沉积盆地动力学研究的进展、发展趋向与面临的挑战
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摘要
近20年来沉积盆地动力学研究已经取得巨大进展。盆地研究最为重要的推动力源于人类社会发展对能源资源的巨大需求。国家和私人企业对油气勘探和开发的巨大投入获得了关于沉积盆地结构和演化的庞大系统资料,特别是大量的深度大于7 000m的钻井和高分辨率反射地震成果,能够提供给中国的多学科合作研究团队使用。创新性的研究思路和方法系统已出现在盆地动力学研究的多个方面,包括盆地沉积-充填的动力过程、盆地构造动力学机理、盆地形成演化的地球动力学背景以及油气系统演化的动力过程。文中在建议的研究纲要中汲取了部分重要内容,如从源区到汇区的路径系统研究和基于大陆动力学思维的构造-地层分析。对于盆地演化研究至关重要的深部过程研究始终是难度最大的挑战。应用天然地震成像和岩浆岩岩石-地球化学方法对中国东部及海域中新生代板块俯冲、地幔流上涌、岩石圈减薄及破裂过程的研究成功地解释了晚中生代—新生代断陷盆地群、大火山岩省和大型裂谷盆地的成因和演化。然而以塔里木和四川盆地为代表的中国西部大型多旋回叠合盆地形成演化的动力背景则全然不同于中国东部,这些盆地发育于古老的地台基底之上,被造山带所环绕,造山期的强大挤压应力在盆地中形成了隆起和凹陷系列,并控制了油气生成及聚集的地区。多学科合作完成了造山事件和过程的精细定年和盆地中不整合面与构造-地层单元的对比研究,其成果对大型叠合盆地演化的动力过程得出了合理的解释,并可用于油气资源预测。
Great advancement has been made in basin geodynamics in the past 20 years.The most important driving force for basin geodynamic research is the great necessity of the hydrocarbon resources for the development of human society.Due to the increased efforts on hydrocarbon exploration and development by both national oil companies and private enterprises,vast data on the architecture and evolution of sedimentary basins have become available for scientific research,especially the large amount of full sets of deep well borehole data with depth of 7000-8000 m,and the high resolution reflection seismic profiles,which have been available for co-operation research groups and scientists in China.Innovative thinking and methods have been suggested on the dynamic processes of basin-fill,structural framework and physical mechanism,geodynamic background and petroleum systems,and parts of them are reflected in the research outline of this paper,for instance the routing system and the tectono-stratigraphic sequence analysis.While understanding the deep processes of basin dynamics may have been one of the most complicated challenges,using tomography imaging technique and magmatic-geochemistry methods to study plate subduction,mantle flow and lithosphere thinning and rifting,several multidisciplinary groups have achieved comprehensive results for revealing the deep controlling factors of basins and large igneous province in the eastern part of China.Occurring in West China,the geodynamic settings of the superimposed large multi-cycle basins are completely different from the basins in East China.Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin are the typical examples.These basins occurred on pre-Cambrian cratons with orogenic belts around them.Strong compaction regimes have impacted these basins during their orogenic periods.The structural deformation created a series of uplifts and depressions,and large oil and gas fields were found to be commonly distributed on the uplifts and their slope area.Systematic age determination of the tectonic events in the orogenic belts has been done by the continental dynamic research groups.The tectonic events and stages during basin evolution can be correlated to that of the orogenic belts.A comprehensive geotectonic process was also developed by the multidisciplinary research groups.
Great advancement has been made in basin geodynamics in the past 20 years.The most important driving force for basin geodynamic research is the great necessity of the hydrocarbon resources for the development of human society.Due to the increased efforts on hydrocarbon exploration and development by both national oil companies and private enterprises,vast data on the architecture and evolution of sedimentary basins have become available for scientific research,especially the large amount of full sets of deep well borehole data with depth of 7000-8000 m,and the high resolution reflection seismic profiles,which have been available for co-operation research groups and scientists in China.Innovative thinking and methods have been suggested on the dynamic processes of basin-fill,structural framework and physical mechanism,geodynamic background and petroleum systems,and parts of them are reflected in the research outline of this paper,for instance the routing system and the tectono-stratigraphic sequence analysis.While understanding the deep processes of basin dynamics may have been one of the most complicated challenges,using tomography imaging technique and magmatic-geochemistry methods to study plate subduction,mantle flow and lithosphere thinning and rifting,several multidisciplinary groups have achieved comprehensive results for revealing the deep controlling factors of basins and large igneous province in the eastern part of China.Occurring in West China,the geodynamic settings of the superimposed large multi-cycle basins are completely different from the basins in East China.Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin are the typical examples.These basins occurred on pre-Cambrian cratons with orogenic belts around them.Strong compaction regimes have impacted these basins during their orogenic periods.The structural deformation created a series of uplifts and depressions,and large oil and gas fields were found to be commonly distributed on the uplifts and their slope area.Systematic age determination of the tectonic events in the orogenic belts has been done by the continental dynamic research groups.The tectonic events and stages during basin evolution can be correlated to that of the orogenic belts.A comprehensive geotectonic process was also developed by the multidisciplinary research groups.
引文
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[15]林畅松,于炳松,刘景彦,等.叠合盆地层序地层与构造古地理:以塔里木盆地为例[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:1-372.
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[17]Reading H G.Sedimentary Environments:Process,Facies and Stratigraphy[M].3rd ed.Oxford:Blackwell Science,2006:1-688.
[18]Catuneanu O.Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier Science,2006:1-375.
[19]Zeng H L.From seismic stratigraphy to seismic sedimentology:A sensible transition[J].Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transaction,2001,32:427-448.
[20]Eberli G P,Masaferro J L,“Rick”Sarg J F.Seismic Imaging of Carbonate Reservoirs and Systems[M].AAPG Memoir81,2004:1-376.
[21]焦养泉,吴立群,杨生科,等.铀储层沉积学-砂岩型铀矿勘查与开发的基础[M].北京:地质出版社,2006:1-331.
[22]李德生.中国多旋回叠合含油气盆地构造学[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:1-386.
[23]Huang J,Zhao D.High-resolutions mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111:B09305.
[24]许志琴,赵志兴,杨经绥,等.板块下的构造及地幔动力学[J].地质通报,2003,22(3):149-159.
[25]许志琴,杨经绥,嵇少丞,等.中国大陆构造及动力学若干问题的认识[J].地质学报,2010,84(1):1-28.
[26]Song Y,Ren J Y,Stepashko A A,et al.Post-rift geodynamics of the Songliao Basin,NE China:Origin and significance of T11(Coniacian)unconformity[J].Tectonophysics,2014.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2014.07.023.
[27]Flower M F J,Chung S L,Lo C H,et al.Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia[M].Washington D C:American Geophysical Union,1998,27:1-419.
[28]路凤香,吴其反,李伍平,等.中国东部典型地区下部岩石圈组成、结构和层圈相互作用[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2005:1-195.
[29]张旗,金惟俊,李承东,等.中国东部燕山期岩浆活动与岩石圈减薄:与大火成省的关系[J].地学前缘,2009,16(2):21-51.
[30]路凤香,郑建平,张瑞生,等.地壳与弱化岩石圈地幔的相互作用:以燕山造山带为例[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2006,31(1):1-7.
[31]路凤香,郑建平,邵济安,等.华北东部中生代晚期—新生代软流圈上涌与岩石圈减薄[J].地学前缘,2006,13(2):86-92.
[32]邵济安,路凤香,张履桥,等.辽西中生代软流圈底辟体脉动式上涌[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2006,31(6):807-816.
[33]Shao J A,Liu F T,Chen H.Seismic tomography of the northwest Pacific and its geodynamic implications[J].Progress in Natural Science,2001,11(1):46-49.
[34]Ren J Y,Tamaki K,Li S T,et al.Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in Eastern China and adjacent areas[J].Tectonophysics,2002,344:175-205.
[35]解习农,张成,任建业,等.南海南北大陆边缘盆地构造演化差异性对油气成藏条件的控制[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3280-3291.
[36]任建业,雷超.莺歌海-琼东南盆地构造-地层格架及南海动力变形分区[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3303-3314.
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