用数值模拟格林函数方法合成近源地面运动地震图
摘要
用数值模拟计算所得小地震波形代替经验格林函数法中的观测小地震波形,合成1995神户地震震源附近强地面运动理论地震图.数值模拟计算的小地震波形,称为计算格林函数地震波形或计算小地震波形.数值模拟小地震波形计算是在两维适当高精度速度结构条件下用拟傅里叶变换微分求解波动方程进行的.拟傅里叶数值模拟中使用了快速,高精度,高稳定性的错格实数傅里叶变换微分算子.在合成神户大地震的综合理论地震图的计算中,首先根据震源谱的拐角频率与地震断层长度的关系确定出的数值模拟所得格林函数地震波形的地震矩和相当震级.再将这些计算的小地震波形用经验格林函数的方法合成神户地区地震断层附近部分台站的理论地震图.合成近源地面运动地震图时使用了多重震源破裂过程模式.结果表明综合理论地震图与作为目标地震的1995年神户M7.2地震的观测波形吻合得很好.它意味着该方法对于在缺少地震观测的地区进行地震学研究和强地面运动预测是十分有效的.
引文
1Anderson J G,Yu G.Predictability of strong motions from the Northridge,California,earthquake.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1996,86(Suppl):100—114
2Pitraka A,Irikura K,Iwata T,et al.Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu(Kobe),Japan,earthquake.Bull Seism Soc Am,1998,88:428—440
3Graves R W.Three dimensional finite difference modeling of the San Andreas fault:source parameterization and ground motionlevels.Bull Seism Soc Am,1998,88:881—897
4赵志新,徐纪人,久保田隆二,等.1995年日本神户地震建筑物倒塌与S波和盆地边缘次生面波干涉的研究.科学通报,2003,48(24):2566—2571
5Haddon R A W.Use of empirical Green’s functions,spectral ratios,and kinematic source models for simulating strong ground motion.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1996,86:597—615
6Furumura T,Kennett B L N,Takenaka H.Parallel3-D pseu-dospectral simulation of seismic wave propagation.Geophysics,1998,63:279—288
7Somerville P G,Smith N F,Graves R W,et al.Abrahamson.Modi-fication of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity.Seism Res Lett,1997,68:199—222
8Iwata T,Hatayama K,Kawase H,et al.Site amplification of ground motions during aftershocks of the1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake in severely damaged zone——Array observation of ground motions in Higashinada ward,Kobe city,Japan.J Phys Earth,1996,44:553—561
9Atkinson G,Boore D M.Stochastic point-source modeling of strong motions in the Cascadia region.Seism Res Lett,1997,68:74—85
10Beresnev I A,Atkinson G M.Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the1994Northridge,California,earthquake,II.Widespread nonlinear response at soil sites.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1998,88:1402—1410
11入仓孝次郎.强地面预测の震源模式.地震,第二辑,1994,l46:495—512
12Hutchings L.Kinematic earthquake models and synthesized ground motion using empirical Green’s functions.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1994,84:1028—1050
13Jarpe S P,Kasameyer P W.Validation of a procedure for calculat-ing broadband strong-motion time histories with empirical Green’s functions.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1996,86:1116—1129
14Schneider J F,Silva W J,Stark C.Ground motion model for the1989M6.9Loma Prieta earthquake including effects of source,path,and site.Earthq Spe,1993,9:251—287
15Chin B H,Aki K.Simultaneous study of the source,path,and site effects on strong ground motion during the1989Loma Prieta earthquake:a preliminary result on pervasive nonlinear site effects.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1991,81:1859—1884
16入倉孝次郎.兵庫県南部地震の震源断層,強震動と被害特徴.物理探査,1995,48:463—489
17Beresnev I A.Atkinson G M.Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the1994Northridge,California,earthquake,I.Validation on rock sites.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1998,88:1392—1401
18Sekiguchi H,Irikura K,Iwata T,et al.Minute locating of faulting beneath Kobe and the waveform inversion of the source process during the1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu,Japan,earthquake using strongground motion records.J Phys Earth,1996,44:473—387
19川瀬博,松島信一,Graves R W,等.1998'エッジ効果’に着目した単純二次元盆地構造の三次元波動場解析-兵庫県南部地震の際の震災帯の成因.地震,1998,50:431—449
20Zhao Z X,Xu J R.Simulations of Seismic Wave Propagation and Ground Motion Acceleration in a Basin-like Structure.J Environ Eng Geophys,2006,11:133—141
21Sokolov V Y.Spectral parameters of the ground motions in Cau-casian seismogenic zones.Bull Seism Socol Amer,1998,88:1438—1444
22胡聿贤.地震工程学.北京:地震出版社,1988.150—173
23Irikura K.Prediction of strong acceleration motion using empirical Green’s Function.Proc7th Japan Earthq Eng Symp,1986,151—156
24赵志新,徐纪人,久保田隆二.地震地面运动数值模拟中的土层增幅和波的多重干涉效应.科学通报,2004,49(20):2104—2112
25Zhao Z X,Xu J R.A new Differentiation operator for seismic wave equation.Cont Dyn,2000,5:67—70
26Zhao Z X,Kubota R.The empirical Green’s function method by using simulated waveforms.The Effect of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion Volume3,Netherlands A A.Balkema Rotterdam Press,1999
27Zhao Z X,Xu J R.Basin geological structure and the simulations for mechanism of seismic disaster.Acta Geol Sin,2004,2405—2414
28赵志新,徐纪人,久保田隆二.盆地构造地震地面运动速度和加速度分布特征的数值模拟.地球物理学报,2005,48(5):1085—1091
29赵志新,徐纪人.不均匀地震构造体与灾害地面运动数值模拟研究.大地测量与地球动力学进展.武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2004.639—648
30石川浩次,溝口昭二,大鹿明文.兵庫県南部地震の神戸の地盤と被害状況調査.応用地質,1995,36:62—80
31Kosloff D,Reshef M,Loewenthal D.Elastic wave calculations by the Fourier method.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1984,74:875-891
32Reshef M,Kosloff D,Edwards M,et al.Three-dimensional elastic modeling by the Fourier method.Geophysics,1988,53:1184—1193
33Zhao Z X,Xu J R,Horiuchi H.Differentiation operation in the wave equation for the pseudospectral method with a staggered mesh.Earth Planets Space,2001,53:327—332
34赵志新,徐纪人,堀内茂木.错格实数富里叶微分算子及其在非均匀介质波动传播研究中的应用.地球物理学报,2003,46:234—240
35赵志新,徐纪人,杨文采,等.中国大陆科学钻探孔区反射地震剖面的数值模拟与分析.岩石学报,2003,20:127—136
36Herrmann K B.SH-wave generation by dislocation source-a nu-merical study.Bull Seismol Soc Ameer,1979,69:1—15
37Zeng Y,Anderson J O.A composite source model of the1994Northridge earthquake using genetic algorithms.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1996,86:S71—S83
38Sato T,Graves R W,Somerville P G,et al.Estimates of regional and local strong motions during the Great1923Kanto,Japan,earthquake(Ms8.2).Part2:forward simulation of seismograms using variable-slip rupture models and estimation of near-fault long-period ground motions.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1998,88:206—227
39陈运泰,王妙月,林邦慧,等.中、小地震体波的频谱和纵、横波拐角频率比.科学通报,1976,22(9):414—418
40Brune J N.Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear wave from earthquake.J Geophys Res,1970,75:4997—5009
41宇津德治.地震の事典.东京:朝仓书社,1996.243
2Pitraka A,Irikura K,Iwata T,et al.Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu(Kobe),Japan,earthquake.Bull Seism Soc Am,1998,88:428—440
3Graves R W.Three dimensional finite difference modeling of the San Andreas fault:source parameterization and ground motionlevels.Bull Seism Soc Am,1998,88:881—897
4赵志新,徐纪人,久保田隆二,等.1995年日本神户地震建筑物倒塌与S波和盆地边缘次生面波干涉的研究.科学通报,2003,48(24):2566—2571
5Haddon R A W.Use of empirical Green’s functions,spectral ratios,and kinematic source models for simulating strong ground motion.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1996,86:597—615
6Furumura T,Kennett B L N,Takenaka H.Parallel3-D pseu-dospectral simulation of seismic wave propagation.Geophysics,1998,63:279—288
7Somerville P G,Smith N F,Graves R W,et al.Abrahamson.Modi-fication of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity.Seism Res Lett,1997,68:199—222
8Iwata T,Hatayama K,Kawase H,et al.Site amplification of ground motions during aftershocks of the1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake in severely damaged zone——Array observation of ground motions in Higashinada ward,Kobe city,Japan.J Phys Earth,1996,44:553—561
9Atkinson G,Boore D M.Stochastic point-source modeling of strong motions in the Cascadia region.Seism Res Lett,1997,68:74—85
10Beresnev I A,Atkinson G M.Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the1994Northridge,California,earthquake,II.Widespread nonlinear response at soil sites.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1998,88:1402—1410
11入仓孝次郎.强地面预测の震源模式.地震,第二辑,1994,l46:495—512
12Hutchings L.Kinematic earthquake models and synthesized ground motion using empirical Green’s functions.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1994,84:1028—1050
13Jarpe S P,Kasameyer P W.Validation of a procedure for calculat-ing broadband strong-motion time histories with empirical Green’s functions.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1996,86:1116—1129
14Schneider J F,Silva W J,Stark C.Ground motion model for the1989M6.9Loma Prieta earthquake including effects of source,path,and site.Earthq Spe,1993,9:251—287
15Chin B H,Aki K.Simultaneous study of the source,path,and site effects on strong ground motion during the1989Loma Prieta earthquake:a preliminary result on pervasive nonlinear site effects.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1991,81:1859—1884
16入倉孝次郎.兵庫県南部地震の震源断層,強震動と被害特徴.物理探査,1995,48:463—489
17Beresnev I A.Atkinson G M.Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the1994Northridge,California,earthquake,I.Validation on rock sites.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1998,88:1392—1401
18Sekiguchi H,Irikura K,Iwata T,et al.Minute locating of faulting beneath Kobe and the waveform inversion of the source process during the1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu,Japan,earthquake using strongground motion records.J Phys Earth,1996,44:473—387
19川瀬博,松島信一,Graves R W,等.1998'エッジ効果’に着目した単純二次元盆地構造の三次元波動場解析-兵庫県南部地震の際の震災帯の成因.地震,1998,50:431—449
20Zhao Z X,Xu J R.Simulations of Seismic Wave Propagation and Ground Motion Acceleration in a Basin-like Structure.J Environ Eng Geophys,2006,11:133—141
21Sokolov V Y.Spectral parameters of the ground motions in Cau-casian seismogenic zones.Bull Seism Socol Amer,1998,88:1438—1444
22胡聿贤.地震工程学.北京:地震出版社,1988.150—173
23Irikura K.Prediction of strong acceleration motion using empirical Green’s Function.Proc7th Japan Earthq Eng Symp,1986,151—156
24赵志新,徐纪人,久保田隆二.地震地面运动数值模拟中的土层增幅和波的多重干涉效应.科学通报,2004,49(20):2104—2112
25Zhao Z X,Xu J R.A new Differentiation operator for seismic wave equation.Cont Dyn,2000,5:67—70
26Zhao Z X,Kubota R.The empirical Green’s function method by using simulated waveforms.The Effect of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion Volume3,Netherlands A A.Balkema Rotterdam Press,1999
27Zhao Z X,Xu J R.Basin geological structure and the simulations for mechanism of seismic disaster.Acta Geol Sin,2004,2405—2414
28赵志新,徐纪人,久保田隆二.盆地构造地震地面运动速度和加速度分布特征的数值模拟.地球物理学报,2005,48(5):1085—1091
29赵志新,徐纪人.不均匀地震构造体与灾害地面运动数值模拟研究.大地测量与地球动力学进展.武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2004.639—648
30石川浩次,溝口昭二,大鹿明文.兵庫県南部地震の神戸の地盤と被害状況調査.応用地質,1995,36:62—80
31Kosloff D,Reshef M,Loewenthal D.Elastic wave calculations by the Fourier method.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1984,74:875-891
32Reshef M,Kosloff D,Edwards M,et al.Three-dimensional elastic modeling by the Fourier method.Geophysics,1988,53:1184—1193
33Zhao Z X,Xu J R,Horiuchi H.Differentiation operation in the wave equation for the pseudospectral method with a staggered mesh.Earth Planets Space,2001,53:327—332
34赵志新,徐纪人,堀内茂木.错格实数富里叶微分算子及其在非均匀介质波动传播研究中的应用.地球物理学报,2003,46:234—240
35赵志新,徐纪人,杨文采,等.中国大陆科学钻探孔区反射地震剖面的数值模拟与分析.岩石学报,2003,20:127—136
36Herrmann K B.SH-wave generation by dislocation source-a nu-merical study.Bull Seismol Soc Ameer,1979,69:1—15
37Zeng Y,Anderson J O.A composite source model of the1994Northridge earthquake using genetic algorithms.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1996,86:S71—S83
38Sato T,Graves R W,Somerville P G,et al.Estimates of regional and local strong motions during the Great1923Kanto,Japan,earthquake(Ms8.2).Part2:forward simulation of seismograms using variable-slip rupture models and estimation of near-fault long-period ground motions.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1998,88:206—227
39陈运泰,王妙月,林邦慧,等.中、小地震体波的频谱和纵、横波拐角频率比.科学通报,1976,22(9):414—418
40Brune J N.Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear wave from earthquake.J Geophys Res,1970,75:4997—5009
41宇津德治.地震の事典.东京:朝仓书社,1996.243
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