太行山东缘汤阴地堑地壳结构和活动断裂探测
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摘要
采用深、浅地震反射和钻孔地质剖面相结合的探测方法,对太行山东缘汤阴地堑的地壳结构和隐伏活动断裂进行了研究.结果表明,该区地壳厚度约36～42km,莫霍面从华北平原区向太行山下倾伏.汤阴地堑是一个受汤东断裂控制的半地堑构造,其基底面形态与莫霍面展布呈"镜像"关系.汤东断裂是1条继承性的隐伏活动断裂,该断裂向上错断了埋深约20m的中更新世晚期地层,向下延伸至上地壳底部.综合分析深地震反射和已有深地震宽角反射/折射剖面结果,发现深地震反射剖面上的中-下地壳强反射层和壳幔过渡带反射,与深地震宽角反射/折射剖面上出现的中-下地壳正负速度梯度变化层有着较好的对应关系,这表明本区中-下地壳和壳幔过渡带可能为一系列速度递变层或高低速物质的互变层,埋深约15～16km的强反射带为上地壳与中-下地壳的转换带,壳幔过渡带的底界为地壳与地幔的分界.研究结果为深入理解该区的深部动力学过程、分析研究深浅构造关系、评价断裂的活动性提供了依据.
We used a method combining deep/shallow seismic reflection and drilling geological section to explore the crustal structure and buried active faults of the Tangyin graben in the eastern margin of Taihang mountain.The results show that the Moho dips from North China Plain to Taihang mountain,which corresponds to a depth ranging from ～36 to ～42 km.Tangyin Graben is a half-graben structure,which is controlled by Tangdong fault and its basement morphology has an apparent mirror image relationship with Moho interface.Tangdong fault is an inheritance buried active fault,which breaks the late Mid-Pleistocene stratum with burial depth of 20 m and extends downward to bottom of upper crust.According to synthetic analysis of coincident deep seismic reflection and wide-angle reflection/refraction data,we find the prominent reflector from middle-lower crust and the strong reflector associated with crust-mantle transition zone in coincident deep seismic reflection profile,obviously corresponded with the positive and negative velocity gradient variation belt in deep seismic wide-angle reflection/refraction profile.This result indicated a series of velocity gradation layers or high and low velocity alternative layers exhibited in middle-lower crust.The strong reflection belt at the depth approximately 15～16 km is an transition zone between upper crust and middle-lower crust,and the bottom of crust-mantle transition zone is the boundary between crust and upper mantle.The result provides the evidence for understanding the deep dynamic processes,further research of the relationship between shallow and deep tectonics,and assessment of fault activity.
We used a method combining deep/shallow seismic reflection and drilling geological section to explore the crustal structure and buried active faults of the Tangyin graben in the eastern margin of Taihang mountain.The results show that the Moho dips from North China Plain to Taihang mountain,which corresponds to a depth ranging from ～36 to ～42 km.Tangyin Graben is a half-graben structure,which is controlled by Tangdong fault and its basement morphology has an apparent mirror image relationship with Moho interface.Tangdong fault is an inheritance buried active fault,which breaks the late Mid-Pleistocene stratum with burial depth of 20 m and extends downward to bottom of upper crust.According to synthetic analysis of coincident deep seismic reflection and wide-angle reflection/refraction data,we find the prominent reflector from middle-lower crust and the strong reflector associated with crust-mantle transition zone in coincident deep seismic reflection profile,obviously corresponded with the positive and negative velocity gradient variation belt in deep seismic wide-angle reflection/refraction profile.This result indicated a series of velocity gradation layers or high and low velocity alternative layers exhibited in middle-lower crust.The strong reflection belt at the depth approximately 15～16 km is an transition zone between upper crust and middle-lower crust,and the bottom of crust-mantle transition zone is the boundary between crust and upper mantle.The result provides the evidence for understanding the deep dynamic processes,further research of the relationship between shallow and deep tectonics,and assessment of fault activity.
引文
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[2]Brown L D,Wille D M,Zheng L,et al.COCORP:Newperspectives on the deep crust.Geophys.J.Res.,1987,89:47-54.
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[6]Weng S J,Chen H S,Zhou X Q,et al.Deep seismic probingof continental crust in the Lower Yangtze region,easternChina.Tectonophysics,1990,173:299-305.
[7]Zhao W J,Nelson K D.Project INDEPTH Team.Deepseismic reflection evidence for continental under thrustingbeneath southern Tibet.Nature,1993,366:557-559.
[8]Sadowiak P,Wever T,Meissner R.Deep seismic reflectivitypatterns in specific tectonic units of central and westernEurope.Geophys.J.Int.,1991,105(1):45-54.
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[10]陆涵行,曾融生,郭建明等.唐山震区深反射剖面分析.地球物理学报,1998,31(1):27-36.Lu H X,Zeng R S,Guo J M,et al.Results from deepseismic reflection profiling in Tangshan region.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1988,31(1):27-36.
[11]王椿镛,王贵美,林中洋等.用深地震反射方法研究邢台地震区地壳细结构.地球物理学报,1993,36(4):445-451.Wang C Y,Wang G M,Lin Z Y,et al.A study on finecrustal fine structure in Xingtai earthquake area based ondeep seismic reflection profiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1993,36(4):445-451.
[12]张先康,王椿镛,刘国栋等.延庆—怀来地区地壳结构——利用深地震反射剖面.地球物理学报,1996,39(3):356-364.Zhang X K,Wang C Y,Liu G D,et al.Fine crustalstructure in Yanqing-Huailai region by deep seismic reflectionProfiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1996,39(3):356-364.
[13]高锐,马永生,李秋生等.松潘地块与西秦岭造山带下地壳的性质与关系——深地震反射剖面的揭露.地质通报,2006,25(12):1-8.Gao R,Ma Y S,Li Q S,et al.The lower crustal structureand its relationship of the Songpan Block and West Qinlingorogen revealed by deep seismic reflection profiling.Geological Bulletin of China(in Chinese),2006,25(12):1-8.
[14]杨卓欣,张先康,嘉世旭等.伽师强震群区震源细结构的深地震反射探测研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(6):1701-1708.Yang Z X,Zhang X K,Jia S X,et al.Fine crustal structurearound the Jiashi earthquake swarm region by deep seismicreflection profiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(6):1701-1708.
[15]刘保金,沈军,张先康等.深地震反射剖面揭示的天山北缘乌鲁木齐坳陷地壳结构和构造.地球物理学报,2007,50(5):1464-1472.Liu B J,Shen J,Zhang X K,et al.The crust structures andtectonics of Urumqi depression revealed by deep seismicreflection profile in the northern margin of Tianshanmountains.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(5):1464-1472.
[16]张家声,徐杰,万景林等.太行山山前中-新生代伸展拆离构造和年代学.地质通报,2002,21(4-5):207-210.Zhang J S,Xu J,Wan J L,et al.Meso-Cenozoic detachmentzones in the front of the Taihang Mountains and their fission-track ages.Geological Bulletin of China(in Chinese),2002,21(4-5):207-210.
[17]徐杰,高占武,宋长青等.太行山山前断裂带的构造特征.地震地质,2000,22(2):111-122.Xu J,Gao Z W,Song C Q,et al.The structural charactersof the piedmont fault zone of Taihang mountains.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),2000,22(2):111-122.
[18]王椿镛,张先康,吴庆举等.华北盆地滑脱构造的地震学证据.地球物理学报,1994,37(5):613-619.Wang C Y,Zhang X K,Wu Q J,et al.Seismic evidence ofdetachment in north China basin.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1994,37(5):613-619.
[19]张成科,赵金仁,任青芳等.豫北及其外围地区地壳上地幔结构研究.地震地质,1994,16(3):243-253.Zhang C K,Zhao J R,Ren Q F,et al.Study on crust andupper mantle structure in north Henan and its surroundings.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1994,16(3):243-253.
[20]任青芳,张先康,张成科等.汤阴地堑及邻区的壳幔结构与地震危险性.中国地震,1998,14(2):157-166.Ren Q F,Zhang X K,Zhang C K,et al.The crust-mantlestructure and earthquake risk in Tangyin graben and itsadjacent area.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),1998,14(2):157-166.
[21]Scholz H C.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990:73-96.
[22]Crone A J,Hailer K M.Segmentation and seismic behaviorof basin and range normal faults:Examples from east centralIdaho and southwestern Montana,USA.J.Struct.Geol.,1991,13(2):151-164.
[23]徐锡伟.活动断层、地震灾害与减灾对策问题.震灾防御技术,2006,1(1):7-14.Xu X W.Active faults,associated earthquake disasterdistribution and policy for disaster reduction.Technology forEarthquake Disaster Prevention(in Chinese),2006,1(1):7-14.
[24]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川8.0级地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.Xu X W,Wen X Z,Ye J Q,et al.The Ms8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2008,30(3):597-629.
[25]Suppe J,Medwedeff D A.Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding.Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,1990,83:409-424.
[26]Morley C K.Marked along-strike variations in dip of normalfaults-the Lokichar fault,N.kenya rift:apossible cause formetamorphic core complexes.J.Struct.Geol.,1999,21(5):479-492.
[27]李松林,赖晓玲,刘宝峰等.由诸城—宜川人工地震剖面反演结果看太行山两侧岩石圈结构的差异.中国科学(地球科学),2011,41(5):668-677.
[2]Brown L D,Wille D M,Zheng L,et al.COCORP:Newperspectives on the deep crust.Geophys.J.Res.,1987,89:47-54.
[3]Kelemperer S L,Brown L D,Oliver J E,et al.Same resultsof COCORP seismic reflection profiling in the Grenville-ageAdirondack Mountains,New York State.Can.J.EarthSci.,1985,22(2):141-153.
[4]Matthcws D H,The BIRPS Group.Progress in BIRPS deepseismic reflection profiling around the British Isles.Tectonophysics,1990,173(1-4):387-396.
[5]Bois C,ECORS Scientific Party.Major geodynamic processesstudies from the ECORS deep seismic profiles in France andadjacent areas.Tectonophysics,1990,173(1-4):397-410.
[6]Weng S J,Chen H S,Zhou X Q,et al.Deep seismic probingof continental crust in the Lower Yangtze region,easternChina.Tectonophysics,1990,173:299-305.
[7]Zhao W J,Nelson K D.Project INDEPTH Team.Deepseismic reflection evidence for continental under thrustingbeneath southern Tibet.Nature,1993,366:557-559.
[8]Sadowiak P,Wever T,Meissner R.Deep seismic reflectivitypatterns in specific tectonic units of central and westernEurope.Geophys.J.Int.,1991,105(1):45-54.
[9]Meissner R,Brown L D.Seismic reflections from the Earth'scrust:comparative studies of tectonic patterns.Geophys.J.Int.,1991,105(1):1-2.
[10]陆涵行,曾融生,郭建明等.唐山震区深反射剖面分析.地球物理学报,1998,31(1):27-36.Lu H X,Zeng R S,Guo J M,et al.Results from deepseismic reflection profiling in Tangshan region.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1988,31(1):27-36.
[11]王椿镛,王贵美,林中洋等.用深地震反射方法研究邢台地震区地壳细结构.地球物理学报,1993,36(4):445-451.Wang C Y,Wang G M,Lin Z Y,et al.A study on finecrustal fine structure in Xingtai earthquake area based ondeep seismic reflection profiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1993,36(4):445-451.
[12]张先康,王椿镛,刘国栋等.延庆—怀来地区地壳结构——利用深地震反射剖面.地球物理学报,1996,39(3):356-364.Zhang X K,Wang C Y,Liu G D,et al.Fine crustalstructure in Yanqing-Huailai region by deep seismic reflectionProfiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1996,39(3):356-364.
[13]高锐,马永生,李秋生等.松潘地块与西秦岭造山带下地壳的性质与关系——深地震反射剖面的揭露.地质通报,2006,25(12):1-8.Gao R,Ma Y S,Li Q S,et al.The lower crustal structureand its relationship of the Songpan Block and West Qinlingorogen revealed by deep seismic reflection profiling.Geological Bulletin of China(in Chinese),2006,25(12):1-8.
[14]杨卓欣,张先康,嘉世旭等.伽师强震群区震源细结构的深地震反射探测研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(6):1701-1708.Yang Z X,Zhang X K,Jia S X,et al.Fine crustal structurearound the Jiashi earthquake swarm region by deep seismicreflection profiling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(6):1701-1708.
[15]刘保金,沈军,张先康等.深地震反射剖面揭示的天山北缘乌鲁木齐坳陷地壳结构和构造.地球物理学报,2007,50(5):1464-1472.Liu B J,Shen J,Zhang X K,et al.The crust structures andtectonics of Urumqi depression revealed by deep seismicreflection profile in the northern margin of Tianshanmountains.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(5):1464-1472.
[16]张家声,徐杰,万景林等.太行山山前中-新生代伸展拆离构造和年代学.地质通报,2002,21(4-5):207-210.Zhang J S,Xu J,Wan J L,et al.Meso-Cenozoic detachmentzones in the front of the Taihang Mountains and their fission-track ages.Geological Bulletin of China(in Chinese),2002,21(4-5):207-210.
[17]徐杰,高占武,宋长青等.太行山山前断裂带的构造特征.地震地质,2000,22(2):111-122.Xu J,Gao Z W,Song C Q,et al.The structural charactersof the piedmont fault zone of Taihang mountains.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),2000,22(2):111-122.
[18]王椿镛,张先康,吴庆举等.华北盆地滑脱构造的地震学证据.地球物理学报,1994,37(5):613-619.Wang C Y,Zhang X K,Wu Q J,et al.Seismic evidence ofdetachment in north China basin.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1994,37(5):613-619.
[19]张成科,赵金仁,任青芳等.豫北及其外围地区地壳上地幔结构研究.地震地质,1994,16(3):243-253.Zhang C K,Zhao J R,Ren Q F,et al.Study on crust andupper mantle structure in north Henan and its surroundings.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1994,16(3):243-253.
[20]任青芳,张先康,张成科等.汤阴地堑及邻区的壳幔结构与地震危险性.中国地震,1998,14(2):157-166.Ren Q F,Zhang X K,Zhang C K,et al.The crust-mantlestructure and earthquake risk in Tangyin graben and itsadjacent area.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),1998,14(2):157-166.
[21]Scholz H C.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990:73-96.
[22]Crone A J,Hailer K M.Segmentation and seismic behaviorof basin and range normal faults:Examples from east centralIdaho and southwestern Montana,USA.J.Struct.Geol.,1991,13(2):151-164.
[23]徐锡伟.活动断层、地震灾害与减灾对策问题.震灾防御技术,2006,1(1):7-14.Xu X W.Active faults,associated earthquake disasterdistribution and policy for disaster reduction.Technology forEarthquake Disaster Prevention(in Chinese),2006,1(1):7-14.
[24]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川8.0级地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.Xu X W,Wen X Z,Ye J Q,et al.The Ms8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2008,30(3):597-629.
[25]Suppe J,Medwedeff D A.Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding.Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,1990,83:409-424.
[26]Morley C K.Marked along-strike variations in dip of normalfaults-the Lokichar fault,N.kenya rift:apossible cause formetamorphic core complexes.J.Struct.Geol.,1999,21(5):479-492.
[27]李松林,赖晓玲,刘宝峰等.由诸城—宜川人工地震剖面反演结果看太行山两侧岩石圈结构的差异.中国科学(地球科学),2011,41(5):668-677.
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