基于地形倾斜值的场地效应校正方法研究
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摘要
根据Wald等(2007)的研究发现,从地形数据里分离出来的倾斜值分布和用非单一来源得到的区域场地效应图有很好的相关性,但前者在质量和连续性方面又更胜一筹,且与实际观测所得到的速度分布较接近。本文阐述了以地形倾斜值求V3S0及做场地效应校正的原理和方法,据此方法从全球地形数据中得到研究区域的浅层剪切波速度V3S0分布图,并以2008年汶川地震为应用例子,求得场地放大因子,对初始地震动进行场地效应校正。
Site correction map derived from the slope of the topography is often well correlatedwith other independently-derived,regional-scale site-condition maps,but the latter maps vary inquality and continuity,and subsequently,also in their ability to match observed V3S0 measurementscontained therein(Wald et al,2007).This method has good application in the USA,as well asin Taiwan,Italy,and Australia.This paper elaborates on the theory and the method of generatingshear-wave velocity maps and site correction amplification based on topographic slope,and studiesthe application in the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake.
Site correction map derived from the slope of the topography is often well correlatedwith other independently-derived,regional-scale site-condition maps,but the latter maps vary inquality and continuity,and subsequently,also in their ability to match observed V3S0 measurementscontained therein(Wald et al,2007).This method has good application in the USA,as well asin Taiwan,Italy,and Australia.This paper elaborates on the theory and the method of generatingshear-wave velocity maps and site correction amplification based on topographic slope,and studiesthe application in the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake.
引文
胡家富、杨润海,1999,利用Rayleigh波反演浅土层的剪切波速度结构,地球物理学报,42(3),393～400。
黄振平,1995,场地剪切波速度测量的误差分析,城市勘测,(2),30～34。
李俊、米宏亮、陈颙等,2010,ShakeMap及其在地震动快速预估中的应用,中国地震,26(1),103～111。
腾吉文、白登海、杨辉等,2008,2008汶川MS8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应,地球物理学报,51(5),1385～1402。
王卫民、赵连锋、李娟等,2008,四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程,地球物理学报,51(5),1403～1410。
徐锡伟、闻学泽、叶建青等,2008,汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造,地震地质,30(3),597～629。
杨学林、吴世明,1997,利用短周期地脉动推断深层地基S波速度,振动工程学报,10(2),169～175。
张培震、徐锡伟、闻学泽等,2008,2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因,地球物理学报,51(4),1066～1073。
张学民,2005,剪切波速度结构研究方法综述,地球物理学进展,20(1),135～141。
Allen T I,Wald D J,2007,Topographic slope as a proxy for global seismic site conditions(V3S0)and amplification around theglobe,U S Geological Survey Open-File Report,1357,69.
Beresnev I A,Wen K L,1996,Nonlinear Soil Response—A Reality?BSSA,86,1964～1978.
Boore D M,Joyner W B,1997,Site Amplifications for Grneric Rock Sites,BSSA,87,327～341.
Borcherdt R D,1994,Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design(methodology and justification),Earthquake Spectra,10,617～654.
Building Seismic Safety Council(BSSC),2000,National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program(NEHRP).Part1:Recommendedprovisionsfor seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures,2000Edition(FEMA368),Prepared by the BuildingSeismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency,Washington,D C.
Building Seismic Safety Council(BSSC),2004,NEHRP Recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings andother structures,2003Edition(FEMA450),Building Seismic Safety Council,National Institute of Building Sciences,Washington,D C.
Chiou B S J,Youngs R R,2006,PEER-NGA empirical ground motion model for the average horizontal component of peakacceleration and pseudo-spectral acceleration for spectral periods of0.01to10seconds,Interim Report for USGS Review,219.
Dobry R R D,Borcherdt C B,Crouse I M,et al,2000,New sitecoefficients and site classification system used in recent BuildingSeismicCode provisions,Earthquake Spectra,16,41～67.
Field E H,2000,A modified ground-motion attenuation relationship for southern California that accounts for detailed siteclassification and a basin-depth effect,BSSA,90,S209～S221.
Field E H,Beresnev I A,et al,1997,Nonlinear sediment amplification during the1994Northridge earthquake,Nature,390,599～602.
Hartzell S H,Carver D,Robert A,et al,2003,Shallow Shear-Wave Velocity,and Wave Propagation at the San Jose,California,Dense Seismic Array,BSSA,93(1),443～464.
Hartzell S H,Harmsen S,Frankel A,et al,1998,First-generation site response maps for the Los Angeles region based on earthquakeground-motions,BSSA,88,463～472.
Holzer T L,Padovani A C,Bennett M J,et al,2005,Mapping V3S0site classes,Earthquake Spectra,21,353～370.
Huang M W,Wang J H,Ma K F,2007,Frequency-dependent site amplifications with f≥0.01Hz evaluated from velocity anddensity models in central Taiwan,BSSA,97,624～637.
Lee C T,Cheng C T,Liao C W,et al,2001,Site classification of Taiwan free-field strong-motion stations,BSSA,91,1283～1297.
Matsuoka M,Wakamatsu K,Fujimoto K,et al,2005,Nationwide site amplification zoning using GIS-based Japan EngineeringGeomorphologic Classification Map,Proc9th Inter Conf on Struct Safety and Reliability,239～246.
Park S,Elrick S,1998,Predictions of shear-wave velocities in southern California using surface geology,BSSA,88,677～685.
Su F,Anderson J G,Zeng Y H,1998,Study of weak and strong ground motion including nonlinearity from the Northridge,California,earthquake sequence,BSSA,88,1411～1425.
Wald D J,Allen T I,2007,Topographic slope as a proxy for seismic site conditions and amplification,BSSA,97,1379～1395.
Wald D J,Quitoriano V,Heaton T H,1999,Relationships between Peak Ground Acceleration,Peak Ground Velocity,and ModifiedMercalli Intensity in California,Earthquake Spectra,15(3),557～564.
Wald D J,Worden B C,Quitoriano V,et al,2005,ShakeMap Manual:User Guide,Technical Manual,and Software Guide:USGSTechniques and Methods,128.
Wang J H,Huang M W,2007,Effect of Finite Frequency Bandwidth Limitation on Evaluations of Seismic Radiation Energy of the1999Chi-Chi Earthquake,Terr Atmos Ocean Sci,18(3),567～576.
Wills C J,Clahan K B,2006,Developing a map of geologically defined sitecondition categories for California,BSSA,96,1483～1501.
Wills C J,Petersen M D,2000,A site-conditions map for California based on geology and shear wave velocity,BSSA,90,187～208.
Wood H O,Neumann,1931,Modified Mercalli intensity scale of1931,BSSA,21,277～283.
Wu Y M,Lee W H K,Chen C C,et al,2000,Performance of the Taiwan Rapid Earthquake Information Release System(RTD)during the1999Chi-Chi(Taiwan)earthquake,Seism Res Lett,71,338～343.
Yamakawa K,1998,The Prime Minister and the earthquake:Emergency Management Leadership of Prime Minister Marayama onthe occasion of the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake disaster,Kansai Univ Rev Law and Politics,19,13～55.
黄振平,1995,场地剪切波速度测量的误差分析,城市勘测,(2),30～34。
李俊、米宏亮、陈颙等,2010,ShakeMap及其在地震动快速预估中的应用,中国地震,26(1),103～111。
腾吉文、白登海、杨辉等,2008,2008汶川MS8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应,地球物理学报,51(5),1385～1402。
王卫民、赵连锋、李娟等,2008,四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程,地球物理学报,51(5),1403～1410。
徐锡伟、闻学泽、叶建青等,2008,汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造,地震地质,30(3),597～629。
杨学林、吴世明,1997,利用短周期地脉动推断深层地基S波速度,振动工程学报,10(2),169～175。
张培震、徐锡伟、闻学泽等,2008,2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因,地球物理学报,51(4),1066～1073。
张学民,2005,剪切波速度结构研究方法综述,地球物理学进展,20(1),135～141。
Allen T I,Wald D J,2007,Topographic slope as a proxy for global seismic site conditions(V3S0)and amplification around theglobe,U S Geological Survey Open-File Report,1357,69.
Beresnev I A,Wen K L,1996,Nonlinear Soil Response—A Reality?BSSA,86,1964～1978.
Boore D M,Joyner W B,1997,Site Amplifications for Grneric Rock Sites,BSSA,87,327～341.
Borcherdt R D,1994,Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design(methodology and justification),Earthquake Spectra,10,617～654.
Building Seismic Safety Council(BSSC),2000,National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program(NEHRP).Part1:Recommendedprovisionsfor seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures,2000Edition(FEMA368),Prepared by the BuildingSeismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency,Washington,D C.
Building Seismic Safety Council(BSSC),2004,NEHRP Recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings andother structures,2003Edition(FEMA450),Building Seismic Safety Council,National Institute of Building Sciences,Washington,D C.
Chiou B S J,Youngs R R,2006,PEER-NGA empirical ground motion model for the average horizontal component of peakacceleration and pseudo-spectral acceleration for spectral periods of0.01to10seconds,Interim Report for USGS Review,219.
Dobry R R D,Borcherdt C B,Crouse I M,et al,2000,New sitecoefficients and site classification system used in recent BuildingSeismicCode provisions,Earthquake Spectra,16,41～67.
Field E H,2000,A modified ground-motion attenuation relationship for southern California that accounts for detailed siteclassification and a basin-depth effect,BSSA,90,S209～S221.
Field E H,Beresnev I A,et al,1997,Nonlinear sediment amplification during the1994Northridge earthquake,Nature,390,599～602.
Hartzell S H,Carver D,Robert A,et al,2003,Shallow Shear-Wave Velocity,and Wave Propagation at the San Jose,California,Dense Seismic Array,BSSA,93(1),443～464.
Hartzell S H,Harmsen S,Frankel A,et al,1998,First-generation site response maps for the Los Angeles region based on earthquakeground-motions,BSSA,88,463～472.
Holzer T L,Padovani A C,Bennett M J,et al,2005,Mapping V3S0site classes,Earthquake Spectra,21,353～370.
Huang M W,Wang J H,Ma K F,2007,Frequency-dependent site amplifications with f≥0.01Hz evaluated from velocity anddensity models in central Taiwan,BSSA,97,624～637.
Lee C T,Cheng C T,Liao C W,et al,2001,Site classification of Taiwan free-field strong-motion stations,BSSA,91,1283～1297.
Matsuoka M,Wakamatsu K,Fujimoto K,et al,2005,Nationwide site amplification zoning using GIS-based Japan EngineeringGeomorphologic Classification Map,Proc9th Inter Conf on Struct Safety and Reliability,239～246.
Park S,Elrick S,1998,Predictions of shear-wave velocities in southern California using surface geology,BSSA,88,677～685.
Su F,Anderson J G,Zeng Y H,1998,Study of weak and strong ground motion including nonlinearity from the Northridge,California,earthquake sequence,BSSA,88,1411～1425.
Wald D J,Allen T I,2007,Topographic slope as a proxy for seismic site conditions and amplification,BSSA,97,1379～1395.
Wald D J,Quitoriano V,Heaton T H,1999,Relationships between Peak Ground Acceleration,Peak Ground Velocity,and ModifiedMercalli Intensity in California,Earthquake Spectra,15(3),557～564.
Wald D J,Worden B C,Quitoriano V,et al,2005,ShakeMap Manual:User Guide,Technical Manual,and Software Guide:USGSTechniques and Methods,128.
Wang J H,Huang M W,2007,Effect of Finite Frequency Bandwidth Limitation on Evaluations of Seismic Radiation Energy of the1999Chi-Chi Earthquake,Terr Atmos Ocean Sci,18(3),567～576.
Wills C J,Clahan K B,2006,Developing a map of geologically defined sitecondition categories for California,BSSA,96,1483～1501.
Wills C J,Petersen M D,2000,A site-conditions map for California based on geology and shear wave velocity,BSSA,90,187～208.
Wood H O,Neumann,1931,Modified Mercalli intensity scale of1931,BSSA,21,277～283.
Wu Y M,Lee W H K,Chen C C,et al,2000,Performance of the Taiwan Rapid Earthquake Information Release System(RTD)during the1999Chi-Chi(Taiwan)earthquake,Seism Res Lett,71,338～343.
Yamakawa K,1998,The Prime Minister and the earthquake:Emergency Management Leadership of Prime Minister Marayama onthe occasion of the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake disaster,Kansai Univ Rev Law and Politics,19,13～55.
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