用近场强震动记录快速估计同震位移并反演震源滑动分布
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摘要
利用自动经验基线校正方法,分析日本2008年岩手—宫城内陆Mw6.9地震震中周围密集强震动观测台网资料,快速解算出了同震位移场分布,并据此反演了震源滑动模型.经与GPS结果比较,两种不同方法给出的同震位移幅值、方向和总体分布特征较为接近.基于相同断层面参数反演的震源模型空间展布形态、主要滑动范围、平均和最大滑动量、滑动方向以及由模型计算的矩震级等均吻合较好,从而验证了方法的可行性.讨论了自动经验基线校正方法尚存在的问题和不足,为今后利用强震资料快速解算Mw6-7级及以上地震的同震位移场并反演震源滑动分布提供参考.
Near-source co-seismic displacement field of the 2008 Mw6.9 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku(Japan) earthquake is estimated from digital strong-motion records after correction for their baseline errors using an improved empirical method and compared with the GPS observations.Furthermore,different slip models of the earthquake are inverted from the GPS and strong-motion based displacement data separately and jointly,which are in good agreement.Based on these results,we conclude that using a dense strong-motion network,near real-time recovery of co-seismic displacement of large earthquakes is feasible and therefore useful in context of seismic early warning and rapid response systems.Finally,we discuss the minimum requirements on the strong-motion data that ensure a reliable recovery of the co-seismic displacement.
Near-source co-seismic displacement field of the 2008 Mw6.9 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku(Japan) earthquake is estimated from digital strong-motion records after correction for their baseline errors using an improved empirical method and compared with the GPS observations.Furthermore,different slip models of the earthquake are inverted from the GPS and strong-motion based displacement data separately and jointly,which are in good agreement.Based on these results,we conclude that using a dense strong-motion network,near real-time recovery of co-seismic displacement of large earthquakes is feasible and therefore useful in context of seismic early warning and rapid response systems.Finally,we discuss the minimum requirements on the strong-motion data that ensure a reliable recovery of the co-seismic displacement.
引文
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[2]Hudnut K W,Shen Z,Murray M,et al.Co-seismic displacements of the1994Northridge,California,earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1996,86(1B):S19-S36.
[3]Reilinger R E,Ergintav S,Bürgmann R,et al.Coseismic and postseismic fault slip for the17August1999,M=7.5,Izmit,Turkey earthquake.Science,2000,289(5484):1519-1524.
[4]Yang M,Rau R J,Yu J Y,et al.Geodetically observed surface displacements of the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.Earth Planets and Space,2000,52(6):403-413.
[5]Fialko Y,Simons M,Agnew D.The complete(3-D)surface displacement field in the epicentral area of the1999M w 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake,California,from space geodetic observations.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,28(16):3063-3066.
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[7]万永革,王敏,沈正康等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3):393-403.Wan Y G,Wang M,Shen Z K,et al.Co-seismic slip distribution of the 2001 west of Kunlun mountain pass earthquake inverted by GPS and leveling data.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):393-403.
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[9]国家重大科学工程“中国地壳运动观测网络”项目组.GPS测定的2008年汶川M s 8.0级地震的同震位移场.中国科学:D辑,2008,38(10):1195-1206.Crustal Movement Observation Network of China.The coseismic displacement fields of Wenchuan M s 8.0earthquake occurrence in 2008using GPS data.Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),2008,38(10):1195-1206.
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[11]Ozawa S,Nishimura T,Suito H,et al.Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2011magnitude-9Tohoku-Oki earthquake.Nature,2011,475(7356):373-376.
[12]Massonnet D,Rossi M,Carmona C,et al.The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry.Nature,1993,364(6433):138-142.
[13]Meyer B,Armijo R,Massonnet D,et al.The 1995Grevena(Northern Greece)earthquake:fault model constrained with tectonic observations and SAR interferometry.Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23(19):2677-2680.
[14]Shan X J,Ma J,Wang C L,et al.Co-seismic ground deformation and source parameters of Mani M7.9earthquake inferred from spaceborne D-InSAR observation data.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2004,47(6):481-488.
[15]Liu G X,Ding X L,Li Z L,et al.Pre-and co-seismic ground deformations of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake,measured with SAR interferometry.Computers&Geosciences,2004,30(4):333-343.
[16]单新建,李建华,马超.昆仑山口西M S 8.1级地震地表破裂带高分辨率卫星影像特征研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(2):321-326.Shan X J,Li J H,Ma C.Study on the feature of surface rupture zone of the West of Kunlunshan pass earthquake(M S 8.1)with high spatial resolution satellite images.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(2):321-326.
[17]Stramondo S,Moro M,Tolomei C,et al.InSAR surface displacement field and fault modelling for the 2003 Bam earthquake(southeastern Iran).Journal of Geodynamics,2005,40(2-3):347-353.
[18]Hamiel Y,Fialko Y.Structure and mechanical properties of faults in the North Anatolian Fault system from InSAR observations of coseismic deformation due to the 1999Izmit(Turkey)earthquake.Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(B7):B07412.
[19]Ge L L,Zhang K,Ng A,et al.Preliminary results of satellite radar differential interferometry for the co-seismic deformation of the12May2008Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Geographic Information Sciences,2008,14(1):12-19.
[20]孙建宝,梁芳,沈正康等.汶川M S 8.0地震InSAR形变观测及初步分析.地震地质,2008,30(3):789-795.Sun J B,Liang F,Shen Z K,et al.InSAR deformation observation and preliminary analysis of the Ms8Wenchuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2008,30(3):789-795.
[21]Feng G C,Ding X L,Li Z W,et al.Calibration of an InSAR-Derived Coseimic Deformation Map Associated With the2011M w-9.0Tohoku-Oki Earthquake.IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2012,9(2):302-306.
[22]Hu J,Li Z W,Ding X L,et al.Derivation of3-D coseismic surface displacement fields for the2011M w 9.0Tohoku-Oki earthquake from InSAR and GPS measurements.Geophysical Journal International,2013,192(2):573-585.
[23]Housner G W.Ground displacement computed from strong-motion accelerograms.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1947,37(4):299-305.
[24]Hanks T C.Strong ground motion of the San Fernando,California,earthquake:ground displacements.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1975,65(1):193-225.
[25]王国权,周锡元.921台湾集集地震近断层强震记录的基线校正.地震地质,2004,26(1):1-14.Wang G Q,Zhou X Y.Baseline correction of near fault ground motion recordings of the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan Earthquake.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(1):1-14.
[26]Minowa C,Yamaguchi N,Chiba T.Baseline correction method and strong motion in2003Off Tokachi.ASME Proceedings of PVP,2005:709-716.
[27]Boore D M,Bommer J J.Processing of strong-motion accelerograms:needs,options and consequences.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2005,25(2):93-115.
[28]Chen S M,Loh C H.Estimating permanent ground displacement from near-fault strong-motion accelerograms.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007,97(1):63-75.
[29]Jafarzadeh F,Khatam H,Jahromi H F.Application of base-line correction methods to obtain permanent displacements of a near-source ground motion:the2003Bam earthquake.Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2009,13(3):313-327.
[30]于海英,江汶香,谢全才等.近场数字强震仪记录误差分析与零线校正方法.地震工程与工程振动,2009,29(6):1-13.Yu H Y,Jiang W X,Xie Q C,et al.Baseline correction of digital strong-motion records in near-field.Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration(inChinese),2009,29(6):1-13.
[31]Rupakhety R,Sigbj rnsson R.A note on the L′Aquila earthquake of6April2009:permanent ground displacements obtained from strong-motion accelerograms.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2010,30(4):215-220.
[32]彭小波,李小军,刘启方.基于强震记录估算同震位移的研究进展及方法.世界地震工程,2011,27(3):73-80.Peng X B,Li X J,Liu Q F.Advances and methods for the recovery of coseismic displacements from strong-motion accelerograms.World Earthquake Engineering(in Chinese),2011,27(3):73-80.
[33]Iwan W D,Moser M A,Peng C Y.Some observations on strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1985,75(5):1225-1246.
[34]Graizer V M.Effect of tilt on strong motion data processing.Soil Dyn.Earthq.Eng.,2005,25(3):197-204.
[35]Graizer V.Tilts in strong ground motion.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2006,96(6):2090-2102.
[36]Boore D M.Effect of baseline corrections on displacements and response spectra for several recordings of the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91(5):1199-1211.
[37]Wu Y M,Wu C F.Approximate recovery of coseismic deformation from Taiwan strong-motion records.J.Seismol.,2007,11(2):159-170.
[38]Chao W A,Wu Y M,Zhao L.An automatic scheme for baseline correction of strong-motion records in coseismic deformation determination.J.Seismol.,2010,14(3):495-504.
[39]Wang R J,Schurr B,Milkereit C.An improved automatic scheme for empirical baseline correction of digital strong-motion records.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2011,101(5):2029-2044.
[40]Ohta Y,Ohzono M,Miura S,et al.Coseismic fault model of the2008Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake deduced by a dense GPS network.Earth Planets Space,2008,60(12):1197-1201.
[41]Suzuki W,Aoi S,Sekiguchi H.Rupture process of the2008 Iwate-Miyagi-Nairiku,Japan,earthquake derived from Near-source strong-motion records.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2010,100(1):256-266.
[42]Wang L,Wang R,Roth F,et al.Afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation following the1999M7.4Izmit earthquake from GPS measurements.Geophysical Journal International,2009,178(3):1220-1237.
[43]Diao F Q,Xiong X,Wang R J,et al.Slip model of the2008 M w 7.9Wenchuan(China)earthquake derived from co-seismic GPS data.Earth,Planets and Space,2010,62(11):869-874.
[44]Diao F Q,Xiong X,Wang R J.Mechanisms of transient postseismic deformation following the2001Mw7.8Kunlun(China)earthquake.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2011,168(5):767-779.
[45]Xu C,Liu Y,Wen Y,et al.Coseismic slip distribution of the 2008M w 7.9Wenchuan earthquake from joint inversion of GPS and InSAR Data.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2010,100(5B):2736-2749.
[46]Motagh M,Schurr B,Anderssohn J,et al.Subduction earthquake deformation associated with14November2007,M w 7.8Tocopilla earthquake in Chile:Results from InSAR and aftershocks.Tectonophysics,2010,490(1-2):60-68.
[47]Zhang G,Qu C,Shan X,et al.Slip distribution of the2008 Wenchuan M s 7.9earthquake by joint inversion from GPS and InSAR measurements:a resolution test study.Geophysical Journal International,2011,186(1):207-220.
[2]Hudnut K W,Shen Z,Murray M,et al.Co-seismic displacements of the1994Northridge,California,earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1996,86(1B):S19-S36.
[3]Reilinger R E,Ergintav S,Bürgmann R,et al.Coseismic and postseismic fault slip for the17August1999,M=7.5,Izmit,Turkey earthquake.Science,2000,289(5484):1519-1524.
[4]Yang M,Rau R J,Yu J Y,et al.Geodetically observed surface displacements of the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.Earth Planets and Space,2000,52(6):403-413.
[5]Fialko Y,Simons M,Agnew D.The complete(3-D)surface displacement field in the epicentral area of the1999M w 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake,California,from space geodetic observations.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,28(16):3063-3066.
[6]Pritchard M E,Simons M,Rosen P A,et al.Co-seismic slip from the1995July30Mw=8.1Antofagasta,Chile,earthquake as constrained by InSAR and GPS observations.Geophysical Journal International,2002,150(2):362-376.
[7]万永革,王敏,沈正康等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3):393-403.Wan Y G,Wang M,Shen Z K,et al.Co-seismic slip distribution of the 2001 west of Kunlun mountain pass earthquake inverted by GPS and leveling data.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):393-403.
[8]Banerjee P,Pollitz F,Nagarajan B,et al.Coseismic slip distributions of the 26 December 2004Sumatra—Andaman and 28March 2005Nias earthquakes from GPS static offsets.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007,97(1A):S86-S102.
[9]国家重大科学工程“中国地壳运动观测网络”项目组.GPS测定的2008年汶川M s 8.0级地震的同震位移场.中国科学:D辑,2008,38(10):1195-1206.Crustal Movement Observation Network of China.The coseismic displacement fields of Wenchuan M s 8.0earthquake occurrence in 2008using GPS data.Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),2008,38(10):1195-1206.
[10]Anzidei M,Boschi E,Cannelli V,et al.Coseismic deformation of the destructive April 6,2009 L′Aquila earthquake(central Italy)from GPS data.Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36(17):L17307.
[11]Ozawa S,Nishimura T,Suito H,et al.Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2011magnitude-9Tohoku-Oki earthquake.Nature,2011,475(7356):373-376.
[12]Massonnet D,Rossi M,Carmona C,et al.The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry.Nature,1993,364(6433):138-142.
[13]Meyer B,Armijo R,Massonnet D,et al.The 1995Grevena(Northern Greece)earthquake:fault model constrained with tectonic observations and SAR interferometry.Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23(19):2677-2680.
[14]Shan X J,Ma J,Wang C L,et al.Co-seismic ground deformation and source parameters of Mani M7.9earthquake inferred from spaceborne D-InSAR observation data.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2004,47(6):481-488.
[15]Liu G X,Ding X L,Li Z L,et al.Pre-and co-seismic ground deformations of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake,measured with SAR interferometry.Computers&Geosciences,2004,30(4):333-343.
[16]单新建,李建华,马超.昆仑山口西M S 8.1级地震地表破裂带高分辨率卫星影像特征研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(2):321-326.Shan X J,Li J H,Ma C.Study on the feature of surface rupture zone of the West of Kunlunshan pass earthquake(M S 8.1)with high spatial resolution satellite images.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(2):321-326.
[17]Stramondo S,Moro M,Tolomei C,et al.InSAR surface displacement field and fault modelling for the 2003 Bam earthquake(southeastern Iran).Journal of Geodynamics,2005,40(2-3):347-353.
[18]Hamiel Y,Fialko Y.Structure and mechanical properties of faults in the North Anatolian Fault system from InSAR observations of coseismic deformation due to the 1999Izmit(Turkey)earthquake.Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(B7):B07412.
[19]Ge L L,Zhang K,Ng A,et al.Preliminary results of satellite radar differential interferometry for the co-seismic deformation of the12May2008Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Geographic Information Sciences,2008,14(1):12-19.
[20]孙建宝,梁芳,沈正康等.汶川M S 8.0地震InSAR形变观测及初步分析.地震地质,2008,30(3):789-795.Sun J B,Liang F,Shen Z K,et al.InSAR deformation observation and preliminary analysis of the Ms8Wenchuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2008,30(3):789-795.
[21]Feng G C,Ding X L,Li Z W,et al.Calibration of an InSAR-Derived Coseimic Deformation Map Associated With the2011M w-9.0Tohoku-Oki Earthquake.IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2012,9(2):302-306.
[22]Hu J,Li Z W,Ding X L,et al.Derivation of3-D coseismic surface displacement fields for the2011M w 9.0Tohoku-Oki earthquake from InSAR and GPS measurements.Geophysical Journal International,2013,192(2):573-585.
[23]Housner G W.Ground displacement computed from strong-motion accelerograms.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1947,37(4):299-305.
[24]Hanks T C.Strong ground motion of the San Fernando,California,earthquake:ground displacements.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1975,65(1):193-225.
[25]王国权,周锡元.921台湾集集地震近断层强震记录的基线校正.地震地质,2004,26(1):1-14.Wang G Q,Zhou X Y.Baseline correction of near fault ground motion recordings of the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan Earthquake.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(1):1-14.
[26]Minowa C,Yamaguchi N,Chiba T.Baseline correction method and strong motion in2003Off Tokachi.ASME Proceedings of PVP,2005:709-716.
[27]Boore D M,Bommer J J.Processing of strong-motion accelerograms:needs,options and consequences.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2005,25(2):93-115.
[28]Chen S M,Loh C H.Estimating permanent ground displacement from near-fault strong-motion accelerograms.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007,97(1):63-75.
[29]Jafarzadeh F,Khatam H,Jahromi H F.Application of base-line correction methods to obtain permanent displacements of a near-source ground motion:the2003Bam earthquake.Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2009,13(3):313-327.
[30]于海英,江汶香,谢全才等.近场数字强震仪记录误差分析与零线校正方法.地震工程与工程振动,2009,29(6):1-13.Yu H Y,Jiang W X,Xie Q C,et al.Baseline correction of digital strong-motion records in near-field.Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration(inChinese),2009,29(6):1-13.
[31]Rupakhety R,Sigbj rnsson R.A note on the L′Aquila earthquake of6April2009:permanent ground displacements obtained from strong-motion accelerograms.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2010,30(4):215-220.
[32]彭小波,李小军,刘启方.基于强震记录估算同震位移的研究进展及方法.世界地震工程,2011,27(3):73-80.Peng X B,Li X J,Liu Q F.Advances and methods for the recovery of coseismic displacements from strong-motion accelerograms.World Earthquake Engineering(in Chinese),2011,27(3):73-80.
[33]Iwan W D,Moser M A,Peng C Y.Some observations on strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1985,75(5):1225-1246.
[34]Graizer V M.Effect of tilt on strong motion data processing.Soil Dyn.Earthq.Eng.,2005,25(3):197-204.
[35]Graizer V.Tilts in strong ground motion.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2006,96(6):2090-2102.
[36]Boore D M.Effect of baseline corrections on displacements and response spectra for several recordings of the1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91(5):1199-1211.
[37]Wu Y M,Wu C F.Approximate recovery of coseismic deformation from Taiwan strong-motion records.J.Seismol.,2007,11(2):159-170.
[38]Chao W A,Wu Y M,Zhao L.An automatic scheme for baseline correction of strong-motion records in coseismic deformation determination.J.Seismol.,2010,14(3):495-504.
[39]Wang R J,Schurr B,Milkereit C.An improved automatic scheme for empirical baseline correction of digital strong-motion records.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2011,101(5):2029-2044.
[40]Ohta Y,Ohzono M,Miura S,et al.Coseismic fault model of the2008Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake deduced by a dense GPS network.Earth Planets Space,2008,60(12):1197-1201.
[41]Suzuki W,Aoi S,Sekiguchi H.Rupture process of the2008 Iwate-Miyagi-Nairiku,Japan,earthquake derived from Near-source strong-motion records.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2010,100(1):256-266.
[42]Wang L,Wang R,Roth F,et al.Afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation following the1999M7.4Izmit earthquake from GPS measurements.Geophysical Journal International,2009,178(3):1220-1237.
[43]Diao F Q,Xiong X,Wang R J,et al.Slip model of the2008 M w 7.9Wenchuan(China)earthquake derived from co-seismic GPS data.Earth,Planets and Space,2010,62(11):869-874.
[44]Diao F Q,Xiong X,Wang R J.Mechanisms of transient postseismic deformation following the2001Mw7.8Kunlun(China)earthquake.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2011,168(5):767-779.
[45]Xu C,Liu Y,Wen Y,et al.Coseismic slip distribution of the 2008M w 7.9Wenchuan earthquake from joint inversion of GPS and InSAR Data.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2010,100(5B):2736-2749.
[46]Motagh M,Schurr B,Anderssohn J,et al.Subduction earthquake deformation associated with14November2007,M w 7.8Tocopilla earthquake in Chile:Results from InSAR and aftershocks.Tectonophysics,2010,490(1-2):60-68.
[47]Zhang G,Qu C,Shan X,et al.Slip distribution of the2008 Wenchuan M s 7.9earthquake by joint inversion from GPS and InSAR measurements:a resolution test study.Geophysical Journal International,2011,186(1):207-220.
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