基于GNSS/InSAR/GIS的活动断层地震危险性评估系统
|
摘要
从GNSS、InSAR、重力、水准等多种大地测量资料联合确定活动断层地壳形变、应变和应力,以及与GIS相结合的角度出发,讨论基于库仑破裂准则的活动断层地震危险性评估方法,系统阐述活动断层地震危险性评估系统的设计。该系统主要利用各种大地测量数据联合确定活动断层区域的位移场,反演计算应变场、应力场、活动断层运动参数以及库仑应力;通过确定活动断层的临界应力值,建立地震危险性评估模型,评估可能发生地震的位置、最大震级、复发时间及其对应的概率;最后借助GIS实现断层区域的地质和构造环境、三维形变数据、应变场、应力场和地震危险性综合评价图的管理与可视化。最后针对所建系统的具体应用,讨论汶川地震激发的同震静态库仑应力、应力扰动的持续时间和龙门山地区的地震活动率。
The method to evaluate seismic hazards of active faults according to the Coulomb failure criteria using the GNSS,InSAR,gravity,leveling and other kinds of geodetic observations is illustrated in this paper.The design for the corresponding evaluating system was presented.The system uses these geodetic data to determine the crustal deformation near active faults and implement the inversion for the strain,stress and motion parameters of active faults.Then the threshold values of stress of active faults are fixed from geological and seismic data and analyze the sites,maximum magnitudes,recurrence time and probability of potential earthquakes using the evaluating models.The system exhibits,interprets,and manages the evaluating results using GIS.As a demonstration,the coseismic Coulomb stress triggered by 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,the lasting time of stress disturbing and the earthquake rate of Longmenshan area after shock are discussed.
The method to evaluate seismic hazards of active faults according to the Coulomb failure criteria using the GNSS,InSAR,gravity,leveling and other kinds of geodetic observations is illustrated in this paper.The design for the corresponding evaluating system was presented.The system uses these geodetic data to determine the crustal deformation near active faults and implement the inversion for the strain,stress and motion parameters of active faults.Then the threshold values of stress of active faults are fixed from geological and seismic data and analyze the sites,maximum magnitudes,recurrence time and probability of potential earthquakes using the evaluating models.The system exhibits,interprets,and manages the evaluating results using GIS.As a demonstration,the coseismic Coulomb stress triggered by 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,the lasting time of stress disturbing and the earthquake rate of Longmenshan area after shock are discussed.
引文
[1]ZHAO Shaorong,TAO Benzao,YU Zhenglin.On theInversion of Deformation Survey Data[J].Acta Geodaeticaet Cartographica Sinica,1992,21(3):161-172.(赵少荣,陶本藻,于正林.论变形测量数据的反演[J].测绘学报,1992,21(3):161-172.)
[2]ZHAO Shaorong,YU Zongchou,TAO Benzao,et al.Theoryof Dynamic Geodetic Inversion and Its Applications[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,1993,22(4):241-248.(赵少荣,於宗俦,陶本藻,等.动态大地测量反演理论及其若干应用[J].测绘学报,1993,22(4):241-248.)
[3]ZHAO Shaorong.Inversion of Dynamic Geodetic Data Based onMechanical Models[J].Acta Geodaetica et CartographicaSinica,1994,23(2):90-97.(赵少荣.基于力学模式的动态大地测量数据反演研究[J].测绘学报,1994,23(2):90-97.)
[4]DANG Yamin.The Theory and Methodology for GeodeticDeformation Analysis and Interpretation Based on InversionTheory[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,1999,28(4):371.(党亚民.基于反演理论的大地测量形变分析与解释的理论和方法[J].测绘学报,1999,28(4):371.)
[5]DU Zhixing.Theory and Application of Geodesy InversionBased on Mechanical Models[J].Acta Geodaetica etCartographica Sinica,2002,31(1):92.(独知行.基于力学模式的大地测量反演理论及应用[J].测绘学报,2002,31(1):92.)
[6]XU Caijun,CHAO Dingbo,LIU Jingnan,et al.A PreliminaryAttempt for Inversion of Tectonic Stress Field in TibetanPlateau with Geodetic Data[J].Acta Geodaetica etCartographica Sinica,1997,26(2):95-100.(许才军,晁定波,刘经南,等.用大地测量资料反演青藏高原构造应力场初步尝试[J].测绘学报,1997,26(2):95-100.)
[7]XU Caijun,TAO Benzao,CHAO Dingbo.The Inversionof Linear Elastic Stress Field Using Geodetic Data[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,1996,25(1):17-24.(许才军,陶本藻,晁定波.大地测量反演线弹性构造应力场[J].测绘学报,1996,25(1):17-24.)
[8]LI Zhicai,ZHANG Peng,JIN Shuanggen,et al.WenchuanEarthquake Deformation Fault Inversion and AnalysisBased on GPS Observations[J].Acta Geodaetica et Carto-graphica Sinica,2009,38(2):108-113.(李志才,张鹏,金双根,等.基于GPS观测数据的汶川地震断层形变反演分析[J].测绘学报,2009,38(2):108-113.)
[9]XU Caijun,LIU Yang,WEN Yangmao.Mw 7.9 WenchuanEarthquake Slip Distribution Inversion from GPS Measure-ments[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2009,38(3):195-201.(许才军,刘洋,温扬茂.利用GPS资料反演汶川Mw7.9级地震滑动分布[J].测绘学报,2009,38(3):195-201.)
[10]China Earthquake Administration.Stipulation on TechnicalSystem for China Active Fault Surveying[S].Beijing:China Earthquake Press,2005.(中国地震局.中国地震活动断层探测技术系统技术规程[S].北京:地震出版社,2005.)
[11]LIU Jie,CHEN Yu,CHEN Ling,et al.The SimplifiedMethod for the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1999,44(1):92-97.(刘杰,陈顒,陈凌,等.全球地震危险性评估的简化方法[J].科学通报,1999,44(1):92-97.)
[12]REID H F.The Mechanics of the Earthquake,The CaliforniaEarthquake of April 18,1906:Report of the State Investi-gation Commission[R].Washington D C:[s.n.],1910:16-28.
[13]ZHANG Yongqing,XIE Furen.Progress and Prospect onthe Seismic Hazard Assessment of Active Faults[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,2007,2(1):64-74.(张永庆,谢富仁.活动断裂地震危险性的研究现状和展望[J].震灾防御技术,2007,2(1):64-74.)
[14]WANG Ren,HE Guoqi,YIN Youquan,et al.A Mathe-matical Simulation for the Pattern of Seismic Transferencein North China[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1980,2(1):32-42.(王仁,何国琦,殷有泉,等.华北地区地震迁移规律的数学模拟[J].地震学报,1980,2(1):32-42.)
[15]DAS S,SCHOLZ C H.Off-fault Aftershocks ClustersCaused by Shear Stress Increase?[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,1981,71(5):1669-1675.
[16]STEIN R S,LISOWSKI M.The 1979Homestead ValleyEarthquake Sequence,California:Control of Aftershocksand Postseismic Deformation[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1983,88(B8):6477-6490.
[17]OPPENHEIMER D H,REASENBERG P A,SIMPSONR W.Fault Plane Solutions for the 1984 Morgan Hill,California,Earthquake Sequence:Evidence for the Stateof Stress on the Calaveras Fault[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1988,93:9007-9026.
[18]ZHAO Genmo,YAO Lanyu,MA Shuqin.The Stress FieldChange Caused by Dislocations and the EarthquakeHazard Prediction[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1994,16(4):448-454.(赵根模,姚兰予,马淑芹.断层位错引起的应力场变动与地震危险性预测[J].地震学报,1994,16(4):448-454.)
[19]SHI Yaolin.Stress Triggers and Stress Shadows:How toApply These Concepts to Earthquake Prediction[J].Earthquake,2001,21(3):1-7.(石耀霖.关于应力触发和应力影概念在地震预报中应用的一些思考[J].地震,2001,21(3):1-7.)
[20]MCCLOSKEY J,NALBANT S S,STEACY S.IndonesianEarthquake:Earthquake Risk from Co-seismic Stress[J].Nature,2005,434(7031):291.
[21]MA Hongsheng,LIU Jie,ZHANG Guomin,et al.SeismicityResearch in the Sub-regions of Chinese Mainland UsingStrain Accumulating and Releasing Model Based on G-RRelation[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2005,27(4):355-366.(马宏生,刘杰,张国民,等.基于G-R关系的应变积累释放模型研究中国大陆强震的分区活动[J].地震学报,2005,27(4):355-366.)
[22]PARSONS T,CHEN J,KIRBY E.Stress Changes fromthe 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Increased Hazard inthe Sichuan Basin[J].Nature,2008,(454):509-510.
[23]TODA S,LIN J,MUSTAPHA M,et al.12 May 2008Mw=7.9 Wenchuan,China,Earthquake Calculated toIncrease Failure Stress and Seismicity Rate on ThreeMajor Fault Systems[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2008,(35):L17305.
[24]SHAN Bin,XIONG Xiong,ZHEN Yong,et al.StressChanges on Major Faults Caused by Mw7.9 WenchuanEarthquake,May 12,2008[J].Science in China Series D(Earth Sciences),2009,39(5):537-545.(单斌,熊熊,郑勇,等.2008年5月12日Mw7.9汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39(5):537-545.)
[25]XIE Chaodi,ZHU Yuanqing,LEI Xinglin,et al.Patternof Stress Change and Its Effect on Seismicity Rate Causedby Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Science China(Earth Sciences),2010,40(6):688-698.(解朝娣,朱元清,Xinglin LEI,等.Ms8.0汶川地震产生的应力变化空间分布及其对地震活动性的影响[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(6):688-698.)
[26]WANG Jianjun,XU Caijun.Stress Transfer between1997Manyi Mw 7.6Earthquake and 2001Kokoxili Mw7.8Earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2009,29(1):11-14.(汪建军,许才军.玛尼Mw7.6地震和可可西里Mw7.8地震应力迁移研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2009,29(1):11-14.)
[27]WANG Jianjun.Coseismic,Postseismic and InterseismicStress Triggerings[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2010.(汪建军.同震、震后和震间应力触发[D].武汉:武汉大学,2010.)
[28]QIAN Qi,HAN Zhujun.The Research in the Change ofthe Earthquake Occurrence Probability in Longquan ShanFault After the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Progress inGeophys.,2011,26(2):489-497.(钱琦,韩竹军.汶川地震对龙泉山断裂地震发生概率的影响研究[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(2):489-497.)
[29]WAN Yongge,SHEN Zhenkang,SHENG Shuzhong,etal.The Influence of 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake onSurrounding Faults[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2009,31(2):128-139.(万永革,沈正康,盛书中,等.2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响[J].地震学报,2009,31(2):128-139.)
[30]SHEN Zhengkang,WAN Yongge,GAN Weijun,et al.Viscoelastic Triggering among Large Earthquakes alongthe East Kunlun Fault System[J].Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,2003,46(6):786-795.(沈正康,万永革,甘卫军,等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(6):786-795.)
[31]WAN Yongge,WU Zhongliang,ZHOU Gongwei,et al.“Stress Triggering”Between Different Rupture Events inSeveral Earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2000,22(6):568-576.(万永革,吴忠良,周公威,等.几次复杂地震中不同破裂事件之间的“应力触发”问题[J].地震学报,2000,22(6):568-576.)
[32]WAN Yongge,WU Zhongliang,ZHOU Gongwei,et al.Global Test of Seismic Static Stress Triggering Model[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2002,24(3):302-316.(万永革,吴忠良,周公威,等.地震静态应力触发模型的全球检验[J].地震学报,2002,24(3):302-316.)
[33]WAN Yongge,SHEN Zhengkang,SHANG Dan.Studyon Triggering Effect of the October,2005Pakistan Mw7.6 Earthquake on Its aftershocks[J].EarthquakeResearch in China,2006,22(3):277-286.(万永革,沈正康.尚丹.2005年10月巴基斯坦Mw7.6地震对余震的触发研究[J].中国地震,2006,22(3):277-286.)
[34]WAN Yongge,SHEN Zhenkang,ZENG Yuehua,et al.Evolution of Cumulative Coulomb Failure Stress in North-eastern Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau and Its Effecton Large Earthquake Occurrence[J].Acta SeismologicaSinica,2007,29(2):115-129.(万永革,沈正康,曾跃华,等.青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响[J].地震学报,2007,29(2):115-129.)
[35]HAN Peng,XU Zhanhua,CHU Haifeng,et al.Geo-graphic Information Systems Development:ArcObjectsMethods[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2005.(韩鹏,徐占华,褚海峰,等.地理信息系统开发:ArcObjects方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005.)
[36]XU Caijun,LIU Yang.WEN Yangmao,et al.CoseismicSlip Distribution of the 2008 Mw 7.9 WenchuanEarthquake from Joint Inversion of GPS and InSAR Data[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2010,100(5B):2736-2749.
[37]WANG Qi,QIAO Xuejun,Lan Qigui,et al.Rupture ofDeep Faults in the 2008Wenchuan Earthquake and Upliftof the Longmen Shan[J].Nature Geoscience,2011(4):634-640.
[38]CMONOC.The 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan EarthquakeCoseismic Displacement Field from GPS[J].Science inChina:Series D,2008,38(10):1195-1206.(国家重大科学工程“中国地壳运动观测网络”项目组.GPS测定的2008年汶川Ms8.0级地震的同震位移场[J].中国科学:D辑,2008,38(10):1195-1206.)
[39]ZHANG Yong,FENG Wanpeng,XU Lisheng,et al.TheTemporal and Spatial Rupture Process of the 2008Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Science in China Series D(Earth Sciences),2008,38(10):1186-1194.(张勇,冯万鹏,许力生,等.2008年汶川大地震的时空破裂过程[J].中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10):1186-1194.)
[40]HUANG Yuan,WU Jianping,ZHANG Tianzhong,etal.The Aftershocks Relocation of Ms 8.0 WenchuanEarthquake[J].Science in China Series D(EarthSciences),2008,38(10):1242-1249.(黄媛,吴建平,张天中,等.汶川8.0级大地震及其余震序列重定位研究[J].中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10):1242-1249.)
[41]XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,YE Jianqing,et al.The Ms 8.0Wenchuan Earthquake Surface Ruptures and itsSeismogenic Structure[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597-629.(徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.)
[42]ZHANG Peizhen,XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,et al.SlipRates and Recurrence Intervals of the Longmen ShanActive Fault Zone,and Tectonic Implications for theMechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan Earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(4):1066-1073.(张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1066-1073.)
[43]SHEN Zhengkang,SUN Jianbao,ZHANG Peizhen,etal.Slip Maxima at Fault Junctions and Rupturing ofBarriers During the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Nature Geoscience,2009(2):718-724.
[44]XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,YU Guihua,et al.CoseismicReverse-and Oblique-slip Surface Faulting Generated bythe 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].ChinaGeology,2009(37):515-518.
[45]OKADA Y.Internal Deformation Due to Shear and TensileFaults in a Half-space[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,1992(82):1018-1040.
[46]UTSU T.A Statistical Study on the Occurrence of After-shocks[J].Geophysical Magazine,1961,(30):521-605.
[47]DIETERICH J.A Constitutive Law for Rate of EarthquakeProduction and its Application to Earthquake Clustering[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994(99):2601-2618.
[48]XU Caijun,WANG Jianjun,Li Zhenhong,et al.Applyingthe Coulomb Failure Function with an Optimally OrientedPlane to the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan EarthquakeTriggering[J].Tectonophys,2010,491(1-4):119-126.
[49]KUEMPEL H J.Poroelasticity:Parameters Reviewed[J].Geophysical Journal International,1991,105(3):783-799.
[50]ROELOFFS E.Poroelastic Techniques in the Study ofEarthquake-related Hydrologic Phenomena[J].Advancesin Geophysics,1996(37):135-195.
[2]ZHAO Shaorong,YU Zongchou,TAO Benzao,et al.Theoryof Dynamic Geodetic Inversion and Its Applications[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,1993,22(4):241-248.(赵少荣,於宗俦,陶本藻,等.动态大地测量反演理论及其若干应用[J].测绘学报,1993,22(4):241-248.)
[3]ZHAO Shaorong.Inversion of Dynamic Geodetic Data Based onMechanical Models[J].Acta Geodaetica et CartographicaSinica,1994,23(2):90-97.(赵少荣.基于力学模式的动态大地测量数据反演研究[J].测绘学报,1994,23(2):90-97.)
[4]DANG Yamin.The Theory and Methodology for GeodeticDeformation Analysis and Interpretation Based on InversionTheory[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,1999,28(4):371.(党亚民.基于反演理论的大地测量形变分析与解释的理论和方法[J].测绘学报,1999,28(4):371.)
[5]DU Zhixing.Theory and Application of Geodesy InversionBased on Mechanical Models[J].Acta Geodaetica etCartographica Sinica,2002,31(1):92.(独知行.基于力学模式的大地测量反演理论及应用[J].测绘学报,2002,31(1):92.)
[6]XU Caijun,CHAO Dingbo,LIU Jingnan,et al.A PreliminaryAttempt for Inversion of Tectonic Stress Field in TibetanPlateau with Geodetic Data[J].Acta Geodaetica etCartographica Sinica,1997,26(2):95-100.(许才军,晁定波,刘经南,等.用大地测量资料反演青藏高原构造应力场初步尝试[J].测绘学报,1997,26(2):95-100.)
[7]XU Caijun,TAO Benzao,CHAO Dingbo.The Inversionof Linear Elastic Stress Field Using Geodetic Data[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,1996,25(1):17-24.(许才军,陶本藻,晁定波.大地测量反演线弹性构造应力场[J].测绘学报,1996,25(1):17-24.)
[8]LI Zhicai,ZHANG Peng,JIN Shuanggen,et al.WenchuanEarthquake Deformation Fault Inversion and AnalysisBased on GPS Observations[J].Acta Geodaetica et Carto-graphica Sinica,2009,38(2):108-113.(李志才,张鹏,金双根,等.基于GPS观测数据的汶川地震断层形变反演分析[J].测绘学报,2009,38(2):108-113.)
[9]XU Caijun,LIU Yang,WEN Yangmao.Mw 7.9 WenchuanEarthquake Slip Distribution Inversion from GPS Measure-ments[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2009,38(3):195-201.(许才军,刘洋,温扬茂.利用GPS资料反演汶川Mw7.9级地震滑动分布[J].测绘学报,2009,38(3):195-201.)
[10]China Earthquake Administration.Stipulation on TechnicalSystem for China Active Fault Surveying[S].Beijing:China Earthquake Press,2005.(中国地震局.中国地震活动断层探测技术系统技术规程[S].北京:地震出版社,2005.)
[11]LIU Jie,CHEN Yu,CHEN Ling,et al.The SimplifiedMethod for the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1999,44(1):92-97.(刘杰,陈顒,陈凌,等.全球地震危险性评估的简化方法[J].科学通报,1999,44(1):92-97.)
[12]REID H F.The Mechanics of the Earthquake,The CaliforniaEarthquake of April 18,1906:Report of the State Investi-gation Commission[R].Washington D C:[s.n.],1910:16-28.
[13]ZHANG Yongqing,XIE Furen.Progress and Prospect onthe Seismic Hazard Assessment of Active Faults[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,2007,2(1):64-74.(张永庆,谢富仁.活动断裂地震危险性的研究现状和展望[J].震灾防御技术,2007,2(1):64-74.)
[14]WANG Ren,HE Guoqi,YIN Youquan,et al.A Mathe-matical Simulation for the Pattern of Seismic Transferencein North China[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1980,2(1):32-42.(王仁,何国琦,殷有泉,等.华北地区地震迁移规律的数学模拟[J].地震学报,1980,2(1):32-42.)
[15]DAS S,SCHOLZ C H.Off-fault Aftershocks ClustersCaused by Shear Stress Increase?[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,1981,71(5):1669-1675.
[16]STEIN R S,LISOWSKI M.The 1979Homestead ValleyEarthquake Sequence,California:Control of Aftershocksand Postseismic Deformation[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1983,88(B8):6477-6490.
[17]OPPENHEIMER D H,REASENBERG P A,SIMPSONR W.Fault Plane Solutions for the 1984 Morgan Hill,California,Earthquake Sequence:Evidence for the Stateof Stress on the Calaveras Fault[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1988,93:9007-9026.
[18]ZHAO Genmo,YAO Lanyu,MA Shuqin.The Stress FieldChange Caused by Dislocations and the EarthquakeHazard Prediction[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1994,16(4):448-454.(赵根模,姚兰予,马淑芹.断层位错引起的应力场变动与地震危险性预测[J].地震学报,1994,16(4):448-454.)
[19]SHI Yaolin.Stress Triggers and Stress Shadows:How toApply These Concepts to Earthquake Prediction[J].Earthquake,2001,21(3):1-7.(石耀霖.关于应力触发和应力影概念在地震预报中应用的一些思考[J].地震,2001,21(3):1-7.)
[20]MCCLOSKEY J,NALBANT S S,STEACY S.IndonesianEarthquake:Earthquake Risk from Co-seismic Stress[J].Nature,2005,434(7031):291.
[21]MA Hongsheng,LIU Jie,ZHANG Guomin,et al.SeismicityResearch in the Sub-regions of Chinese Mainland UsingStrain Accumulating and Releasing Model Based on G-RRelation[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2005,27(4):355-366.(马宏生,刘杰,张国民,等.基于G-R关系的应变积累释放模型研究中国大陆强震的分区活动[J].地震学报,2005,27(4):355-366.)
[22]PARSONS T,CHEN J,KIRBY E.Stress Changes fromthe 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Increased Hazard inthe Sichuan Basin[J].Nature,2008,(454):509-510.
[23]TODA S,LIN J,MUSTAPHA M,et al.12 May 2008Mw=7.9 Wenchuan,China,Earthquake Calculated toIncrease Failure Stress and Seismicity Rate on ThreeMajor Fault Systems[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2008,(35):L17305.
[24]SHAN Bin,XIONG Xiong,ZHEN Yong,et al.StressChanges on Major Faults Caused by Mw7.9 WenchuanEarthquake,May 12,2008[J].Science in China Series D(Earth Sciences),2009,39(5):537-545.(单斌,熊熊,郑勇,等.2008年5月12日Mw7.9汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39(5):537-545.)
[25]XIE Chaodi,ZHU Yuanqing,LEI Xinglin,et al.Patternof Stress Change and Its Effect on Seismicity Rate Causedby Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Science China(Earth Sciences),2010,40(6):688-698.(解朝娣,朱元清,Xinglin LEI,等.Ms8.0汶川地震产生的应力变化空间分布及其对地震活动性的影响[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(6):688-698.)
[26]WANG Jianjun,XU Caijun.Stress Transfer between1997Manyi Mw 7.6Earthquake and 2001Kokoxili Mw7.8Earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2009,29(1):11-14.(汪建军,许才军.玛尼Mw7.6地震和可可西里Mw7.8地震应力迁移研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2009,29(1):11-14.)
[27]WANG Jianjun.Coseismic,Postseismic and InterseismicStress Triggerings[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2010.(汪建军.同震、震后和震间应力触发[D].武汉:武汉大学,2010.)
[28]QIAN Qi,HAN Zhujun.The Research in the Change ofthe Earthquake Occurrence Probability in Longquan ShanFault After the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Progress inGeophys.,2011,26(2):489-497.(钱琦,韩竹军.汶川地震对龙泉山断裂地震发生概率的影响研究[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(2):489-497.)
[29]WAN Yongge,SHEN Zhenkang,SHENG Shuzhong,etal.The Influence of 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake onSurrounding Faults[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2009,31(2):128-139.(万永革,沈正康,盛书中,等.2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响[J].地震学报,2009,31(2):128-139.)
[30]SHEN Zhengkang,WAN Yongge,GAN Weijun,et al.Viscoelastic Triggering among Large Earthquakes alongthe East Kunlun Fault System[J].Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,2003,46(6):786-795.(沈正康,万永革,甘卫军,等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(6):786-795.)
[31]WAN Yongge,WU Zhongliang,ZHOU Gongwei,et al.“Stress Triggering”Between Different Rupture Events inSeveral Earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2000,22(6):568-576.(万永革,吴忠良,周公威,等.几次复杂地震中不同破裂事件之间的“应力触发”问题[J].地震学报,2000,22(6):568-576.)
[32]WAN Yongge,WU Zhongliang,ZHOU Gongwei,et al.Global Test of Seismic Static Stress Triggering Model[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2002,24(3):302-316.(万永革,吴忠良,周公威,等.地震静态应力触发模型的全球检验[J].地震学报,2002,24(3):302-316.)
[33]WAN Yongge,SHEN Zhengkang,SHANG Dan.Studyon Triggering Effect of the October,2005Pakistan Mw7.6 Earthquake on Its aftershocks[J].EarthquakeResearch in China,2006,22(3):277-286.(万永革,沈正康.尚丹.2005年10月巴基斯坦Mw7.6地震对余震的触发研究[J].中国地震,2006,22(3):277-286.)
[34]WAN Yongge,SHEN Zhenkang,ZENG Yuehua,et al.Evolution of Cumulative Coulomb Failure Stress in North-eastern Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau and Its Effecton Large Earthquake Occurrence[J].Acta SeismologicaSinica,2007,29(2):115-129.(万永革,沈正康,曾跃华,等.青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响[J].地震学报,2007,29(2):115-129.)
[35]HAN Peng,XU Zhanhua,CHU Haifeng,et al.Geo-graphic Information Systems Development:ArcObjectsMethods[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2005.(韩鹏,徐占华,褚海峰,等.地理信息系统开发:ArcObjects方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005.)
[36]XU Caijun,LIU Yang.WEN Yangmao,et al.CoseismicSlip Distribution of the 2008 Mw 7.9 WenchuanEarthquake from Joint Inversion of GPS and InSAR Data[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2010,100(5B):2736-2749.
[37]WANG Qi,QIAO Xuejun,Lan Qigui,et al.Rupture ofDeep Faults in the 2008Wenchuan Earthquake and Upliftof the Longmen Shan[J].Nature Geoscience,2011(4):634-640.
[38]CMONOC.The 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan EarthquakeCoseismic Displacement Field from GPS[J].Science inChina:Series D,2008,38(10):1195-1206.(国家重大科学工程“中国地壳运动观测网络”项目组.GPS测定的2008年汶川Ms8.0级地震的同震位移场[J].中国科学:D辑,2008,38(10):1195-1206.)
[39]ZHANG Yong,FENG Wanpeng,XU Lisheng,et al.TheTemporal and Spatial Rupture Process of the 2008Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Science in China Series D(Earth Sciences),2008,38(10):1186-1194.(张勇,冯万鹏,许力生,等.2008年汶川大地震的时空破裂过程[J].中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10):1186-1194.)
[40]HUANG Yuan,WU Jianping,ZHANG Tianzhong,etal.The Aftershocks Relocation of Ms 8.0 WenchuanEarthquake[J].Science in China Series D(EarthSciences),2008,38(10):1242-1249.(黄媛,吴建平,张天中,等.汶川8.0级大地震及其余震序列重定位研究[J].中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10):1242-1249.)
[41]XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,YE Jianqing,et al.The Ms 8.0Wenchuan Earthquake Surface Ruptures and itsSeismogenic Structure[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597-629.(徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.)
[42]ZHANG Peizhen,XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,et al.SlipRates and Recurrence Intervals of the Longmen ShanActive Fault Zone,and Tectonic Implications for theMechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan Earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(4):1066-1073.(张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1066-1073.)
[43]SHEN Zhengkang,SUN Jianbao,ZHANG Peizhen,etal.Slip Maxima at Fault Junctions and Rupturing ofBarriers During the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Nature Geoscience,2009(2):718-724.
[44]XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,YU Guihua,et al.CoseismicReverse-and Oblique-slip Surface Faulting Generated bythe 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].ChinaGeology,2009(37):515-518.
[45]OKADA Y.Internal Deformation Due to Shear and TensileFaults in a Half-space[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,1992(82):1018-1040.
[46]UTSU T.A Statistical Study on the Occurrence of After-shocks[J].Geophysical Magazine,1961,(30):521-605.
[47]DIETERICH J.A Constitutive Law for Rate of EarthquakeProduction and its Application to Earthquake Clustering[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994(99):2601-2618.
[48]XU Caijun,WANG Jianjun,Li Zhenhong,et al.Applyingthe Coulomb Failure Function with an Optimally OrientedPlane to the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan EarthquakeTriggering[J].Tectonophys,2010,491(1-4):119-126.
[49]KUEMPEL H J.Poroelasticity:Parameters Reviewed[J].Geophysical Journal International,1991,105(3):783-799.
[50]ROELOFFS E.Poroelastic Techniques in the Study ofEarthquake-related Hydrologic Phenomena[J].Advancesin Geophysics,1996(37):135-195.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心