宽频带地震动混合模拟方法综述
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摘要
从发展现状、主要研究成果和可探讨问题等方面,对宽频带地震动混合(hybrid)模拟方法进行了系统的评述.首先介绍了混合模拟方法的发展历程,从高频段模拟技术、低频段模拟技术和宽频带合成技术及交叉频率等方面,介绍了混合模拟方法的研究现状;随后介绍了混合模拟方法发展过程中一些关键的改进,包括随频率变化的辐射因子、非线性场地放大因子、多重S--S波散射理论等;最后,对混合模拟方法中值得深入研究的问题进行了探讨.
Researches on hybrid simulation of broadband ground motion were overviewed in terms of the status,achievement and developing trend.The research status was introduced first in terms of high-frequency simulation approach,low-frequency simulation approach and a combined approach of the high-and low-frequency ground motions.Some improvements were introduced,including the frequency dependent radiation pattern,the frequency-dependent non-linear site amplification factor,the multiple S--S scattering theory,and so forth.Issues worth to be studied in present hybrid simulation were proposed.
Researches on hybrid simulation of broadband ground motion were overviewed in terms of the status,achievement and developing trend.The research status was introduced first in terms of high-frequency simulation approach,low-frequency simulation approach and a combined approach of the high-and low-frequency ground motions.Some improvements were introduced,including the frequency dependent radiation pattern,the frequency-dependent non-linear site amplification factor,the multiple S--S scattering theory,and so forth.Issues worth to be studied in present hybrid simulation were proposed.
引文
廖振鹏.2002.工程波动理论导引[M].第二版.北京:科学出版社:141--227.
刘海明.2008.漳州盆地地震反应分析[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学:30--72.
沈军,宋和平,赵伯明.2009.乌鲁木齐市活断层强地面运动预测研究[J].内陆地震,23(2):196--205.
盛俭.2008.长春市近断层地震动场预测[D].长春:吉林大学:122--137.
孙晓丹.2010.强地震动场估计中若干问题的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学:113--124.
赵伯明.2009.基于复合预测方法的强地震动评价研究[J].华中科技大学学报:自然科学版,37(8):108--111.
Beresnev I A,Atkinson G M.1998.Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the 1994Northridge,Cali-fornia,Earthquake:I.Validation on rock sites[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88(6):1392--1401.
Berge C,Gariel J C,Bernard P.1998.A very broad-band stochastic source model used for near source strong motion pre-diction[J].Geophys Res Lett,25(7):1063--1066.
Boore D M.1983.Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motions based on seismological models of the radiatedspectra[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,73(6A):1865--1894.
Boore D M.2003.Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method[J].Pure Appl Geophys,160:635--676.
Boore D M.2009.Comparing stochastic point-source and finite-source ground-motion simulations:SMSIM and EXSIM[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,99(6):3202--3216.
Boore D M,Boatwright J.1984.Average body-wave radiation coefficients[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,74(5):1615--1621.
Boore D M,Joyner W B.1997.Site amplifications for generic rock sites[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,87(2):327--341.
Borcherdt R.1994.Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design(methodology and justification)[J].EarthqSpectra,10(4):617--653.
Bouchon M.1981.A simple method to calculate Green’s functions for elastic layered media[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,71(4):959--971.
Bouchon M.2003.A review of the discrete wavenumber method[J].Pure Appl Geophys,160(3--4):445--465.
Bouchon M,Aki K.1977.Discrete wave number representation of seismic source wave fields[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,67(2):259--277.
Campbell K W,Bozorgnia Y.2008.NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA,PGV,PGD and 5%damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01to 10s[J].Earthq Spectra,24(1):139--172.
Day S M,Bradley C R.2001.Memory efficient simulation of anelastic wave propagation[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,91(3):520--531.
Frankel A.2009.A constant stress-drop model for producing broadband synthetic seismograms:Comparison with thenext generation attenuation relations[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,99(2A):664--680.
Graves R,Pitarka A.2004.Broadband time history simulation using a hybrid approach[C]∥Proceedings of the 13thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Canada:Vancouver:1--6.
Graves R W,Pitarka A.2010.Broadband ground-motion simulation using a hybrid approach[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,100(5A):2095--2123.
Hall J F,Heaton T H,Halling M W,Wald D J.1995.Near-source ground motion and its effects on flexible building[J].Earthq Spectra,11:569--605.
Harkrider D G.1983.Synthetics and theoretical seismology[J].Rev Geophys,21(6):1299--1308.
Hartzell S N.1978.Earthquake aftershocks as Green's functions[J].Geophys Res Lett,5(1):1--4.
Hartzell S H,Harmsen S,Frankel A,Larsen S.1999.Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion:Com-parison of methods and validation using strong-ground motion from the 1994Northridge earthquake[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,89(6):1484--1504.
Heaton T H,Hall J F,Wald D J,Halling M W.1995.Hulling response of high-rise and base-isolated buildings to a hy-pothetical MW7.0Blind Thrust earthquake[J].Science,267(5195):206--211.
Hough S E,Anderson J G.1988.High-frequency spectra observed at Anza,California:Implications for Q-structure[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,78(2):692--707.
Irikura K.1986.Prediction of strong acceleration motion using empirical Green's function[C]∥Proceedings of the 7th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium.Tokyo:151--156.
Kamae K,Irikura K,Pitarka A.1998.A technique for simulating strong ground motion using hybrid Green's function[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88(2):357--367.
Liu P C,Archuleta R,Hartzell S H.2006.Prediction of broadband ground motion time histories:Frequency methodwith correlation random source parameters[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,96(6):2118--2130.
Mai P M,Beroza G C.2003.A hybrid method for calculating near-source,broadband seismograms:Application to strongmotion prediction[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,137(1--4):183--199.
Mai P M,Imperatori W,Olsen K B.2010.Hybrid broadband ground-motion simulations:Combining long-period deter-ministic synthetics with high-frequency multiple S-to-S back scattering[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,100(5A):2124--2142.
Mena B,Durukal E,Erdik M.2006.Effectiveness of hybrid Green’s function method in the simulation of near-fieldstrong motion:An application to the 2004parkfield earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,96(4B):183--205.
Mena B,Mai P M,Olsen K B,Purvance M D,Brune J N.2010.Hybrid broadband ground-motion simulation using scat-tering Green’s functions:Application to large-magnitude events[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,100(5A):2143--2162.
Motazedian D,Atkinson G M.2005.Stochastic finite-fault modeling based on a dynamic corner frequency[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,95(3):995--1010.
Olson A H,Orcutt J A,Frazier G A.1984.The discrete wavenumber/finite element method for synthetic seismograms[J].Geophys J R astr Soc,77(2):421--460.
Olsen K B.1994.Simulation of Three-dimensional Wave Propagation in the Salt Lake Basin[D].Utah:University ofUtah:1--266.
Pitarka A.1998.3Delastic finite difference modeling of seismic wave propagation using staggered grid with non-uniformspacing[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88(4):54--68.
Pitarka A,Somerville P,Fukushima Y,Uetake T,Lrikura K.2000.Simulation of near-fault strong ground motionusing hybrid Green’s functions[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,90(3):566--586.
Pulido N,Kubo T.2004.Near-fault strong motion complexity of the 2000tottori earthquake(Japan)from a broadbandsource asperity model[J].Tectonophysics,390(1--4):177--192.
Pulido N,Matsuoka M.2006.Broadband strong motion simulation of the 2004Niigataken Chuetsu earthquake:Sourceand site effects[C]∥Third International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion.France:Grenoble:105.
Saikia C K.1994.Modified frequency-wavenumber algorithm for regional seismograms using filon’s quadrature-modelingof Lg waves in Eastern North America[J].Geophys J Int,118(1):142--158.
Saikia C K,Somerville P G.1997.Simulated hard-rock motions in Saint Louis,Missouri,from Large New Madrid earth-quakes(MW≥6.5)[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,87(1):123--139.
Srensen M B,Pulido N,Atakan K.2007.Sensitivity of ground-motion simulations to earthquake source parameters:Acase study for Istanbul,Turkey[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,97(3):881--900.
Tao X X,Sun X D,Liu H M,Li P.2007.Strong ground motion field forecast for disaster risk reduction in urban area[C]∥Proceedings of International Disaster Reduction Conference.China:Harbin:69--74.
Zeng Y H.1993.Theory of scattered P-and S-wave energy in a random isotropic scattering medium[J].Bull Seism SocAmer,83(4):1264--1276.
Zeng Y H,Su F,Aki K.1991.Scattering wave energy propagation in a random isotropic scattering medium[J].J Geo-phys Res,96(B1):607--619.
Zhao B M.2010.Seismic hazard analysis of Tianjin area based on strong ground motion prediction[J].Earthq Sci,23(4):369--375.
Zhu L,Rivera L.2002.Computation of dynamic and static displacement from a point source in multi-layered media[J].Geophys J Int,148(3):619--627.
刘海明.2008.漳州盆地地震反应分析[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学:30--72.
沈军,宋和平,赵伯明.2009.乌鲁木齐市活断层强地面运动预测研究[J].内陆地震,23(2):196--205.
盛俭.2008.长春市近断层地震动场预测[D].长春:吉林大学:122--137.
孙晓丹.2010.强地震动场估计中若干问题的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学:113--124.
赵伯明.2009.基于复合预测方法的强地震动评价研究[J].华中科技大学学报:自然科学版,37(8):108--111.
Beresnev I A,Atkinson G M.1998.Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the 1994Northridge,Cali-fornia,Earthquake:I.Validation on rock sites[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88(6):1392--1401.
Berge C,Gariel J C,Bernard P.1998.A very broad-band stochastic source model used for near source strong motion pre-diction[J].Geophys Res Lett,25(7):1063--1066.
Boore D M.1983.Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motions based on seismological models of the radiatedspectra[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,73(6A):1865--1894.
Boore D M.2003.Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method[J].Pure Appl Geophys,160:635--676.
Boore D M.2009.Comparing stochastic point-source and finite-source ground-motion simulations:SMSIM and EXSIM[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,99(6):3202--3216.
Boore D M,Boatwright J.1984.Average body-wave radiation coefficients[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,74(5):1615--1621.
Boore D M,Joyner W B.1997.Site amplifications for generic rock sites[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,87(2):327--341.
Borcherdt R.1994.Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design(methodology and justification)[J].EarthqSpectra,10(4):617--653.
Bouchon M.1981.A simple method to calculate Green’s functions for elastic layered media[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,71(4):959--971.
Bouchon M.2003.A review of the discrete wavenumber method[J].Pure Appl Geophys,160(3--4):445--465.
Bouchon M,Aki K.1977.Discrete wave number representation of seismic source wave fields[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,67(2):259--277.
Campbell K W,Bozorgnia Y.2008.NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA,PGV,PGD and 5%damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01to 10s[J].Earthq Spectra,24(1):139--172.
Day S M,Bradley C R.2001.Memory efficient simulation of anelastic wave propagation[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,91(3):520--531.
Frankel A.2009.A constant stress-drop model for producing broadband synthetic seismograms:Comparison with thenext generation attenuation relations[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,99(2A):664--680.
Graves R,Pitarka A.2004.Broadband time history simulation using a hybrid approach[C]∥Proceedings of the 13thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Canada:Vancouver:1--6.
Graves R W,Pitarka A.2010.Broadband ground-motion simulation using a hybrid approach[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,100(5A):2095--2123.
Hall J F,Heaton T H,Halling M W,Wald D J.1995.Near-source ground motion and its effects on flexible building[J].Earthq Spectra,11:569--605.
Harkrider D G.1983.Synthetics and theoretical seismology[J].Rev Geophys,21(6):1299--1308.
Hartzell S N.1978.Earthquake aftershocks as Green's functions[J].Geophys Res Lett,5(1):1--4.
Hartzell S H,Harmsen S,Frankel A,Larsen S.1999.Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion:Com-parison of methods and validation using strong-ground motion from the 1994Northridge earthquake[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,89(6):1484--1504.
Heaton T H,Hall J F,Wald D J,Halling M W.1995.Hulling response of high-rise and base-isolated buildings to a hy-pothetical MW7.0Blind Thrust earthquake[J].Science,267(5195):206--211.
Hough S E,Anderson J G.1988.High-frequency spectra observed at Anza,California:Implications for Q-structure[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,78(2):692--707.
Irikura K.1986.Prediction of strong acceleration motion using empirical Green's function[C]∥Proceedings of the 7th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium.Tokyo:151--156.
Kamae K,Irikura K,Pitarka A.1998.A technique for simulating strong ground motion using hybrid Green's function[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88(2):357--367.
Liu P C,Archuleta R,Hartzell S H.2006.Prediction of broadband ground motion time histories:Frequency methodwith correlation random source parameters[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,96(6):2118--2130.
Mai P M,Beroza G C.2003.A hybrid method for calculating near-source,broadband seismograms:Application to strongmotion prediction[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,137(1--4):183--199.
Mai P M,Imperatori W,Olsen K B.2010.Hybrid broadband ground-motion simulations:Combining long-period deter-ministic synthetics with high-frequency multiple S-to-S back scattering[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,100(5A):2124--2142.
Mena B,Durukal E,Erdik M.2006.Effectiveness of hybrid Green’s function method in the simulation of near-fieldstrong motion:An application to the 2004parkfield earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,96(4B):183--205.
Mena B,Mai P M,Olsen K B,Purvance M D,Brune J N.2010.Hybrid broadband ground-motion simulation using scat-tering Green’s functions:Application to large-magnitude events[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,100(5A):2143--2162.
Motazedian D,Atkinson G M.2005.Stochastic finite-fault modeling based on a dynamic corner frequency[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,95(3):995--1010.
Olson A H,Orcutt J A,Frazier G A.1984.The discrete wavenumber/finite element method for synthetic seismograms[J].Geophys J R astr Soc,77(2):421--460.
Olsen K B.1994.Simulation of Three-dimensional Wave Propagation in the Salt Lake Basin[D].Utah:University ofUtah:1--266.
Pitarka A.1998.3Delastic finite difference modeling of seismic wave propagation using staggered grid with non-uniformspacing[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88(4):54--68.
Pitarka A,Somerville P,Fukushima Y,Uetake T,Lrikura K.2000.Simulation of near-fault strong ground motionusing hybrid Green’s functions[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,90(3):566--586.
Pulido N,Kubo T.2004.Near-fault strong motion complexity of the 2000tottori earthquake(Japan)from a broadbandsource asperity model[J].Tectonophysics,390(1--4):177--192.
Pulido N,Matsuoka M.2006.Broadband strong motion simulation of the 2004Niigataken Chuetsu earthquake:Sourceand site effects[C]∥Third International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion.France:Grenoble:105.
Saikia C K.1994.Modified frequency-wavenumber algorithm for regional seismograms using filon’s quadrature-modelingof Lg waves in Eastern North America[J].Geophys J Int,118(1):142--158.
Saikia C K,Somerville P G.1997.Simulated hard-rock motions in Saint Louis,Missouri,from Large New Madrid earth-quakes(MW≥6.5)[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,87(1):123--139.
Srensen M B,Pulido N,Atakan K.2007.Sensitivity of ground-motion simulations to earthquake source parameters:Acase study for Istanbul,Turkey[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,97(3):881--900.
Tao X X,Sun X D,Liu H M,Li P.2007.Strong ground motion field forecast for disaster risk reduction in urban area[C]∥Proceedings of International Disaster Reduction Conference.China:Harbin:69--74.
Zeng Y H.1993.Theory of scattered P-and S-wave energy in a random isotropic scattering medium[J].Bull Seism SocAmer,83(4):1264--1276.
Zeng Y H,Su F,Aki K.1991.Scattering wave energy propagation in a random isotropic scattering medium[J].J Geo-phys Res,96(B1):607--619.
Zhao B M.2010.Seismic hazard analysis of Tianjin area based on strong ground motion prediction[J].Earthq Sci,23(4):369--375.
Zhu L,Rivera L.2002.Computation of dynamic and static displacement from a point source in multi-layered media[J].Geophys J Int,148(3):619--627.
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