喜马拉雅东构造结岩石圈板片深俯冲的地球物理证据
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摘要
2009～2010年在南迦巴瓦地区进行了宽频带地震和大地电磁探测,分别处理获得东构造结及其邻区的地下300km以上的P波速度图像和两条大地电磁电阻率剖面。通过资料的对比和综合解释,发现电阻率分布与地震波速有较好的对应关系。研究结果表明:南迦巴瓦变质体的上地壳部分呈现明显高速高阻特征,为两侧的雅鲁藏布江缝合带所夹持;中下地壳具有不均匀性,且普遍呈低速低阻特征;印度板块在藏东南向欧亚板块的俯冲前缘越过嘉黎断裂,抵达班公湖-怒江缝合带;在拉萨地体的高速俯冲板片以下100km至200km深度范围内存在大规模的低速异常带,其上盘中下地壳也广泛发育低速高导体,指示青藏高原东南缘可能存在韧性易流动的物质向东、东南逃逸的通道,为印度板块在南迦巴瓦的深俯冲动力学模式提供了地球物理证据。
We conducted broadband seismic observation and MT detection around the Namche Barwa from 2009 to 2010. P wave velocity perturbations down to 300 km were obtained and two electrical models were acquired by 2D inversion. There are similar features between electrical models and the corresponding tomographic images by joint interpretation. Our results show that the upper crust of Namche Barwa is separated by IYS and consists of prominent high-velocity and resistive blocks. The mid-lower crust is inhomogenous and characterized by low-velocity and conductive anomaly. The Indian lithospheric mantle has subducted beneath Eurasian plate and its frontier has passed through the Jiali shear zone and reached the Bangong-Nujiang suture; A large-scale low-velocity anomaly is revealed within the Lhasa block beneath the high-velocity plate from 100 km to 200 km depth,above which the mid-lower crust is an extensive low-velocity conductor. This suggests that there exist channels beneath southeastern Tibetan Plateau favorable to weak and flowable materials exuding towards east and southeast,which gives geophysical evidence for the dynamics mode of deep-subduction of Indian Plate beneath the Namche Barwa.
We conducted broadband seismic observation and MT detection around the Namche Barwa from 2009 to 2010. P wave velocity perturbations down to 300 km were obtained and two electrical models were acquired by 2D inversion. There are similar features between electrical models and the corresponding tomographic images by joint interpretation. Our results show that the upper crust of Namche Barwa is separated by IYS and consists of prominent high-velocity and resistive blocks. The mid-lower crust is inhomogenous and characterized by low-velocity and conductive anomaly. The Indian lithospheric mantle has subducted beneath Eurasian plate and its frontier has passed through the Jiali shear zone and reached the Bangong-Nujiang suture; A large-scale low-velocity anomaly is revealed within the Lhasa block beneath the high-velocity plate from 100 km to 200 km depth,above which the mid-lower crust is an extensive low-velocity conductor. This suggests that there exist channels beneath southeastern Tibetan Plateau favorable to weak and flowable materials exuding towards east and southeast,which gives geophysical evidence for the dynamics mode of deep-subduction of Indian Plate beneath the Namche Barwa.
引文
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Newman GA and Alumbaugh DL.2000.Three-dimensionalmagnetotelluric inversion using non-linear conjugate gradients.Geophys.J.Int.,140:410-424
Qian H,Jiang M,Chen WP et al.2007.Tomography of Tgyirong-Luguprofile(Hi-Climb)and the subduction of Indian-Tibet collision.Chinese J.Geophys.,50(5):1427-1436(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
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Tan HD,Wei WB,Unsworth M et al.2004b.Crustal electricalconductivity structure beneath the Yarlung Zangbo Jiang suture in thesouthern Xizang Plateau.Chinese J.Geophys.,47(4):685-690(in Chinese with English abstract)
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Cao JL,Shi YL,Zhang H et al.2009.Numerical simulation of GPSobserved clock wise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax inthe Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Science Bulletin,54(2):224-234(in Chinese)
Constable SC,Parker RL and Constable CG.1987.Occam’s inversion:A practical algorithm for generating smooth models fromelectromagnetic sounding data.Geophysics,52(3):289-300
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Ding ZF,He ZQ,Wu JP et al.2001.Research on the3-D seismicvelocity structures in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Earthquake Research in China,17(2):202-209(in Chinese with English abstract)
Guo B,Liu QY,Chen JH et al.2004.Seismic tomographic imaging ofthe crust and upper mantle beneath the northeastern edge of theQinghai-Xizang Plateau and the Ordos area.Chinese J.Geophys.,47(5):790-797(in Chinese with English abstract)
He RZ,Zhao DP,Gao R and Zheng HW.2010.Tracing the Indianlithospheric mantle beneath central Tibetan Plateau using teleseismictomography.Tectonophysics,491(1-4):230-243
Jiang M,Lu QT,Shi DN et al.1996.The study on the structure ofcrustal and upper mantle with natural earthquakes in central TibetanPlateau.Chinese J.Geophys.,39(4):470-482(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Kao H,Gao R,Rau R,Shi D,Chen R,Guan Y and Wu FT.2001.Seismic image of the Tarim basin and its collision with Tibet.Geology,29(7):575-578
Kind R,Yuan X,Saul J,Nelson D,Sobolev SV,Mechie J,Zhao W,Kosarev G,Ni J,Achauer U and Jiang M.2002.Seismic images ofcrust and upper mantle beneath Tibet:Evidence for Eurasian PlateSubduction.Science,298(5596):1219-1221
Kosarev G,Kind R,Sobolev SV,Yuan X,Hanka W and Oreshin S.1999.Seismic evidence for a detached indian lithospheric mantlebeneath Tibet.Science,283(5406):1306-1309
Li C,Hilst van der RD,Meltzer AS and Engdahl ER.2008.Subductionof the Indian lithosphere beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Burma.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,274:157-168
Lin CH,Tan HD and Tong T.2011.Three-dimensional conjugategradient inversion of magnetotelluric full information data.AppliedGeophysics,8(1):1-10
Lu QT,Jiang M,Ma KY et al.1996.3-D travel time tomographyinversion and the deep structure of southern Tibet.Acta SeismologicaSinica,18(4):451-459(in Chinese with English abstract)
Matte P,Tapponnier P,Arnaud N,Bourjot L,Avouac JP,Vidal P,LiuQ,Pan YS and Wang Y.1996.Tectonics of western Tibet,betweenthe Tarim and the Indus.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,142:311-316
Nábelek J,Hetényi G,Vergne J,Sapkota S,Kafle B,Jiang M,Su HP,Chen J,Huang BS and the Hi-Climb Team.2009.Underplating inthe Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMBexperiment.Science,325:1371-1374
Newman GA and Alumbaugh DL.2000.Three-dimensionalmagnetotelluric inversion using non-linear conjugate gradients.Geophys.J.Int.,140:410-424
Qian H,Jiang M,Chen WP et al.2007.Tomography of Tgyirong-Luguprofile(Hi-Climb)and the subduction of Indian-Tibet collision.Chinese J.Geophys.,50(5):1427-1436(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Rawlinson N and Sambridge M.2004.Multiple reflection andtransmission phases in complex layered media using a multistage fastmarching method.Geophysics,69:1338-1350
Rawlinson N and Urvoy M.2006.Simultaneous inversion of active andpassive source datasets for3-D seismic structure with application toTasmania.Geophys.Res.Lett.,33:L24313
Rodi WL and Mackie RL.2001.Nonlinear conjugate gradients algorithmfor2-D magnetotelluric inversion.Geophysics,66(1):174-187
Shi DN,Jiang M,Ma KY et al.1999.Crust and upper mantletomographic structure across the Altyn fault zone using teleseismic Pwaves.Chinese J.Geophys.,42(3):341-350(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Smith JT and Booker JR.1996.Rapid inversion of two and threedimensional magnetotelluric data.J.Geophs.Res.,96(B3):3905-3922
Tan HD,Yu QF,Booker J et al.2003.Three-dimensional rapidrelaxation inversion for the magnetotelluric method.Chinese J.Geophys.,46(6):850-854(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tan HD,Qi WW and Lang J.2004a.The rhoplus theory inmagnetotelluric method and its application.Geophysical andGeochemical Exploration,28(6):532-535(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Tan HD,Wei WB,Unsworth M et al.2004b.Crustal electricalconductivity structure beneath the Yarlung Zangbo Jiang suture in thesouthern Xizang Plateau.Chinese J.Geophys.,47(4):685-690(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tapponnier P,Xu ZQ,Roger F,Meyer B,Arnaud N,Wittlinger G andYang JS.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the TibetPlateau.Science,294:1671-1677
Tilmann F and Ni J.2003.Seismic imaging of the downwelling Indianlithosphere beneath central Tibet.Science,300(5624):1424-1427
Wang YX,Han GH,Jiang M et al.2004.Crustal structure along thegeosciences transect from Altay to Altuntagh.Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,47(2):240-249(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang YX,Jiang M,Xiong SQ et al.2006.Delamination of thelithosphere below the West Kunlun and its tectonic implications-evidence from seismic tomographic images and aeromagneticanomalies.Geology in China,33(2):299-308(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Wei WB,Unsworth M,Jones A et al.2001.Detection of widespreadfluids in the Tibetan crust by magnetotelluric studies.Science,292(5517):716-718
Wittlinger G,Masson F,Poupinet G,Tapponnier P,Jiang M,HerquelG,Guilbert J,Achauer U,Guanqi X,Danian S and LithoscopeKT.1996.Seismic tomography of northern Tibet and Kunlun:Evidence for crustal blocks and mantle velocity contrasts.Earth andPlanetary Science Letters,139(1-2):263-279
Wittlinger G,Tapponnier P,Georges P et al.1998.Tomographicevidence for localized lithospheric shear along the Altyn Tagh Fault.Science,282:74-76
Wittlinger G,Vergne J,Tapponnier P,Farra V,Poupinet G,Jiang M,Su H,Herquel G and Paul A.2004.Teleseismic imaging ofsubducting lithosphere and Moho offsets beneath western Tibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,221(1-4):117-130
Xu ZQ,Yang JS,Li HB et al.2006a.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau andcontinental dynamics:A review on terrain tectonics,collisionalorogenesis,and processes and mechanisms for the rise of theplateau.Geology in China,33(2):221-238(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Xu ZQ,Li HB and Yang JS.2006b.An orogenic plateau:The orogeniccollage and orogenic types of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.EarthScience Frontiers,13(4):1-17(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Xu ZQ,Cai ZH,Zhang ZM et al.2008.Tectonics and fabric kinematicsof the Namche Barwa terrane,Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.ActaPetrologica Sinica,24(7):1463-1476(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Xu ZQ,Yang JS,Ji SC et al.2010.On the continental tectonics anddynamics of China.Acta Geologica Sinica,84(1):1-29(inChinese with English abstract)
Xu ZQ,Yang JS,Li HB et al.2011.On the tectonics of the India-AsiaCollision.Acta Geologica Sinica,85(1):1-33(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Xue GQ,Jiang M,Su HP et al.2004.A study on deep structure ofYecheng-Shiquanhe region on Tibetan Plateau by tomographicimaging.Science in China(Series D),34(4):329-334(inChinese)
Xue GQ,Su HP,Qian H et al.2006.Seismic tomographic constraint onthe northward subduction of the Indian Plate.Acta Geologica Sinica,80(8):1156-1160(in Chinese with English abstract)
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