地震属性在天然气水合物预测中的应用
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摘要
地震属性是地震资料中可描述的、可定量化的特征,它代表了原始地震资料中所包含的总信息的子集。地震属性分析就是将地震数据分解成各种属性。当地层中沉积物的孔隙内充填天然气水合物之后,沉积物的许多物理性质会发生相应的变化,这种变化导致了地震波的运动学和动力学特征发生改变,从而引起其地震属性的变化。针对南海北部陆坡天然气水合物研究区的地震数据提取各类地震属性,包括瞬时振幅、瞬时相位、瞬时频率、相对极性、能量半衰时、AVO1、AVO9和波阻抗属性。通过分析各种地震属性的响应特征及其与天然气水合物沉积层的关系,建立含天然气水合物地层的地震属性响应识别特征,利用统计学和聚类分析方法,结合地震正演结果对天然气水合物矿层目标进行预测,研究其平面分布规律,从而为天然气水合物钻探井位的确定提供可靠依据。
The seismic attributes,either describable or quantifiable,are regarded as the useful information derived from the original seismic data.The goal of seismic attribute analysis is to extract various characteristics from the seismic data for further study.The interstitial pores filled with gas hydrates may cause the change in physical attributes,making them completely different from those without gas hydrate fillings.Those changes would influence the condition of the seismic wave kinematics and dynamics,and further give rise to the variation in seismic attributes.In this article,we make use of the seismic data from the Northern Slope of South China Sea to extract the various seismic attributes for gas hydrate study,which include instantaneous amplitude,instantaneous phase,instantaneous frequency,relative polarity,energy half period,AVO1,AVO9 and wave impedance.Through establishing the relationship between the seismic responses and gas hydrate bearing sediments,we set up a model for recognizing the seismic attributes of gas hydrate-bearing sediments.In addition,by applying the means of statistics and cluster analysis with the results of seismic deduction,we try to carry out gas hydrate reservoirs forecasting,to reveal the planar distribution pattern of gas hydrate,and at last to provide reliable guidelines for appropriate borehole positioning.
The seismic attributes,either describable or quantifiable,are regarded as the useful information derived from the original seismic data.The goal of seismic attribute analysis is to extract various characteristics from the seismic data for further study.The interstitial pores filled with gas hydrates may cause the change in physical attributes,making them completely different from those without gas hydrate fillings.Those changes would influence the condition of the seismic wave kinematics and dynamics,and further give rise to the variation in seismic attributes.In this article,we make use of the seismic data from the Northern Slope of South China Sea to extract the various seismic attributes for gas hydrate study,which include instantaneous amplitude,instantaneous phase,instantaneous frequency,relative polarity,energy half period,AVO1,AVO9 and wave impedance.Through establishing the relationship between the seismic responses and gas hydrate bearing sediments,we set up a model for recognizing the seismic attributes of gas hydrate-bearing sediments.In addition,by applying the means of statistics and cluster analysis with the results of seismic deduction,we try to carry out gas hydrate reservoirs forecasting,to reveal the planar distribution pattern of gas hydrate,and at last to provide reliable guidelines for appropriate borehole positioning.
引文
[1]沙志彬,郑涛,杨木壮,等.基于波阻抗反演的天然气水合物地震检测技术[J].现代地质,2010,24(3):495-500.[SHA Zh-bin,ZHENG Tao,YANG Muzhuang,et al.The seismic de-tecting technique on gas hydrates based on wave impedance in-version[J].Geoscience,2010,24(3):495-500.]
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[8]宋海斌,张岭,江为为,等.海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(Ⅲ):似海底反射[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(2):182-187.[SONG Haibin,ZHANG Ling,JIANG Weiwei,et al.Geophysi-cal researches on marine gas hydrates(III):Bottom simulating re-flecting[J].Progress in Geophysics,2003,18(2):182-187.]
[9]刘学伟,李敏锋,张聿文,等.天然气水合物地震响应研究——中国南海HD152测线应用实例[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):33-38.[LIU Xuewei,LI Minfeng,ZHANG Liwen,et al.Studiesof seismic characteristics about gas hydrates:A case study of lineHD152[J].Geoscience,2005,19(1):33-38.]
[10]马在田,耿建华,董良国,等.海洋天然气水合物的地震识别方法研究[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,22(1):1-8.[MA Zaitian,GENG Jianhua,DONG Liangguo,et al.Seis-mic recognition studies on marine gas hydrate[J].Marine Ge-ology and Quaternary geology,2002,22(1):1-8.]
[11]Katzman-Rafael,Holbrook-W-Steven,Paull-Charles-K,1994.Combined vertical-incidence and wide-angle seismic study of a gashydrate zone,Blake Ridge[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,B,Solid Earth and Planets,1999,9:17975-17995.
[12]Zelt C A,Smith R B.Seismic travel time inversion for 2Dcrustal velocity structure[J].Geophys J.Int.,1992,108:16-34.
[13]孙春岩,章明显,牛滨华,等.天然气水合物地震空白带现象正演模型研究[J].地学前缘,2003,10(1):199-204.[SUNChunyan,ZHANG Mingxian,NIU Binhua,et al.Modelingof seismic blanking zone for gas hydrate[J].Earth ScienceFrontiers,2003,10(1):199-204.]
[14]张光学.海底气体水合物BSR的AVO模拟[J].海洋地质,2001,2:54-60.[ZHANG Guangxue.Amplitude versus offsetmodeling of the bottom simulating reflection associated withsubmarine gas hydrates[J].Marine Geology,1997,137(1):25-40.]
[15]Hyndman R D,Spence G D.A seismic study of methane hy-drate marine bottom simulating reflectors[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1992,97(B5):6683-6698.
[16]Miller J J,Myung W L,von Huene R.An analysis of a re-flection from the base of a gas hydrate zone of Peru[J].Am.Assoc.Pet.Geol.Bull.,1991,75:910-924.
[17]Ecker C,Dvorkin J,Nur A M,Estimating the amount of gashydrate and free gas from marine seismic data[J].Geophys-ics,2000,65:565-573.
[18]Lee M W.Seismic character of gas hydrates on the southeast-ern U.S.continental margin[J].Marine Geophysical Resear-ches,1993,16:163-184.
[19]Shiply T H,Seismic evidence for widespread possible gas hy-drate horizons on continental slopes and rises[J].A.A.P.G.Bulletin,1979,63(12):2204-2213.
[20]Singh Satish C,Minshull Timothy A.Velocity structure of agas hydrate reflector at ocean drilling program site 889from aglobal seismic waveform inversion[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,B,Solid Earth and Planets.1994,99:221-233.
[21]Ewing J I,Hollister C H.Regional aspects of deep sea drill-ing in the western North Atlantic[C]∥Initial Reports ofDeep Sea Drilling Project.Washington:Government PrintingOffice,1972,11:951-971.
[22]Tucholke B E,Bryan G M,Ewing J I.Gas-hydrate horizonsdetected in seismic-profile data from the western North At-lantic Hollister C H.Regional aspects of deep sea drilling inthe western North Atlantic[J].Am.Assoc.Pet.Geol.Bull.,1977,61:698-707.
[23]Andreassen-K,Hart-P-E,Grantz-A.Seismic studies of abottom simulating reflection related to gas hydrate beneaththe continental margin of the Beaufort Sea[J].Journal of Ge-ophysical Research,B,Solid Earth and Planets,1995,100(7):659-673.
[24]Tinivella U,Accaino F,Della Vedova B.Gas hydrates and activemud volcanism on the South Shetland continental margin,Antarc-tic Peninsula[J].Geo-Mar Lett,2008,28:97-106.
[25]KP Schnurle,C-S Liu,T-H Hsiuan,et al.Characteristics ofgas hydrate and free gas offshore southwestern Taiwan from acombined MCS/OBS data analysis[J].Marine GeophysicalResearches,2004,25:157-180.
[2]金庆焕.海底矿产[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001:74-100.[JIN Qinghuan.Gas Hydrate:A New Future Energy[M].Beijing:Tsinghwa University Press,2001:74-100.]
[3]张光学,黄永样,陈邦彦,等.海域天然气水合物地震学[M].北京:海洋出版社,2003:92-103.[ZHANG Guangxue,HUANGYongyang,CHEN Bangyan,et al.Seismology of Ocean GasHydrate:[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,2003:92-103.]
[4]黄永样,张光学.我国海域天然气水合物地质—地球物理特征及前景[M].地质出版社,2009:78-93.[HUANG Yongyang,ZHANG Guangxue.Geology and Geophysical Signature andForeground of Gas Hydrate in the Ocean of PRC[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009:78-93.]
[5]李正文,赵志超.地震勘探资料解释[M].北京:地质出版社,1988:35-49.[LI Zhengwen,ZHAO Zhichao.Interpretation ofSeismic Exploration Data[M].Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse,1988:35-49.]
[6]沙志彬,梁金强,杨木壮,等.天然气水合物成矿带的识别技术研究[J].现代地质,2008,22(3):438-446.[SHA Zhibin,LI-ANG Jinqiang,YANG Muzhuang et al.Study on recognizingtechnology of gas hydrates zone[J].Geoscience,2008,22(3):438-446.]
[7]沙志彬,龚跃华,梁金强.地震属性剖面在天然气水合物识别中的应用[J].南海地质研究,2006:105-113.[SHA Zhibin,GONG Yuehua,LIANG Jinqiang.How to judge gas hydratesseismic character from the different kinds of attribute profile[J].Geological Research of South China Sea,2006:105-113.]
[8]宋海斌,张岭,江为为,等.海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(Ⅲ):似海底反射[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(2):182-187.[SONG Haibin,ZHANG Ling,JIANG Weiwei,et al.Geophysi-cal researches on marine gas hydrates(III):Bottom simulating re-flecting[J].Progress in Geophysics,2003,18(2):182-187.]
[9]刘学伟,李敏锋,张聿文,等.天然气水合物地震响应研究——中国南海HD152测线应用实例[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):33-38.[LIU Xuewei,LI Minfeng,ZHANG Liwen,et al.Studiesof seismic characteristics about gas hydrates:A case study of lineHD152[J].Geoscience,2005,19(1):33-38.]
[10]马在田,耿建华,董良国,等.海洋天然气水合物的地震识别方法研究[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,22(1):1-8.[MA Zaitian,GENG Jianhua,DONG Liangguo,et al.Seis-mic recognition studies on marine gas hydrate[J].Marine Ge-ology and Quaternary geology,2002,22(1):1-8.]
[11]Katzman-Rafael,Holbrook-W-Steven,Paull-Charles-K,1994.Combined vertical-incidence and wide-angle seismic study of a gashydrate zone,Blake Ridge[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,B,Solid Earth and Planets,1999,9:17975-17995.
[12]Zelt C A,Smith R B.Seismic travel time inversion for 2Dcrustal velocity structure[J].Geophys J.Int.,1992,108:16-34.
[13]孙春岩,章明显,牛滨华,等.天然气水合物地震空白带现象正演模型研究[J].地学前缘,2003,10(1):199-204.[SUNChunyan,ZHANG Mingxian,NIU Binhua,et al.Modelingof seismic blanking zone for gas hydrate[J].Earth ScienceFrontiers,2003,10(1):199-204.]
[14]张光学.海底气体水合物BSR的AVO模拟[J].海洋地质,2001,2:54-60.[ZHANG Guangxue.Amplitude versus offsetmodeling of the bottom simulating reflection associated withsubmarine gas hydrates[J].Marine Geology,1997,137(1):25-40.]
[15]Hyndman R D,Spence G D.A seismic study of methane hy-drate marine bottom simulating reflectors[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1992,97(B5):6683-6698.
[16]Miller J J,Myung W L,von Huene R.An analysis of a re-flection from the base of a gas hydrate zone of Peru[J].Am.Assoc.Pet.Geol.Bull.,1991,75:910-924.
[17]Ecker C,Dvorkin J,Nur A M,Estimating the amount of gashydrate and free gas from marine seismic data[J].Geophys-ics,2000,65:565-573.
[18]Lee M W.Seismic character of gas hydrates on the southeast-ern U.S.continental margin[J].Marine Geophysical Resear-ches,1993,16:163-184.
[19]Shiply T H,Seismic evidence for widespread possible gas hy-drate horizons on continental slopes and rises[J].A.A.P.G.Bulletin,1979,63(12):2204-2213.
[20]Singh Satish C,Minshull Timothy A.Velocity structure of agas hydrate reflector at ocean drilling program site 889from aglobal seismic waveform inversion[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,B,Solid Earth and Planets.1994,99:221-233.
[21]Ewing J I,Hollister C H.Regional aspects of deep sea drill-ing in the western North Atlantic[C]∥Initial Reports ofDeep Sea Drilling Project.Washington:Government PrintingOffice,1972,11:951-971.
[22]Tucholke B E,Bryan G M,Ewing J I.Gas-hydrate horizonsdetected in seismic-profile data from the western North At-lantic Hollister C H.Regional aspects of deep sea drilling inthe western North Atlantic[J].Am.Assoc.Pet.Geol.Bull.,1977,61:698-707.
[23]Andreassen-K,Hart-P-E,Grantz-A.Seismic studies of abottom simulating reflection related to gas hydrate beneaththe continental margin of the Beaufort Sea[J].Journal of Ge-ophysical Research,B,Solid Earth and Planets,1995,100(7):659-673.
[24]Tinivella U,Accaino F,Della Vedova B.Gas hydrates and activemud volcanism on the South Shetland continental margin,Antarc-tic Peninsula[J].Geo-Mar Lett,2008,28:97-106.
[25]KP Schnurle,C-S Liu,T-H Hsiuan,et al.Characteristics ofgas hydrate and free gas offshore southwestern Taiwan from acombined MCS/OBS data analysis[J].Marine GeophysicalResearches,2004,25:157-180.
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