利用GRACE观测数据研究苏门答腊区域的黏滞性结构
摘要
本文尝试利用卫星重力观测资料和震后黏弹性松弛理论研究苏门答腊地区的区域流变结构,为更好地认识区域地球动力学环境提供依据.利用GRACE卫星重力资料,计算了2004年苏门答腊Mw9.3地震的同震及震后的重力变化.计算中使用平滑半径为500km的高斯滤波器.结果显示苏门答腊Mw9.3地震破裂东侧以陆地为主的上盘同震下沉量很大,造成约9×10-8ms-2的重力下降阶变,而西侧处于海水下的下盘重力同震上升较小约2×10-8ms-2,但其震后上升较快.流变结构对岩石的变形有很大的影响,是地球动力学数值模拟取得可靠科学结果的基础.本文尝试了利用卫星重力变化时间序列来反演苏门答腊地区的黏滞性结构;即基于GRACE时变重力场,利用自重力、黏弹性、平面分层模型模拟了该地震的同震和震后变形,并将获得的空间固定点的重力变化与GRACE重力场及点位时间序列进行比较,估计该地区的黏滞性系数在1.0×1018Pas的量级,且断层两侧的流变参数存在差异.最后结合苏门答腊区域的构造特点讨论了黏滞性系数的影响因素.
引文
1马宗晋,叶洪.2004年12月26日苏门答腊-安达曼大地震构造特征及地震海啸灾害.地学前缘,2005,12:281–287
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5Hoechner A,Babeyko A Y,Sobolev S V.Enhanced GPS inversion technique applied to the2004Sumatra earthquake and tsunami.Geophys Res Lett,2008,35:L08310,doi:10.1029/2007GL033133
6Ogawa R,Heki K.GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Geophys Res Lett,2007,34:L06313,doi:10.1029/2007GL029340
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8Panet I,Mikhailov V,Diament M,et al.Coseismic and post-seismic signatures of the Sumatra2004December and2005March earthquakes in GRACE satellite gravity.Geophys J Int,2007,171:177–190
9Sun W,Okubo S.Co-seismic deformations detectable by satellite gravitymissions—A case study of Alaska(1964,2002)and Hokkaido(2003)earthquakes in the spectral domain.J Geophys Res,2004,109:B04405,doi:10.1029/2003JB002554
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11Pollitz F F,Banerjee P,Grijalva K,et al.Effect of3-D viscoelastic structure on post-seismic relaxation from the2004M=9.2Sumatraearthquake.Geophys J Int,2008,173:189–204
12de Linage C,Rivera L,Hinderer J,et al.Separation of coseismic and postseismic gravity changes for the2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from4.6yr of GRACE observations and modelling of the coseismic change by normal-modes summation.Geophys J Int,2009,176:695–714
13Scholz C H,Molnar P,Johnson T.Detailed studies of the frictional sliding of granite and implications for the earthquake mechanisms.J Geophys Res,1972,77:6392–6406
14Sheu S Y,Shieh C F.Viscoelastic-afterslip concurrence:A possible mechanism in the early post-seismic deformation of the Mw7.6,Chi-Chi(Taiwan)earthquake.Geophys J Int,2004,159:1112–1124
15Deng J,Gurnis M,Kanamori H,et al.Viscoelastic low in the lower crust after the1992Landers,California,earthquake.Science,1998,282:1689–1692
16árnadóttir T,Jónsson S,Pollitz F F,et al.Postseismic deformation following the June2000earthquake sequence in the south Iceland seismic zone.J Geophys Res,2005,110:B12308,doi:10.1029/2005JB003701
17Melosh H,Raefsky A.The dynamic origin of subduction zone topography.Geophys J R Astr Soc,1980,60:8441–8451
18Lorenzo M F,Roth F,Wang R.Inversion for rheological parameters from post-seismic surface deformation associated with the1960Valdivia earthquake,Chile.Geophys J Int,2006,164:75–87
19Jonsson S,Segall P,Pedersen R,et al.Post-earthquake ground movements correlated to pore-pressure transients.Nature,2003,424:179–183
20Masterlark T,Wang H F.Transient Stress-Coupling Between the1992Landers and1999Hector Mine,California,Earthquakes.Bull Seism Soc Am,2003,92:1470–1486
21Wahr J,Molenaar M,Bryan F.Time-variability of the Earth’s gravity field:Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE.J Geophys Res,1998,103:30205–30230
22Wahr J,Swenson S,Zlotnicki V,et al.Time-variable gravity from GRACE:first results.Geophys Res Lett,2004,31:L11501,doi:10.1029/2004GL019779
23Chen J L,Wilson C R,Famiglietti J S,et al.Spatial sensitivity of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)time-variable gravity observations.J Geophys Res,2005,110:B08408,doi:10.1029/2004JB003536
24Fantino E,Casotto S.Methods of harmonic synthesis for global geopotential models and their first-,second-,and third-order gradients.J Geod,2009,83:595–619
25Franz B.Definition of Functionals of the Geopotential and Their Calculation from Spherical Harmonic Models.Technical Report.Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ,2009
26Lyard F,Lefevre F,Letellier T,et al.Modelling the global ocean tides:Insights from FES2004.Ocean Dyn,2006,56:394–415
27McCarthy D D,Petit G.IERS Conventions(2003).IERS Technical Note No.32,Bundesamts für Kartogr und Geod,Frankfurt,Germany.2003
28Desai S D.Observing the pole tide with satellite altimetry.J Geophys Res,2002,107:3186,doi:10.1029/2001JC001224
29Bettadpur S.Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Level-2gravity field product user handbook.Center for Space Research,Austin,Texas,2007.Rep.GRACE327–734
30Bettadpur S.CSR Level-2processing standards document for product release04.Center for Space Research,Austin,Texas,2007.Rep.GRACE327–742
31Jekeli C.Alternative methods to smooth the Earth’s gravity field.Technical Report.Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying,Ohio State University.1981
32Han S C,Shum C K,Jekeli C,et al.Non-isotropic filtering of GRACE temporal gravity for geophysical signal enhancement.Geophys J Int,2005,163:18–25
33Chen J L,Wilson C R,Seo K W.Optimized smoothing of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)time-variable gravity observations.J Geophys Res,2006,111:B06408,doi:10.1029/2005JB004064
34Swenson S,Wahr J.Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data.Geophys Res Lett,2006,33:L08402,doi:10.1029/2005GL025285
35Sasgen I,Martinec Z,Fleming K.Wiener optimal filtering of GRACE data.Stud Geophys Geod,2006,50:499–508
36Zhang Z Z,Chao B F,Lu Y,et al.An effective filtering for GRACE time-variable gravity:Fan filter.Geophys Res Lett,2009,36:L17311,doi:10.1029/2009GL039459
37Chen J L,Wilson C R,Famiglietti J S,et al.Spatial sensitivity of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)time-variablegravity observations.J Geophys Res,2005,110:B08408,doi:10.1029/2004JB003536
38Wang R,Lorenzo-Martin F,Roth F.PSGRN/PSCMP—A new code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory.Comput Geosci,2006,32:527–541
39Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R.Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification.Geophys J Int,1991,105:429–465
40Sun W,Okubo S,Fu G,et al.General formulations of global co-seismic deformations caused by an arbitrary dislocation in a spherically symmetric Earth model—Applicable to deformed Earth surface and space-fixed point.Geophys J Int,2009,177:817–833
41Banerjee P,Pollitz F,Nagarajan B,et al.Coseismic slip distributions of the26December2004Sumatra-Andaman and28March2005Nias earthquakes from GPS static offsets.Bull Seism Soc Am,2007,97:S86–S102
42Hirth G,Kohlstedt D L.Rheology of the Upper Mantle and the Mantle Wedge:A view from the Experimentalists.In:Eiler J,ed.Inside the Subduction Factory.AGU Monograph,2003,138:83–105
43石耀霖,曹建玲.中国大陆岩石圈等效黏滞系数的计算和讨论.地学前缘,2008,15:82–95
44张晁军,曹建玲,石耀霖.从震后形变探讨青藏高原下地壳黏滞系数.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:1250–1257
45Tanaka Y,Klemann V,Fleming K,et al.Spectral finite element approach to postseismic deformation in a viscoelastic self-gravitating spherical Earth.Geophys J Int,2009,176:715–739
46Cannelli V,Melini D,Piersanti A,et al.Postseismic signature of the2004Sumatra earthquake on low-degree gravity harmonics.J Geophys Res,2008,113:B12414,doi:10.1029/2007JB005296
47?adek O,Fleitout L.Effect of lateral viscosity variations in the top300km on the geoid and dynamic topography.Geophys J Int,2003,152:566–580
48Gaherty J,Jordan T,Gee L.Seismic structure of the upper mantle in a central Pacific corridor.J Geophys Res,1996,101:22291–22309
49傅容珊,常筱华,黄建华,等.区域重力异常与上地幔小尺度对流模型.地球物理学报,1994,37(增刊):249–258
50Ryder I,Parsons B,Wright T J,et al.Post-seismic motion following the1997Manyi(Tibet)earthquake:InSAR observations and modeling.Geophys J Int,2007,169:1009–1027
51Shen Z K,Zeng Y,Wang M,et al.Postseismic deformation modeling of the2001Kokoxili earthquake,western China.Geophys Res Abs,2003,5:07840
2Ammon C J,Chen J,Thio H,et al.Rupture process of the2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Science,2005,308:1133–1139
3Tsai V C,Nettles M,Ekstr?m G,et al.Multiple CMT source analysis of the2004Sumatra earthquake.Geophys Res Lett,2005,32:L17304,doi:10.1029/2005GL023813
4Han S C,Shum C K,Bevis M,et al.Crustal dilatation observed by GRACE after the2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Science,2006,313:658–666
5Hoechner A,Babeyko A Y,Sobolev S V.Enhanced GPS inversion technique applied to the2004Sumatra earthquake and tsunami.Geophys Res Lett,2008,35:L08310,doi:10.1029/2007GL033133
6Ogawa R,Heki K.GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Geophys Res Lett,2007,34:L06313,doi:10.1029/2007GL029340
7Chen J L,Wilson C R,Tapley B D,et al.GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Geophys Res Lett,2007,34:L13302,doi:10.1029/2007GL030356
8Panet I,Mikhailov V,Diament M,et al.Coseismic and post-seismic signatures of the Sumatra2004December and2005March earthquakes in GRACE satellite gravity.Geophys J Int,2007,171:177–190
9Sun W,Okubo S.Co-seismic deformations detectable by satellite gravitymissions—A case study of Alaska(1964,2002)and Hokkaido(2003)earthquakes in the spectral domain.J Geophys Res,2004,109:B04405,doi:10.1029/2003JB002554
10Pollitz F F,Bürgmann R,Banerjee P.Postseismic relaxation following the great2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on a compressible self-gravitating Earth.Geophys J Int,2006,167:397–420
11Pollitz F F,Banerjee P,Grijalva K,et al.Effect of3-D viscoelastic structure on post-seismic relaxation from the2004M=9.2Sumatraearthquake.Geophys J Int,2008,173:189–204
12de Linage C,Rivera L,Hinderer J,et al.Separation of coseismic and postseismic gravity changes for the2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from4.6yr of GRACE observations and modelling of the coseismic change by normal-modes summation.Geophys J Int,2009,176:695–714
13Scholz C H,Molnar P,Johnson T.Detailed studies of the frictional sliding of granite and implications for the earthquake mechanisms.J Geophys Res,1972,77:6392–6406
14Sheu S Y,Shieh C F.Viscoelastic-afterslip concurrence:A possible mechanism in the early post-seismic deformation of the Mw7.6,Chi-Chi(Taiwan)earthquake.Geophys J Int,2004,159:1112–1124
15Deng J,Gurnis M,Kanamori H,et al.Viscoelastic low in the lower crust after the1992Landers,California,earthquake.Science,1998,282:1689–1692
16árnadóttir T,Jónsson S,Pollitz F F,et al.Postseismic deformation following the June2000earthquake sequence in the south Iceland seismic zone.J Geophys Res,2005,110:B12308,doi:10.1029/2005JB003701
17Melosh H,Raefsky A.The dynamic origin of subduction zone topography.Geophys J R Astr Soc,1980,60:8441–8451
18Lorenzo M F,Roth F,Wang R.Inversion for rheological parameters from post-seismic surface deformation associated with the1960Valdivia earthquake,Chile.Geophys J Int,2006,164:75–87
19Jonsson S,Segall P,Pedersen R,et al.Post-earthquake ground movements correlated to pore-pressure transients.Nature,2003,424:179–183
20Masterlark T,Wang H F.Transient Stress-Coupling Between the1992Landers and1999Hector Mine,California,Earthquakes.Bull Seism Soc Am,2003,92:1470–1486
21Wahr J,Molenaar M,Bryan F.Time-variability of the Earth’s gravity field:Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE.J Geophys Res,1998,103:30205–30230
22Wahr J,Swenson S,Zlotnicki V,et al.Time-variable gravity from GRACE:first results.Geophys Res Lett,2004,31:L11501,doi:10.1029/2004GL019779
23Chen J L,Wilson C R,Famiglietti J S,et al.Spatial sensitivity of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)time-variable gravity observations.J Geophys Res,2005,110:B08408,doi:10.1029/2004JB003536
24Fantino E,Casotto S.Methods of harmonic synthesis for global geopotential models and their first-,second-,and third-order gradients.J Geod,2009,83:595–619
25Franz B.Definition of Functionals of the Geopotential and Their Calculation from Spherical Harmonic Models.Technical Report.Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ,2009
26Lyard F,Lefevre F,Letellier T,et al.Modelling the global ocean tides:Insights from FES2004.Ocean Dyn,2006,56:394–415
27McCarthy D D,Petit G.IERS Conventions(2003).IERS Technical Note No.32,Bundesamts für Kartogr und Geod,Frankfurt,Germany.2003
28Desai S D.Observing the pole tide with satellite altimetry.J Geophys Res,2002,107:3186,doi:10.1029/2001JC001224
29Bettadpur S.Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Level-2gravity field product user handbook.Center for Space Research,Austin,Texas,2007.Rep.GRACE327–734
30Bettadpur S.CSR Level-2processing standards document for product release04.Center for Space Research,Austin,Texas,2007.Rep.GRACE327–742
31Jekeli C.Alternative methods to smooth the Earth’s gravity field.Technical Report.Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying,Ohio State University.1981
32Han S C,Shum C K,Jekeli C,et al.Non-isotropic filtering of GRACE temporal gravity for geophysical signal enhancement.Geophys J Int,2005,163:18–25
33Chen J L,Wilson C R,Seo K W.Optimized smoothing of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)time-variable gravity observations.J Geophys Res,2006,111:B06408,doi:10.1029/2005JB004064
34Swenson S,Wahr J.Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data.Geophys Res Lett,2006,33:L08402,doi:10.1029/2005GL025285
35Sasgen I,Martinec Z,Fleming K.Wiener optimal filtering of GRACE data.Stud Geophys Geod,2006,50:499–508
36Zhang Z Z,Chao B F,Lu Y,et al.An effective filtering for GRACE time-variable gravity:Fan filter.Geophys Res Lett,2009,36:L17311,doi:10.1029/2009GL039459
37Chen J L,Wilson C R,Famiglietti J S,et al.Spatial sensitivity of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)time-variablegravity observations.J Geophys Res,2005,110:B08408,doi:10.1029/2004JB003536
38Wang R,Lorenzo-Martin F,Roth F.PSGRN/PSCMP—A new code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory.Comput Geosci,2006,32:527–541
39Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R.Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification.Geophys J Int,1991,105:429–465
40Sun W,Okubo S,Fu G,et al.General formulations of global co-seismic deformations caused by an arbitrary dislocation in a spherically symmetric Earth model—Applicable to deformed Earth surface and space-fixed point.Geophys J Int,2009,177:817–833
41Banerjee P,Pollitz F,Nagarajan B,et al.Coseismic slip distributions of the26December2004Sumatra-Andaman and28March2005Nias earthquakes from GPS static offsets.Bull Seism Soc Am,2007,97:S86–S102
42Hirth G,Kohlstedt D L.Rheology of the Upper Mantle and the Mantle Wedge:A view from the Experimentalists.In:Eiler J,ed.Inside the Subduction Factory.AGU Monograph,2003,138:83–105
43石耀霖,曹建玲.中国大陆岩石圈等效黏滞系数的计算和讨论.地学前缘,2008,15:82–95
44张晁军,曹建玲,石耀霖.从震后形变探讨青藏高原下地壳黏滞系数.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:1250–1257
45Tanaka Y,Klemann V,Fleming K,et al.Spectral finite element approach to postseismic deformation in a viscoelastic self-gravitating spherical Earth.Geophys J Int,2009,176:715–739
46Cannelli V,Melini D,Piersanti A,et al.Postseismic signature of the2004Sumatra earthquake on low-degree gravity harmonics.J Geophys Res,2008,113:B12414,doi:10.1029/2007JB005296
47?adek O,Fleitout L.Effect of lateral viscosity variations in the top300km on the geoid and dynamic topography.Geophys J Int,2003,152:566–580
48Gaherty J,Jordan T,Gee L.Seismic structure of the upper mantle in a central Pacific corridor.J Geophys Res,1996,101:22291–22309
49傅容珊,常筱华,黄建华,等.区域重力异常与上地幔小尺度对流模型.地球物理学报,1994,37(增刊):249–258
50Ryder I,Parsons B,Wright T J,et al.Post-seismic motion following the1997Manyi(Tibet)earthquake:InSAR observations and modeling.Geophys J Int,2007,169:1009–1027
51Shen Z K,Zeng Y,Wang M,et al.Postseismic deformation modeling of the2001Kokoxili earthquake,western China.Geophys Res Abs,2003,5:07840
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