黄土滑坡诱发因素及其形成机理研究
|
摘要
近年来,黄土滑坡灾害发生频率呈现增加的趋势,研究黄土滑坡诱发因素及其形成机理是有效减缓黄土滑坡灾害风险的基础。据西北黄土高原地质灾害详细调查,黄土滑坡的诱发因素有自然和人为2类。自然因素包括地震、河流及沟谷侵蚀、降雨及冻融等;人为因素有堆载与开挖、农业灌溉、修建水库等。研究表明,降水和人类工程活动是最积极的诱发因素。地震加速度引起的抛射作用和粉尘化效应以及振动液化效应是地震诱发黄土滑坡的主要原因。河流的侧向和下切侵蚀作用在河流的不同发育期诱发机理有所不同,导致斜坡变形破坏模式也有所区别。冻融作用诱发黄土滑坡的机理类型分为冻结滞水效应型和融化强度降低型等。降水作用诱发黄土滑坡的机理按触发滑坡的降水特征分为暴雨型和淋雨型,按地下水的作用方式分为优势通道-局部地下水型、地下水位上升型和增重型等。诱发黄土滑坡的人类工程活动分为斩坡型、灌溉型、水库型、堆载型等。
In recent years,the frequency of loess landslide occurrences has the trend of increasing.It is a basis of reducing the landslide hazard risk to investigate the triggering factors and forming mechanism of loess landslides.Field investigation for geological hazards on the Loess Plateau suggests that the induced factors of the loess landslides mainly include earthquakes,precipitations,frozen-thawing,river erosion and human engineering activities.Among them,precipitations and human activities are the most active agents to induce landslides.For the loess landslides triggered by earthquake,mass ejection,dust effect and loess liquefaction caused by seismic acceleration are the main reasons.For the landslides induced by river evolution,the triggering mechanism and failure mode are distinct in different river evolution stages,such as in the lateral and vertical river erosion stages.Whereas,the loess landslide mechanism types include water level raise due to frozen effect and loess strength decrease result from melting effect.The factors of precipitations can be classified as rainstorm and drizzle and of the ground water can be classified as locally concentrated groundwater with priory conducts,water level rising and density increasing.Those of human activities are slope cutting,irrigation,reservoir,and over-burdening.Based on the field investigation for various of loess landslides,the geological characters and triggering mechanism of the landslide triggering by different factors are discussed further in the paper.
In recent years,the frequency of loess landslide occurrences has the trend of increasing.It is a basis of reducing the landslide hazard risk to investigate the triggering factors and forming mechanism of loess landslides.Field investigation for geological hazards on the Loess Plateau suggests that the induced factors of the loess landslides mainly include earthquakes,precipitations,frozen-thawing,river erosion and human engineering activities.Among them,precipitations and human activities are the most active agents to induce landslides.For the loess landslides triggered by earthquake,mass ejection,dust effect and loess liquefaction caused by seismic acceleration are the main reasons.For the landslides induced by river evolution,the triggering mechanism and failure mode are distinct in different river evolution stages,such as in the lateral and vertical river erosion stages.Whereas,the loess landslide mechanism types include water level raise due to frozen effect and loess strength decrease result from melting effect.The factors of precipitations can be classified as rainstorm and drizzle and of the ground water can be classified as locally concentrated groundwater with priory conducts,water level rising and density increasing.Those of human activities are slope cutting,irrigation,reservoir,and over-burdening.Based on the field investigation for various of loess landslides,the geological characters and triggering mechanism of the landslide triggering by different factors are discussed further in the paper.
引文
[1]M ZhangJ,ie Liu.Controlling factors of loess landslides in westernChina[J].Environmental Earth Science,2009,59(8):1671～1680.
[2]金艳丽,戴福初.灌溉诱发黄土滑坡机理研究[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(10):1493～1499.J in Yanli,Dai Fuchu.The mechanism of irrigation induced land-slides of loess.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(10):1493～1499.
[3]刘百篪.1718年通渭地震和1654年天水地震区航空照片判读[J].地震科学研究,1984,(1):1～7.Liu,Baichi.An interpretation of the aerial photographs of theearthquake areas for Tongwei earthquake in 1718 and Tianshuiearthquake in 1654[J].Journal of Seismological research,1984,(1):1～7.
[4]国家地震局兰州地震研究所,宁夏地震局.1920年海原大地震[M].北京:地震呢出版社,1980.Lanzhou Earthquake Research Institute of China Earthquake Ad-ministration,Haiyuan Earthquake in 1920[M].Beijing:Earth-quake Publish Company,1980.
[5]Zhu H..The geological characteristics of landslides induced byearthquakes in China.in:Proceedings of the Japan-China Symposi-um on Landslides and Debris Flows,Tokyo,1989a,161～168.
[6]Zhu H.Some types of seismic landslides in the loess area inChina.in:Proceedings of International Field Workshop on LoessGeomorphological Processes and Hazards,1989b,64～71.
[7]王家鼎,张倬元.地震诱发高速黄土滑坡的机理研究[J].岩土工程学报,1999,21(6):670～674.Wang Jiading Zhang Zhuoyuan.A study on mechanism for earth-quake induced high speed loess landside.Chinese J.GeotechnicalEngineering,1999,21(6):670～674.
[8]王家鼎,刘悦.高速黄土滑坡蠕动液化机理的进一步研究[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),1999,29(1):79～82.Wang Jiading,Liu Yue.A further study on the mechanism of highspeed loess landslide in state of creeping and sliding liquefaction.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),1999,29(1):79～82.
[9]Sassa K.Geotechnical model for the motion of landslides.SpecialLecture of 5th International Symposium on Landslides,Landslides,1988,(1):37～55.
[10]王兰民,刘红玫,李兰,孙崇绍.饱和黄土液化机理与特性的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(1):89～94.Wang Lanmin,Liu Hongmei,Li Lan,Sun Chongshao.Laboratorystudy on the mechanism and beheviors of saturated loess liquefac-tion.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2000,22(1):89～94.
[11]雷祥义.黄土高原河谷阶地黄土地层结构模式[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(2):713～722.Lei Xiangyi.Model of loess stratigraphical structure on theterraces on the loess plateau of China.Marine Geology&Quater-nary Geology,2006,26(2):713～722.
[12]吴玮江,王念秦.甘肃滑坡灾害[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,2006.Wu,Weijiang,Wang,Nianqin.Lanslides in Gansu Province[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,2006.
[13]X B Tu,AKL Kwong,FC Dai,LG Tham,H Min.Field monitoringof rainfall infiltration in a loess slope and analysis of failure mech-anism of rainfall-induced landslides.Engineering Geology,2009,105:134～150.
[14]刘海松,倪万魁,杨鸿全,颜斌.黄土路基现场入渗试验[J].地球科学与环境学报,20083,0(1):60～63.Li Haisong,Ni Wangkui,Yang Hongquan,Yan Bin.Site test oninfiltration of loess subgrade under rainfall circumstance.Journalof Earth Sciences and Environment,2008,30(1):60～63.
[15]张茂省,校培喜,魏兴利,等.延安宝塔区滑坡崩塌地质灾害[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.Zhang Maosheng,Xiao Peixi,Wei Xingli.et al.Geo-hazards atBaota Distract,Yan'an city[M].Beijing:GeologicalPress,2008.
[16]雷祥义.黄土高原地质灾害与人类活动[M].北京:地质出版社,2001.Lei Xiangyi.Geo-hazards and Human Activity at Loess Plateau[M].Beijing:Geological Press,2001.
[17]许领,戴福初,邝国麟,闵弘.黑方台黄土滑坡类型与发育规律[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):364～371.Xu Ling,Dai Fuchu,A Kl Kwong,Min Hong.Types and Charac-teristics of loess landslides at Heifangtai loess plateau,China.Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(3):364～371.
[18]桑广书,冯利华,商丽华.泾河下游南岸台塬边坡稳定性与滑坡诱因分析[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(5):187～191.Sang Guangshu,Feng Lihua,Shang Lihua.Study on stability of ta-bleland slopes and causes for landslides on southern-bank of lowerreaches of Jinghe river.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(5):187～191.
[19]王家鼎,惠泱河.黑方台台缘灌溉水诱发黄土滑坡群的系统分析[J].水土保持通报,200,121(3):9～15.Wang Jiading,Hui Yanghe.Systems analysis on Heifangtai loesslandslide in crows induced by irrigated water.Bulletin of Soil andWater Conservation,200,121(3):9～15.
[20]叶成才.浅议卧龙司寺滑坡治理[J].陕西水利,1999,增刊:34～36.Ye Chengcai.General comment on Wolongsi landslide control.Shaanxi Water Conservancy,1999,Supp.:34～36.
[21]张茂省,董英,孙萍萍,刘洁.基于水位的赵家岸滑坡风险分析与控制[J].水文地质工程地质,201,138(1):123～138.Zhang Maosheng,Dong Ying,Sun Pingping,Liu Jie.Risk analysisand control of the Zhaojiaan landslide through controlling waterlevels.Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,201,138(1):123～138.
[2]金艳丽,戴福初.灌溉诱发黄土滑坡机理研究[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(10):1493～1499.J in Yanli,Dai Fuchu.The mechanism of irrigation induced land-slides of loess.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(10):1493～1499.
[3]刘百篪.1718年通渭地震和1654年天水地震区航空照片判读[J].地震科学研究,1984,(1):1～7.Liu,Baichi.An interpretation of the aerial photographs of theearthquake areas for Tongwei earthquake in 1718 and Tianshuiearthquake in 1654[J].Journal of Seismological research,1984,(1):1～7.
[4]国家地震局兰州地震研究所,宁夏地震局.1920年海原大地震[M].北京:地震呢出版社,1980.Lanzhou Earthquake Research Institute of China Earthquake Ad-ministration,Haiyuan Earthquake in 1920[M].Beijing:Earth-quake Publish Company,1980.
[5]Zhu H..The geological characteristics of landslides induced byearthquakes in China.in:Proceedings of the Japan-China Symposi-um on Landslides and Debris Flows,Tokyo,1989a,161～168.
[6]Zhu H.Some types of seismic landslides in the loess area inChina.in:Proceedings of International Field Workshop on LoessGeomorphological Processes and Hazards,1989b,64～71.
[7]王家鼎,张倬元.地震诱发高速黄土滑坡的机理研究[J].岩土工程学报,1999,21(6):670～674.Wang Jiading Zhang Zhuoyuan.A study on mechanism for earth-quake induced high speed loess landside.Chinese J.GeotechnicalEngineering,1999,21(6):670～674.
[8]王家鼎,刘悦.高速黄土滑坡蠕动液化机理的进一步研究[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),1999,29(1):79～82.Wang Jiading,Liu Yue.A further study on the mechanism of highspeed loess landslide in state of creeping and sliding liquefaction.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),1999,29(1):79～82.
[9]Sassa K.Geotechnical model for the motion of landslides.SpecialLecture of 5th International Symposium on Landslides,Landslides,1988,(1):37～55.
[10]王兰民,刘红玫,李兰,孙崇绍.饱和黄土液化机理与特性的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(1):89～94.Wang Lanmin,Liu Hongmei,Li Lan,Sun Chongshao.Laboratorystudy on the mechanism and beheviors of saturated loess liquefac-tion.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2000,22(1):89～94.
[11]雷祥义.黄土高原河谷阶地黄土地层结构模式[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(2):713～722.Lei Xiangyi.Model of loess stratigraphical structure on theterraces on the loess plateau of China.Marine Geology&Quater-nary Geology,2006,26(2):713～722.
[12]吴玮江,王念秦.甘肃滑坡灾害[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,2006.Wu,Weijiang,Wang,Nianqin.Lanslides in Gansu Province[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,2006.
[13]X B Tu,AKL Kwong,FC Dai,LG Tham,H Min.Field monitoringof rainfall infiltration in a loess slope and analysis of failure mech-anism of rainfall-induced landslides.Engineering Geology,2009,105:134～150.
[14]刘海松,倪万魁,杨鸿全,颜斌.黄土路基现场入渗试验[J].地球科学与环境学报,20083,0(1):60～63.Li Haisong,Ni Wangkui,Yang Hongquan,Yan Bin.Site test oninfiltration of loess subgrade under rainfall circumstance.Journalof Earth Sciences and Environment,2008,30(1):60～63.
[15]张茂省,校培喜,魏兴利,等.延安宝塔区滑坡崩塌地质灾害[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.Zhang Maosheng,Xiao Peixi,Wei Xingli.et al.Geo-hazards atBaota Distract,Yan'an city[M].Beijing:GeologicalPress,2008.
[16]雷祥义.黄土高原地质灾害与人类活动[M].北京:地质出版社,2001.Lei Xiangyi.Geo-hazards and Human Activity at Loess Plateau[M].Beijing:Geological Press,2001.
[17]许领,戴福初,邝国麟,闵弘.黑方台黄土滑坡类型与发育规律[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):364～371.Xu Ling,Dai Fuchu,A Kl Kwong,Min Hong.Types and Charac-teristics of loess landslides at Heifangtai loess plateau,China.Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(3):364～371.
[18]桑广书,冯利华,商丽华.泾河下游南岸台塬边坡稳定性与滑坡诱因分析[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(5):187～191.Sang Guangshu,Feng Lihua,Shang Lihua.Study on stability of ta-bleland slopes and causes for landslides on southern-bank of lowerreaches of Jinghe river.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(5):187～191.
[19]王家鼎,惠泱河.黑方台台缘灌溉水诱发黄土滑坡群的系统分析[J].水土保持通报,200,121(3):9～15.Wang Jiading,Hui Yanghe.Systems analysis on Heifangtai loesslandslide in crows induced by irrigated water.Bulletin of Soil andWater Conservation,200,121(3):9～15.
[20]叶成才.浅议卧龙司寺滑坡治理[J].陕西水利,1999,增刊:34～36.Ye Chengcai.General comment on Wolongsi landslide control.Shaanxi Water Conservancy,1999,Supp.:34～36.
[21]张茂省,董英,孙萍萍,刘洁.基于水位的赵家岸滑坡风险分析与控制[J].水文地质工程地质,201,138(1):123～138.Zhang Maosheng,Dong Ying,Sun Pingping,Liu Jie.Risk analysisand control of the Zhaojiaan landslide through controlling waterlevels.Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,201,138(1):123～138.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心