汶川地震前龙门山断裂带闭锁程度和滑动亏损分布研究
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摘要
利用1999—2007期GPS水平速度场数据,采用Defnode负位错反演程序估算了龙门山断裂在汶川地震前的闭锁程度和滑动亏损分布,结合龙门山断裂带附近地表水平应变率场结果,综合分析了震前地壳变形特征.反演结果表明,震前龙门山断裂中北段处于完全闭锁状态,闭锁深度达到21km(闭锁比例0.99)左右,垂直断层方向的挤压滑动亏损速率约为2.2mm/a,平行断层方向的右旋滑动亏损速率约为4.6mm/a.龙门山断裂南段只有地表以下12km闭锁程度较高(闭锁比例0.99),垂直断层方向滑动亏损速率约为1.4mm/a,平行断层方向滑动亏损速率约为4.6mm/a;在12～16km处闭锁比例约为0.83,垂直断层方向滑动亏损速率约为1.2mm/a,平行断层方向滑动亏损速率约为3.8mm/a;在16～21km处闭锁比例约为0.75,垂直断层方向滑动亏损速率约为1.1mm/a,平行断层方向滑动亏损速率约为3.5mm/a.在21～24km处整条断裂均逐步转变为蠕滑.上述反演结果与区域应变计算获得的龙门山断裂带中北段整体应变积累速率较低、南段应变积累速率较高相一致,均表明中北段闭锁程度高、南段闭锁程度稍低,该特征可以较好地解释汶川地震时从震中向北东向单向破裂现象.
By using the GPS horizontal velocity field of 1999—2007 and the negative dislocation model of Defnode,we inverted for fault locking and fault slip deficit of the Longmenshan fault before the Wenchuan earthquake,and analyzed crustal deformation before earthquake combining with GPS horizontal strain rate around the Longmenshan fault zone.The inversion results show that the middle-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault is completely locked before the earthquake and the locking depth is about 21 km(locking fraction is 0.99),in which normal compressional slip deficit rate is about 2.2 mm/a and parallel dextral slip deficit rate is about 4.6 mm/a.Meanwhile the southern segment of the fault is tightly locked from the surface to 12 km depth(locking fraction is 0.99),in which normal slip deficit rate is about 1.4 mm/a and parallel slip deficit rate is about 4.6 mm/a.The locking fraction decreases to about 0.83 at 12～16 km depth,in which normal slip deficit rate is about 1.2 mm/a and parallel slip deficit rate is about 3.8 mm/a.The locking fraction is about 0.75 at 16～21 km depth,in which normal slip deficit rate is about 1.1 mm/a and parallel slip deficit rate is about 3.5 mm/a.The Longmenshan fault turns to creeping gradually between 21 km and 24 km.The inversion results are consistent with the regional strain results that strain accumulation rate of the middle-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone is low while the southern segment of it is high.They both show that the middle-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault is very highly locked while the southern segment of it is a little less locked and this characteristic can explain well the rupturing process which propagated from the epicenter to the northeast in one direction.
By using the GPS horizontal velocity field of 1999—2007 and the negative dislocation model of Defnode,we inverted for fault locking and fault slip deficit of the Longmenshan fault before the Wenchuan earthquake,and analyzed crustal deformation before earthquake combining with GPS horizontal strain rate around the Longmenshan fault zone.The inversion results show that the middle-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault is completely locked before the earthquake and the locking depth is about 21 km(locking fraction is 0.99),in which normal compressional slip deficit rate is about 2.2 mm/a and parallel dextral slip deficit rate is about 4.6 mm/a.Meanwhile the southern segment of the fault is tightly locked from the surface to 12 km depth(locking fraction is 0.99),in which normal slip deficit rate is about 1.4 mm/a and parallel slip deficit rate is about 4.6 mm/a.The locking fraction decreases to about 0.83 at 12～16 km depth,in which normal slip deficit rate is about 1.2 mm/a and parallel slip deficit rate is about 3.8 mm/a.The locking fraction is about 0.75 at 16～21 km depth,in which normal slip deficit rate is about 1.1 mm/a and parallel slip deficit rate is about 3.5 mm/a.The Longmenshan fault turns to creeping gradually between 21 km and 24 km.The inversion results are consistent with the regional strain results that strain accumulation rate of the middle-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone is low while the southern segment of it is high.They both show that the middle-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault is very highly locked while the southern segment of it is a little less locked and this characteristic can explain well the rupturing process which propagated from the epicenter to the northeast in one direction.
引文
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[2]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.Xu X W,Wen X Z,Ye J Q,et al.The Ms8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2008,30(3):597-629.
[3]朱介寿.汶川地震的岩石圈深部结构与动力学背景.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4):348-356.Zhu J S.The Wenchuan earthquake occurrence background indeep structure and dynamics of lithosphere.Journal ofChengdu University of Technology(Science&TechnologyEdition)(in Chinese),2008,35(4):348-356.
[4]张培震,闻学泽,徐锡伟等.2008年汶川8.0级特大地震孕育和发生的多单元组合模式.科学通报,2009,54(7):944-953.Zhang P Z,Wen X Z,Xu X W,et al.Tectonic model of thegreat Wenchuan earthquake of May 12,2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese Sci.Bull.(in Chinese),2009,54(7):944-953.
[5]闻学泽,张培震,杜方等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发生的历史与现今地震活动背景.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):444-454.Wen X Z,Zhang P Z,Du F,et al.The background ofhistorical and modern seismic activities of the occurrence ofthe 2008 Ms8.0Wenchuan,Sichuan,earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):444-454.
[6]McCaffrey R.Crustal block rotations and plate coupling.Geodynamics Series,2002,30:101-122.
[7]Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faultsin a half-space.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,1985,75(4):1135-1154.
[8]Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faultsin a half-space.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,1992,82(2):1018-1040.
[9]McCaffrey R,Long M D,Goldfinger C,et al.Rotation andplate locking at the southern Cascadia subduction zone.Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(19):3117-3120.
[10]McCaffrey R.Block kinematics of the Pacific-North Americaplate boundary in the southwestern United States frominversion of GPS,seismological,and geologic data.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110(B07401),doi:10.1029/2004JB003307.
[11]McCaffrey R,Qamar A I,King R W,et al.Fault locking,block rotation and crustal deformation in the PacificNorthwest.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,169(3):1315-1340.
[12]Wallace L M,Beavan J,McCaffrey R,et al.Subduction zonecoupling and tectonic block rotations in the North Island,New Zealand.J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109(B12406),doi:10.1029/2004JB003241.
[13]Wallace L M,Stevens C,Silver E,et al.GPS andseismological constraints on active tectonics and arc-continentcollision in Papua New Guinea:Implications formechanicsofmicroplate rotations in a plate boundary zone.J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109(B05404),doi:10.1029/2003JB002481.
[14]Wallace L M,Beavan J,McCaffrey R,et al.Balancing theplate motion budget in the South Island,New Zealand usingGPS,geological and seismological data.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,168(1):332-352.
[15]Herring T A,King R W,McClusky S C.GAMIT ReferenceManual,Release 10.3.Massachusetts Institute Technology,2006,http://www-gpsg.mit.edu/-simon/gtgk/index.htm.
[16]Herring T A,King R W,McClusky S C.GLOBK ReferenceManual,Release 10.3.Massachusetts Institute Technology,2006,http://www-gpsg.mit.edu/-simon/gtgk/index.htm.
[17]Dong D,Hering T A,King R W.Estimating regionaldeformation from a combination of space and terrestrialgeodetic data.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,72(4):200-214.
[18]Wang Q,Qiao X J,Lan Q G,et al.Rupture of deep faults inthe 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and uplift of the LongmenShan.Nature Geosci,2011,4(9):634-640.
[19]Xu X W,Wen X Z,Yu G H,et al.Coseismic reverse-andoblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China.Geology,2009,37(6):515-518.
[20]杜方,闻学泽,张培震等.2008年汶川8.0级地震前横跨龙门山断裂带的震间形变.地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2729-2738.Du F,Wen X Z,Zhang P Z,et al.Interseismic deformationacross the Longmenshan fault zone before the 2008 M8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(11):2729-2738.
[21]王卫民,赵连锋,李娟等.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1403-1410.Wang W M,Zhao L F,Li J,et al.Rupture process of theMs8.0Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5):1403-1410.
[22]Wang K L,Well R,Mazzotti S,et al.A revised dislocationmodel of interseismic deformation of the cascadia subductionzone.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(2026),doi:10.1029/2001JB001227.
[23]Mao A L,Harrison C G A,Dixon T H.Noise in GPScoordinate time series.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104(B2):2797-2816.
[24]江在森,刘经南.应用最小二乘配置建立地壳运动速度场与应变场的方法.地球物理学报,2010,53(5):1109-1117.Jiang Z S,Liu J N.The method in establishing strain fieldand velocity field of crustal movement using least squarescollocation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(5):1109-1117.
[25]刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成等.汶川8.0级地震:川西流动地震台阵观测数据的初步分析.地震地质,2008,30(3):584-596.Liu Q Y,Chen J H,Li S C,et al.The Ms8.0 Wenchuanearthquake:preliminary results from the western Sichuanmobile seismic array observations.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2008,30(3):584-596.
[26]“中国地壳运动观测网络”项目组.GPS测定的2008年汶川MS8.0级地震的同震位移场.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10):1195-1206.The Project of Crustal Movement Observation of China.Thecoseismic displacement fields of Wenchuan MS8.0earthquakeoccurrence in 2008using GPS data.Science in China(SeriesD)(in Chinese),2008,38(10):1195-1206.
[27]江在森,方颖,武艳强等.汶川8.0级地震前区域地壳运动与变形动态过程.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):505-518.Jiang Z S,Fang Y,Wu Y Q,et al.The dynamic process ofregional crustal movement and deformation before WenchuanMs8.0earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):505-518.
[28]Wu Y Q,Jiang Z S,Yang G H,et al.Comparison of GPSstrain rate computing methods and their reliability.Geophys.J.Int.,2011,185(2):703-717.
[29]武艳强,江在森,杨国华等.利用最小二乘配置在球面上整体解算GPS应变场的方法及应用.地球物理学报,2009,52(7):1707-1714.Wu Y Q,Jiang Z S,Yang G H,et al.The application andmethod of GPS strain calculation in whole mode using leastsquare collocation in sphere surface.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2009,52(7):1707-1714.
[30]Zhang P Z,Wen X Z,Shen Z K,et al.Oblique,high-angle,listric-reverse faulting and associated development of strain:The Wenchuan earthquake of May 12,2008,Sichuan,China.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2010,38(1):353-382.
[31]Shen Z K,Sun J B,Zhang P Z,et al.Slip maxima at faultjunctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008Wenchuanearthquake.Nat Geosci,2009,2(10):718-724.
[32]赵翠萍,陈章立,周连庆等.汶川Mw8.0级地震震源破裂过程研究:分段特征.科学通报,2009,54(22):3475-3482.Zhao C P,Chen Z L,Zhou L Q,et al.Rupture process ofthe 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China:Thesegmentation feature.Chinese Sci.Bull.(in Chinese),2009,54(22):3475-3482.
[33]张勇,冯万鹏,许力生等.2008年汶川大地震的时空破裂过程.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10):1186-1194.Zhang Y,Feng W P,Xu L S,et al.Rupture process of theWenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China in 2008.Science inChina(Series D)(in Chinese),2008,38(10):1186-1194.
[34]Nishimuru N,Yaji Y.Rupture Process for May 12,2008Sichuan Earthquake.2008,http://www.geol.tsukuba.ac.jp/-nisimura/20080512/.
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