].地学前缘,2004,11(4):551-558.
[16]陆洋,许厚泽.720阶高分辨率重力场模型IGG97L研究[J].地壳形变与地震,1998,18(增刊):1-7.
[17]张赤军,方剑,马宗晋.均衡异常与现代构造应力场的初步研究——以东海及其东缘海为例[J].地震学报,2003,25(1):32-39.
[18]冯锐,王均,郑书真,等.论华北地区的均衡状态(1)——方法与局部补偿[J].地震学报,1987,9(4):406-416.
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[21]方盛明,冯锐,田长征,等.亚洲中部地区均衡重力异常及地震活动性[J].地震学报,1997,19(6):650-654.
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[2]Ren Jishun,Wang Zuoxun,Chen Bingwei,et al.The tectonic map of China and adjacent regions[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1999(in Chinese).
[3]Dewey J F,Bird J M.Mountain belts and the newglobal tec-tonics[J].J Geophys Res,1970,75(14):2625-2647.
[4]Zhang Yuming,Wang Liangmou,Dong Ruishu,et al.Seis-motectonic map of Asia and Europe[M].Beijing:China Car-tographic Publishing House,1981(in Chinese).
[5]Enkin R J,Yang Z Y,Chen Y,et al.Paleomagnetic con-straints on the geodynamic history of the major blocks of Chi-na fromthe Permianto the present[J].J Geophys Res,1992,97(B10):13953-13989.
[6]ВелоусовВВ.ТектоносфераЗемли[M].Москва:ИздНаука,1978.
[7]Ma Zongjin,Chen Zhangli,Fu Zhengxiang,et al.Seismo-tec-tonic features of Eurasian seismic system[J].Scientia Sinica:Series B,1981,24(3):386-395.
[8]Ma Zongjin.The features of present global tectonics and its geodynamic interpretation[J].Quaternary Research,1992,4:293-305(in Chinese).
[9]Shi Zhenliang,Huan Wenlin,Lu Shoude,et al.On the char-acteristics of seismic activityin Central and Eastern Asia con-tinent[J].Scientia Sinica:Series B,1983,26(3):438-448.
[10]Zhang Huailu,Yu Shujun,He Shuyun,et al.A prediction for seismicitylevel and places of main earthquake beltsin Chi-na for the period of1996-2005[C]∥Paper collection of earthquake prediction research.Beijing:Seismological Press,1995:43-54(in Chinese).
[11]Feng Rui,Zhou Hainan,Yao Cunying,et al.3D velocity structure and its tectonic i mplications in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1993,6(3):273-296.
[12]Ma Xingyuan.Analytic tectonics[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2004(in Chinese).
[13]Ma Xingyuan.Lithospheric dynamics atlas of China[M].Bei-jing:China Cartographic Publishing House,1989(in Chi-nese).
[14]Ren Jinwei,Ma Zongjin.Crustal movement and tectonic de-formation of eastern Asia[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):58-65(in Chinese).
[15]Yang Weiran,Sui Zhilong.Theinformation extraction andits geologic analysis of the Eurasia lineaments using the Fengyun i mage[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(4):551-558(in Chinese).
[16]Lu Yang,Hsu Houste.Research on the gravity model-IGG97L with720order[J].Crustal Deformation and Earth-quake,1998,18(Suppl):1-7(in Chinese).
[17]Zhang Chijun,Fang Jian,Ma Zongjin.Preli minary study on isostatic anomaly and recent tectonic stress field—taking east sea andits eastern boundary seas as example[J].Acta Seis-mologica Sinica,2003,25(1):32-39(in Chinese).
[18]Feng Rui,Wang Jun,Zheng Shuzhen,et al.Isostatic status in North China(1)—method andlocal compensation[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1987,9(4):406-416(in Chinese).
[19]Feng Rui,Zhang Ruoshui,Zheng Shuzhen,et al.Isostatic status in North China(2)—composite compensation and deep structure[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1988,10(4):385-395(in Chinese).
[20]Wang Yong,Feng Rui,Hsu Houste.Lithospheric isostasy,flexure and the strength of upper mantle in Tibetan Plateau[C]∥Hong Dawei.Proc,30th Int l Geol Gongr.Beijing:Ge-ological Publishing House,1997,4:153-160.
[21]Fang Shengming,Feng Rui,Tian Changzheng,et al.Fea-tures of isostatic gravity anomaly and seismic activity in the Central Asia region[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1997,19(6):650-654(in Chinese).
[22]Fang Shengming,Feng Rui,Li Changfa,et al.Research on the heterogeneity of upper mantle density in Central Asia[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1997,42(6):633-637(in Chi-nese).
[23]Artemjer ME,Kaban M K.Subcrustal densityinhomogenei-ties of Northern Eurasia as derived fromthe gravity data and isostatic models of the lithosphere[J].Tectonophysics,1994,240:249-280.
[24]Su WJ,Woodward R L,Dzei wonski A M.Degree12model of shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle[J].J Geophys Res,1994,99:6945-6980.
[25]Dzei wonski A M,Anderson D L.Preli minary reference Earth model[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1981,25:297-356.
[26]Guo Zengjian.Discussion on earthquake prediction by means of the stereoscopic cross model[J].Northwestern Seismologi-cal Journal,1985,7(1):94-101(in Chinese).
[27]Guo Zengjian,Qin Baoyan.Discussion on the stereographic cross model[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,1997,2:8-11(in Chinese).
[28]Bai Chaoying,Qin Baoyan.Controlling of deep shear deform-ation belt to shallow earthquake—finite element si mulating calculation on“stereoscopic model”[J].Northwestern Seis-mological Journal,1990,12(1):1-11(in Chinese).
[29]Qin Baoyan.The effect of near field transverse fault locked during a strong earthquake and earthquake prediction[M]∥Shi Telin.Changma earthquake and study of strong earth-quake ofM7.Beijing:Seismological Press,1994:96-101(in Chinese).
[30]Guo Xingquan.The finite element analysis of the near field transverse fault locked on account of the interaction between the deep and shallowfaults during a strong earthquake[J].1995,17(2):5-19(in Chinese).
[31]Guo Xingquan,Lei Jianshe,Liu Honggui.Near field stereo-scopic cause model and strong earthquake prediction[J].South China Journal of Seismology,1998,18(2):42-46(in Chinese).
[32]Feng Rui.Crustal thickness and densitiesinthe upper mantle beneath China—the results of three di mensional gravity in-version[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1985,7(2):143-157(in Chinese).
[33]Ren Jishun,Chen Yingyu,Niu Baogui,et al.Tectonic evolu-tion of the continental lithosphere and metallogeny in eastern China and adjacent areas[M].Beijing:Science Press,1990(in Chinese).
[34]Ren Jishun.The continental tectonics of China[J].Acta Geo-scientica Sinica—Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Geolog-ical Sciences,1994,3/4:5-13(in Chinese).
[35]Trifonov V G.The map of active faultsin Eurasia:principles,methods,and results[J].J Earthquake Prediction Research,1996,5(3):326-347.
[36]ЛевиКТ,ШерманСИ.АктуальныевопросысовременнойгеодинамикиЦентральнойАзии[M].Новосибирск:Издатель-ствоСОРАН,2005.
[1]许忠淮.东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制[J].地震学报,2001,23(5):492-501.
[2]任纪舜,王作勋,陈炳蔚,等.从全球看中国大地构造——中国及邻区大地构造图简要说明[M].北京:地质出版社,1999.
[4]张裕明,汪良谋,董瑞树,等.亚欧地震构造图说明书[M].北京:地图出版社,1981.
[6]ХрамовАН.古地磁学与大地构造问题[M]∥别洛乌索夫ВВ.地球构造圈(中译本).北京:地震出版社,1983:245-264.
[8]马宗晋.现今全球构造特征及其动力学解释[J].第四纪研究,1992,4:293-305.
[10]章淮鲁,郁曙君,何淑韵,等.未来十年(1996—2005年)中国各地震带地震活动强度及发震地点预测[C]∥地震预报研究论文集.北京:地震出版社,1995:43-54.
[11]冯锐,周海南,姚存英,等.东海与黄海的三维速度结构及其构造意义[J].地质学报,1993,67(1):19-36.
[12]马杏垣.解析构造学[M].北京:地质出版社,2004.
[13]马杏垣.中国岩石圈动力学地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1989.
[14]任金卫,马宗晋.东亚地区现代地壳运动特征与构造变形[J].地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):58-65.
[15]杨巍然,隋志龙.欧亚大陆风云影像线性构造信息提取及其地质分析[J].地学前缘,2004,11(4):551-558.
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