基于汶川强震记录预警参数研究及在仪器中的应用
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摘要
地震预警作为一种能够有效减轻地震灾害的手段已经被世界上越来越多的国家和地区所研究,并在实际应用中取得了显著的减灾实效。利用汶川主震及其余震的强震观测记录研究了特征周期τ_c与震级的相关性、位移幅值Pd与峰值速度PGV的相关性以及τ_c和Pd的乘积与震级的关系。统计结果表明,τ_c与震级以及Pd与PGV之间都有较好的相关性,验证前人的统计结果。另外,τ_c和Pd的乘积与震级的关系也与台湾地区的结果一致。最后,研究结果被应用到了两款不同的仪器中,形成一套现地地震预警系统。
As one of the effective ways to mitigate earthquake hazards,earthquake early warning(EEW) has been studied by many countries and regions in the world.They have achieved significant mitigation practical effectiveness during operations.We studied the correlation between the characteristic period τ_c and the event magnitude,between the peak displacement(Pd) and the peak ground velocity(PGV),and the relationship between the product of τ_c and Pd and the event magnitude.The used dataset spans from 12 May 2008 to 1 October2008 and includes 54 events with magnitude greater than or equal to 4,among them the main event,the main aftershocks and 4 events with magnitude greater than 6.The statistical results show that there are good correlations between τ_c and magnitude,and between Pd and PGV,confirming previous results.In addition,the relationship between the product of τ_c and Pd and magnitude is similar to the result of Taiwan.Finally,the results are applied to two different instruments and an on-site early warning system is formed.
As one of the effective ways to mitigate earthquake hazards,earthquake early warning(EEW) has been studied by many countries and regions in the world.They have achieved significant mitigation practical effectiveness during operations.We studied the correlation between the characteristic period τ_c and the event magnitude,between the peak displacement(Pd) and the peak ground velocity(PGV),and the relationship between the product of τ_c and Pd and the event magnitude.The used dataset spans from 12 May 2008 to 1 October2008 and includes 54 events with magnitude greater than or equal to 4,among them the main event,the main aftershocks and 4 events with magnitude greater than 6.The statistical results show that there are good correlations between τ_c and magnitude,and between Pd and PGV,confirming previous results.In addition,the relationship between the product of τ_c and Pd and magnitude is similar to the result of Taiwan.Finally,the results are applied to two different instruments and an on-site early warning system is formed.
引文
金星,张红才,李军,等.地震预警连续定位方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(3):925-936.
金星,张红才,李军,等.地震预警震级确定方法研究[J].地震学报,2012,34(5):593-610.
彭朝勇,杨建思,薛兵,等.通用地震数据采集器EDAS-24GN中CPU数据收发方式[J].地震地磁观测与研究,2012,33(1):117-122.
袁一凡.由地震动三要素确定地震动强度(烈度)的研究[D].国家地震局工程力学研究所,1998.
Alcik H,Ozel O,Apaydin N,et al.A study on warning algorithms for Istanbul earthquake early warning system[J],Geophys Res Lett,2009,36,L00B05,doi,10.1029/2008GL036659.
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Allen R V.Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from single traces[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1978,68:1 521-1 532.
Baer M,Kradolfer U.An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1987,77,1 437-1 445.
Bose M,Wenzel F,Erdik M.PreSEIS:A neural network-based approach to earthquake early warning for finite faults[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2008,98:366-382.
B(o|¨)se M,Hauksson E,Solanki K,et al.Real-time testing of the on-site warning algorithm in southern California and its performance during the July 29,2008 M_w 5.4 Chino Hills earthquake[J].Geophys Res Lett,2009,36:L00B03,doi:10.1029/2008GL036366.
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Cua G,Fischer M,Heaton T,et al.Real-time performance of the Virtual Seismologist earthquake early warning algorithm in southern California[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:740—747.
Erdik M,Fahjan Y,Ozel O,et al.Istanbul earthquake rapid response and the early warning system[J].Bull Earthquake Eng,2003,1:157-163.
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Espinosa—Aranda J M.Cuellar A,Garcia A,et al.Evolution of the Mexican Seismic Alert System(SASMEX)[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:694-706.
Fleming K,Picozzi M,Milkereit C,et al.The self-organizing seismic early warning information network(SOSEWIN)[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:755-771.
Goltz J D,Flores P J.Real-time earthquake early warning and public policy:A report on Mexico City's Sistema de Alerta Sismica[J].Seismol Res Lett,1997,68:727-733.
Horiuchi N J,Negishi S H,Abe K,et al.An automatic processing system for broadcasting earthquake alarms[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2005,95:708-718.
Hoshiba M,Kamigaichi O,Saito M,et al.Earthquake early warning starts nationwide in Japan[J].EOS AGU,2008,89:73-80.
Hsiao N C,Wu Y M,Shin,T C,et al.Development of earthquake early warning system in Taiwan[J].Geophys Res Lett,2009,36:L00B02,doi:10.1029/2008GL036596.
Ionescu C,B(o|¨)se M,Wenzel F,et al.An early warning system for deep Vrancea(Romania)earthquakes[M].In:Gasparini P,Manfredi G,ZschauJ,editors.Earthquake Early Warning Systems,Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2007:343—349.
Kamigaichi O,Saito M,Doi K,et al.Earthquake early warning in Japan:Warning the general public and future prospects[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:717-726.
Kanamori H.Real-time seismology and earthquake damage mitigation[J].Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,2005,33:195—214,doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122626.
Kohler N,Cua G,Wenzel F,et al.Rapid source parameter estimations of southern California earthquakes using PreSEIS[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:748-754.
Lancieri M,Zollo A.A Bayesian approach to the real-time estimation of magnitude from the early P and S wave displacement peaks[J].J Geophys Res,2008,113:B12302,doi:10.1029/2007JB005386.
Lin T L,Wu Y M,Chen D Y.Magnitude estimation using initial P-wave amplitude and its spatial distribution in earthquake early warning in Taiwan[J].Geophys Res Lett,2011,38:L09303,doi:10.1029/2011GL047461.
Nakamura Y.On the urgent earthquake detection and alarm system(UrEDAS)[J].In:Proceedings of the ninth world conference on earthquake engineering,1988,7:673—678.
Nakamura Y.Real-time information systems for hazards mitigation[C].In:Proceedings of the 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Acapulco,Mexico,1996,Paper no.908.
Nakamura Y.UrEDAS.Urgent earthquake detection and alarm system,now and future[C].In:Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Vancouver,BC,Canada,August 1—6,2004,Paper no.908.
Nakamura Y,Saita J.UrEDAS,the earthquake warning system:Today and tomorrow[M].In..Gasparini P,Manfredi G,Zschau J,editors.Earthquake Early Warning Systems.Berlin:Springer—Verlag,2007:249—282.
Olivieri M,Allen R M,Wurman G.The potential for earthquake early warning in Italy using ElarmS[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2008,98:495-503.
Peng H S,Wu Z L,Wu Y M,et al.Developing a prototype earthquake early warning system in the Beijing capital regies[J].Seismol Res Lett,2011,83:394-403.
Shieh J T,Wu Y M,Allen R M.A comparison ofτ_c andτ_(p~max)for magnitude estimation in earthquake early warning[J].Geophys Res Lett,2008,35:L20301,doi:10.1029/2008GL035611.
Sokolov V,Furumura T,Wenzel F.On the use of JMA intensity in earthquake early warning systems[J].Bull Earthquake Eng,2010,8:767-786.
Sudrez G,Novelo D,Mansilla E.Performance evaluation of the seismic alert system(SAS)in Mexico City..A seismological and a social perspective[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:707—714.
Trnkoczy A.Understanding and parameter setting of STA/LTA trigger algorithm[C].In:Bormann P,editor.IASPEI New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice.Potsdam,Germany:GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam,2002.doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP_rl_IS_8.1.
Weber E,Iannaccone G,Zollo A,et al.Development and testing of an advanced monitoring infrastructure(ISNET)for seismic early warning applications in the Campania region of southern Italy[M].In;Gasparini P,Manfredi G,Zschau J,editors,Earthquake Early Warning Systems,Berlin;Springer-Verlag,2007:325—341.
Wenzel F,Onescu M,Baur M,et al.An early warning system for Bucharest[J].Seismol Res Lett,1999,70:161—169,
Wu Y M,Kanamori H,Allen R M,et al.Determination of earthquake early warning parameters,τ_c and P_d,for southerff California[J].Geophys J Int,2007,170,711-717.
Wu Y M,Teng T L.A virtual subnetwork approach to earthquake early warning[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2002,92i2 008-2 018.
Wu Y M,Kanamori H.Rapid assessment of damage potential of earthquakes in Taiwan from the beginning of P waves[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2005,95:1 181—1 185.
Zollo A,Lancieri M,Nielsen S.Earthquake magnitude estimation from peak amplitude of very early seismic signals on strong motion records[J].Geophys Res Lett,2006,33i L23312,doi:10.1029/2006GL027795.
Zollo A,lannaccone G,Lancieri M,et al.Earthquake early warning system in southern Italy:Methodologies and performance evaluation[J].Geophys Res Lett,2009,36:L00B07,doi:10.1029/2008GL036689.
金星,张红才,李军,等.地震预警震级确定方法研究[J].地震学报,2012,34(5):593-610.
彭朝勇,杨建思,薛兵,等.通用地震数据采集器EDAS-24GN中CPU数据收发方式[J].地震地磁观测与研究,2012,33(1):117-122.
袁一凡.由地震动三要素确定地震动强度(烈度)的研究[D].国家地震局工程力学研究所,1998.
Alcik H,Ozel O,Apaydin N,et al.A study on warning algorithms for Istanbul earthquake early warning system[J],Geophys Res Lett,2009,36,L00B05,doi,10.1029/2008GL036659.
Allen R M,Kanamori H.The potential for earthquake early warning in southern California[J].Science,2003,300;786-789.
Allen R M,Brown H,Hellweg M,et al.Real-time earthquake detection and hazard assessment by ElarmS across California[J].Geophys Res Lett,2009,36,L00B08,doi:10.1029/2008GL036766.
Allen R V.Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from single traces[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1978,68:1 521-1 532.
Baer M,Kradolfer U.An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1987,77,1 437-1 445.
Bose M,Wenzel F,Erdik M.PreSEIS:A neural network-based approach to earthquake early warning for finite faults[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2008,98:366-382.
B(o|¨)se M,Hauksson E,Solanki K,et al.Real-time testing of the on-site warning algorithm in southern California and its performance during the July 29,2008 M_w 5.4 Chino Hills earthquake[J].Geophys Res Lett,2009,36:L00B03,doi:10.1029/2008GL036366.
Brown H,Allen R M,Grasso V F.Testing ElarmS in]apan[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:727-739.
Chen D Y,Lin T L,Wu Y M,et al.Testing a P-Wave earthquake early warning system by simulating the 1999 Chi—Chi,Taiwan,M_w 7.6 Earthquake[J].Seismol Res Lett,2012,83,103—108.
Cooper J D.Letter to editor[M].San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin,1868,3,1 968.
Cua G,Fischer M,Heaton T,et al.Real-time performance of the Virtual Seismologist earthquake early warning algorithm in southern California[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:740—747.
Erdik M,Fahjan Y,Ozel O,et al.Istanbul earthquake rapid response and the early warning system[J].Bull Earthquake Eng,2003,1:157-163.
Espinosa—Aranda J M,Jimenez A,Ibarrola G,et al.Mexico City seismic alert system[J].Seismol Res Lett,1995,66:42-53.
Espinosa—Aranda J M.Cuellar A,Garcia A,et al.Evolution of the Mexican Seismic Alert System(SASMEX)[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:694-706.
Fleming K,Picozzi M,Milkereit C,et al.The self-organizing seismic early warning information network(SOSEWIN)[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:755-771.
Goltz J D,Flores P J.Real-time earthquake early warning and public policy:A report on Mexico City's Sistema de Alerta Sismica[J].Seismol Res Lett,1997,68:727-733.
Horiuchi N J,Negishi S H,Abe K,et al.An automatic processing system for broadcasting earthquake alarms[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2005,95:708-718.
Hoshiba M,Kamigaichi O,Saito M,et al.Earthquake early warning starts nationwide in Japan[J].EOS AGU,2008,89:73-80.
Hsiao N C,Wu Y M,Shin,T C,et al.Development of earthquake early warning system in Taiwan[J].Geophys Res Lett,2009,36:L00B02,doi:10.1029/2008GL036596.
Ionescu C,B(o|¨)se M,Wenzel F,et al.An early warning system for deep Vrancea(Romania)earthquakes[M].In:Gasparini P,Manfredi G,ZschauJ,editors.Earthquake Early Warning Systems,Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2007:343—349.
Kamigaichi O,Saito M,Doi K,et al.Earthquake early warning in Japan:Warning the general public and future prospects[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:717-726.
Kanamori H.Real-time seismology and earthquake damage mitigation[J].Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,2005,33:195—214,doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122626.
Kohler N,Cua G,Wenzel F,et al.Rapid source parameter estimations of southern California earthquakes using PreSEIS[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:748-754.
Lancieri M,Zollo A.A Bayesian approach to the real-time estimation of magnitude from the early P and S wave displacement peaks[J].J Geophys Res,2008,113:B12302,doi:10.1029/2007JB005386.
Lin T L,Wu Y M,Chen D Y.Magnitude estimation using initial P-wave amplitude and its spatial distribution in earthquake early warning in Taiwan[J].Geophys Res Lett,2011,38:L09303,doi:10.1029/2011GL047461.
Nakamura Y.On the urgent earthquake detection and alarm system(UrEDAS)[J].In:Proceedings of the ninth world conference on earthquake engineering,1988,7:673—678.
Nakamura Y.Real-time information systems for hazards mitigation[C].In:Proceedings of the 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Acapulco,Mexico,1996,Paper no.908.
Nakamura Y.UrEDAS.Urgent earthquake detection and alarm system,now and future[C].In:Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Vancouver,BC,Canada,August 1—6,2004,Paper no.908.
Nakamura Y,Saita J.UrEDAS,the earthquake warning system:Today and tomorrow[M].In..Gasparini P,Manfredi G,Zschau J,editors.Earthquake Early Warning Systems.Berlin:Springer—Verlag,2007:249—282.
Olivieri M,Allen R M,Wurman G.The potential for earthquake early warning in Italy using ElarmS[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2008,98:495-503.
Peng H S,Wu Z L,Wu Y M,et al.Developing a prototype earthquake early warning system in the Beijing capital regies[J].Seismol Res Lett,2011,83:394-403.
Shieh J T,Wu Y M,Allen R M.A comparison ofτ_c andτ_(p~max)for magnitude estimation in earthquake early warning[J].Geophys Res Lett,2008,35:L20301,doi:10.1029/2008GL035611.
Sokolov V,Furumura T,Wenzel F.On the use of JMA intensity in earthquake early warning systems[J].Bull Earthquake Eng,2010,8:767-786.
Sudrez G,Novelo D,Mansilla E.Performance evaluation of the seismic alert system(SAS)in Mexico City..A seismological and a social perspective[J].Seismol Res Lett,2009,80:707—714.
Trnkoczy A.Understanding and parameter setting of STA/LTA trigger algorithm[C].In:Bormann P,editor.IASPEI New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice.Potsdam,Germany:GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam,2002.doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP_rl_IS_8.1.
Weber E,Iannaccone G,Zollo A,et al.Development and testing of an advanced monitoring infrastructure(ISNET)for seismic early warning applications in the Campania region of southern Italy[M].In;Gasparini P,Manfredi G,Zschau J,editors,Earthquake Early Warning Systems,Berlin;Springer-Verlag,2007:325—341.
Wenzel F,Onescu M,Baur M,et al.An early warning system for Bucharest[J].Seismol Res Lett,1999,70:161—169,
Wu Y M,Kanamori H,Allen R M,et al.Determination of earthquake early warning parameters,τ_c and P_d,for southerff California[J].Geophys J Int,2007,170,711-717.
Wu Y M,Teng T L.A virtual subnetwork approach to earthquake early warning[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2002,92i2 008-2 018.
Wu Y M,Kanamori H.Rapid assessment of damage potential of earthquakes in Taiwan from the beginning of P waves[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2005,95:1 181—1 185.
Zollo A,Lancieri M,Nielsen S.Earthquake magnitude estimation from peak amplitude of very early seismic signals on strong motion records[J].Geophys Res Lett,2006,33i L23312,doi:10.1029/2006GL027795.
Zollo A,lannaccone G,Lancieri M,et al.Earthquake early warning system in southern Italy:Methodologies and performance evaluation[J].Geophys Res Lett,2009,36:L00B07,doi:10.1029/2008GL036689.
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