基于地震等震线面积和长轴半径的烈度衰减关系
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摘要
我国目前使用最多的烈度衰减模型为椭圆衰减模型,这种烈度衰减模型在对中强地震烈度等震线形状的描述比较接近,而对于断层长度较大的强震高烈度区的描述存在较大的偏差。而大震真实的烈度等震线形状在近场接近于"跑道"形状,而在中远场又趋近于"椭圆"。如何建立一种能够同时近似这两种模型的烈度衰减模型是一个亟待解决的问题。因此,本文提出了一种基于等震线面积和长轴半径的烈度衰减关系的建立方法。并搜集了我国38次震级(Ms)大于6级的地震,对本文提出的衰减关系建立方法进行了验证。结果表明,基于等震线面积和长轴半径的衰减关系能够很好地拟合实际地震等震线的形状。
The elliptical intensity attenuation model was widely used in our country.This model can well approximate the real isoseismal shape of moderate earthquakes.For strong earthquakes,however,some discrepancies exist between the near field isoseismal and the estimated elliptical model.Because the real isoseismal at near field is more like"track"other than ellipse,and it gradually comes to ellipse in middle-far field,how to find a hybrid model,which can approach both track and ellipse,is an urgent issue.Thus,an isoseismal area and major axis radius based intensity attenuation relationship is proposed in this paper.For confirming its validity,38 strong events,the magnitudes(M s) of which are greater than 6,are selected to construct a strong earthquake intensity attenuation relationship.Result shows that the proposed attenuation relationship can well approximate the real isoseismal shapes.
The elliptical intensity attenuation model was widely used in our country.This model can well approximate the real isoseismal shape of moderate earthquakes.For strong earthquakes,however,some discrepancies exist between the near field isoseismal and the estimated elliptical model.Because the real isoseismal at near field is more like"track"other than ellipse,and it gradually comes to ellipse in middle-far field,how to find a hybrid model,which can approach both track and ellipse,is an urgent issue.Thus,an isoseismal area and major axis radius based intensity attenuation relationship is proposed in this paper.For confirming its validity,38 strong events,the magnitudes(M s) of which are greater than 6,are selected to construct a strong earthquake intensity attenuation relationship.Result shows that the proposed attenuation relationship can well approximate the real isoseismal shapes.
引文
[1]沙海军,吕悦军,彭燕菊,等.地震烈度椭圆衰减关系的限定模型及其在华北地区的应用[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2004,24(1):28-36.SHA Haijun,LU Yuejun,PENG Yanju,et al.A constrained model of elliptical attenuation of earthquake intensity and its application in North China[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2004,24(1):28-36.(in Chinese)
[2]沈大开,高德潜.改进的断层破裂烈度衰减模型[J].地震工程与工程震动,1987,7(2):69-77.SHEN Dakai,GAO Deqian.An Improved intensity attenuation model in fault rupture model[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,1987,7(2):69-77.(in Chinese)
[3]林怀存.华北地区地震低烈度区面积与震级的关系式[J].西北地震学报,1987,9(2):101-105.LIN Huaicun,JIANG Haikun,Wang Baoping,et al.The relation between magnitude and the area of low intensity of earthquakes in North China[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1987,9(2):101-105.(inChinese)
[4]龙锋,闻学泽,徐锡伟.华北地区地震活断层的震级—破裂长度、破裂面积的经验关系[J].地震地质,2006,28(4):511-535.LONG Feng,WEN Xueze,XU Xiwei.Empirical relationships between magnitude and rupture length and rupture area for seismogenic active faults inNorth China[J].Seismology and Geology,2006,28(4):511-535.(in Chinese)
[5]张建福,成小平,姜立新.基于面积统计的震后烈度估计[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(1):76-81.ZHANG Jianfu,CHENG Xiaoping,JIANG Lixin,et al.Estimation of post-earthquake intensity based on area statistics[J].Journal of Natural Disas-ters,2005,14(1):76-81.(in Chinese)
[6]杨凡,罗奇峰.基于四区域椭圆模型的汶川8.0地震加速度峰值衰减关系拟合[J].振动与冲击,2010,29(5):136-141.YANG Fan,LUO Qifeng.Wenchuan 8.0 rank earthquake acceleration peak attenuation curve based on a four-area ellipticall model[J].Journal ofVibration and Shock,2010,29(5):136-141.(in Chinese)
[7]刘汉兴,汪素云,时振梁.考虑震源破裂方向的地震动衰减模型[J].地震学报,1989,11(1):24-37.LIU Hanxing,WANG Suyun,SHI Zhenliang.A ground motion attenuation model dependent on the rupture direction of seismic source[J].ACTASeismologica Sinica,1989,11(1):24-37.(in Chinese)
[8]何开明.烈度衰减关系的改进及其在地震危险性分析中的应用[J].高原地震,1993,5(2):4-12.HE Kaiming.Improvement on relationship of intensity attenuation and its application in seismic risk analysis[J].Earthquake Research in Plateau,1993,5(2):4-12.(in Chinese)
[9]郁曙君.确定烈度衰减关系的椭圆投影两步拟合法[J].地震学报,1993,15(1):109-114.YU Shujun.A elliptical projection based two-stage regression method for determination of seismic intensity attenuation relationship[J].ACTA Seis-mologica Sinica,1993,15(1):109-114.(in Chinese)
[10]周锡元,苏经宇,王广军.以断层破裂震源模式为基础的烈度衰减规律[J].地震学报,1987,9(4):417-426.ZHOU Xiyuan,SU Jingyu,Wang Guangjun.Intensity attenuation based on seismic fault rupture Model[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,1987,9(4):417-426.(inChinese)
[11]陈培善,白彤霞.震源参数之间的定量关系[J].地震学报,1991,13(4):401-411.CHEN Peishan,BAI Tongxia.Quantification relations between the source parameters[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,1991,13(4):401-411.(inChinese)
[12]戴志阳,刘斌,查显杰,等.震级标度的不一致与震源的复杂性[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3):705-709.DAI Zhiyang,LIU Bin,ZHA Xianjie,et al.Earthquake scaling disagreement and complexity of seismic source[J].Progress in Geophysics,2008,23(3):705-709.(in Chinese)
[13]卢建旗,李山有,李伟.改进的两步法在地震动衰减关系建立中的应用[J].世界地震工程,2009,25(3):46-48.LU Jianqi,LI Shanyou,LI Wei.Application of improved twostep method on establishment of ground motion attenuation relationship[J].WorldEarthquake Engineering,2009,25(3):46-48.(in Chinese)
[14]卢建旗,李山有,李伟.中强地震活动区地震动衰减关系的确定[J].世界地震工程,2009,25(4):33-43.LU Jianqi,LI Shanyou,LI Wei.Study on ground motion attenuation relationship of moderate earthquake risk areas[J].World Earthquake Engi-neering,2009,25(4):33-43.(in Chinese)
[15]卢建旗.中强地震活动区地震动衰减规律研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2009.LU Jianqi.The study on the ground motion attenuation law of moderate earthquake area[D].Chinese Earthquake Administration,Institute of En-gineering and Mechanics,2009.(in Chinese)
[16]李山有,马强,等.断层场地地震反应特征研究[J].地震工程与工程震动,2003,23(5):32-37.LI Shanyou,MAqiang,WU Dongpo,et al.Study on characteristics of seismic responses of fault sites[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering andEngineering Vibration,2003,23(5):32-37.(in Chinese)
[17]陈运泰.汶川特大地震的震级和断层长度[J].科技导报,2008,26(10):26-27.(in Chinese)CHEN Yuntai.On the magnitude and fault length of the Great Wenchuan earthquake[J].Review Science&Technology,2003,23(5):32-37.
[18]瑜畑,李小军.基于NGA模型的汶川地震区地震动衰减关系[J].岩土工程学报,2012,34(3):551-558.YU Tian,LI Xiaojun.Attenuation relationship of ground motion for Wenchuan earthquake region based on NGA model[J].Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2012,34(3):551-558.(in Chinese)
[19]吴健,俞言祥,于沛.非基岩场地地震动转换的适用性分析[J].岩土工程学报,2012,34(3):457-463.WU Jian,YU Yanxiang,YU Pei.Applicability of transformation of ground motion records from non-rock site[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechni-cal Engineering,2012,34(3):457-463.(in Chinese)
[20]Bakun W H,Wentworth C M.Estimating earthquake location and magnitude from seismic intensity data[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,1997,87(6):1502-1521.
[21]Howell B F,Jr.,Schultz T R.Attenuation of modified mercalli intensity with distance from the epicenter[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Societyof America,1975,65(3):651-665.
[22]López Casado C,Molina Palacios S,Delgado J,et al.Attenuation of intensity with epicentral distance in the Iberian Peninsula[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,2000,90(1):34-47.
[23]Dietrich Stromeyer and Gottfried Grünthal.Attenuation relationship of macroseismic intensities in Central Europe[J].Bulletin of the Seismologi-cal Society of America,2009,99(2A):554-565.
[24]Diane I Doser.Estimating magnitude and location of Alaskan Earthquakes using intensity data[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Ameri-ca,2009,99(6):3430-3453.
[25]Dario Albarello,Vera D’Amico.Validation of intensity attenuation relationships[J].Bulletin of Seismological Society of America,2005,95(2):719-724.
[26]Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement[J].Bulletin of Seismological Society of America 1994,84(4):974-1002.
[27]Vanmarcke E H,Shih-Sheng P Lai.Attenuation of intensity with epicentral distance in the Philippins[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Societyof America,1980,70(4):1287-1291.
[28]Atkinson G M,Wald D J.“Did you feel it?”intensity data:A surprisingly good measure of earthquake ground motion[J].Seismological ResearchLetters,2007,78(3):362-368.
[29]Hasegawa H S,Basham P W,Berry M J.Attenuation relations for strong seismic ground motion in canada[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Societyof America,1981,71(6):1943-1962.
[30]Hanks T.C,Kanamori H.A moment-magnitude scale[J].Geophys.Res.1979,84:2348-2350.
[31]Joyner W B,D M Boore.Methods for regression analysis of strong motion data[J].Bulletin of Seismological Society of America,1993,83(2):469-487.
[32]Anderson J G.On the attenuation of modified Mercalli intensity with distance in the United States[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of A-merica,1978,68(4),1147-1179.
[33]Prieto J A,Foschi R O,Ventura C E,et al.Probability distribution of intensity attenuations for Colombia and Western Venezuela[J].Bulletin ofSeismological Society of America,2011,101(2):495-505.
[34]S M B s rensen,Stromeyer D,Grünthal G.Attenuation of macroseismic intensity:A new relation for the Marmara Sea Region,Northwest Turkey[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99(2A):538-553.
[35]Mario Chávez,Raul Castro.Attenuation of modified Mercalli intensity with distance in Mexico[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Ameri-ca,1988,78(6):1875-1884.
[36]Tilford N R,Umesh Chandra,Amick D C,et al.Attenuation of intensities and effect of local site conditions on observed intensities During the Cor-inth,Greece,Earthquakes of 24 and 25 February and 4 March 1981[J].Bulletin of the Seismological of America,1985,75(4):923-937.
[37]Paolo Gasperini.The attenuation of seismic intensity in Italy:A Bilinear shape indicates the dominance of deep phases at epicentral distances lon-ger than 45 km[J].Bulletin of Seismological Society of America,2001,91(4):826-841.
[38]Toppozada R.Earthquake magnitude as a function of intensity data in California and Western Nevada[J].Bulletin of Seismological Society of A-merica,1975,65(5):1223-1238.
[39]Umesh Chandra,McWhorter G,Nowroozi Al A.Attenuation of intensities in Iran[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1979,69(1):237-250.
[40]Bakun W H.Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in Southern California from modified Mercalli intensities[J].Bulletin of the Seis-mological Society of America,2006,96(4A):1278-1295.
[41]Walter Szeliga,Susan Hough,Stacey Martin,et al.Intensity,magnitude,location,and attenuation in India for felt earthquakes since 1762[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2010,100(2):570-584.
[42]Bakun W H.MMI attenuation and historical earthquakes in the basin and range province of Western North America[J].Bulletin of the Seismolog-ical Society of America,2006,96(6):2206-2220.
[2]沈大开,高德潜.改进的断层破裂烈度衰减模型[J].地震工程与工程震动,1987,7(2):69-77.SHEN Dakai,GAO Deqian.An Improved intensity attenuation model in fault rupture model[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,1987,7(2):69-77.(in Chinese)
[3]林怀存.华北地区地震低烈度区面积与震级的关系式[J].西北地震学报,1987,9(2):101-105.LIN Huaicun,JIANG Haikun,Wang Baoping,et al.The relation between magnitude and the area of low intensity of earthquakes in North China[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1987,9(2):101-105.(inChinese)
[4]龙锋,闻学泽,徐锡伟.华北地区地震活断层的震级—破裂长度、破裂面积的经验关系[J].地震地质,2006,28(4):511-535.LONG Feng,WEN Xueze,XU Xiwei.Empirical relationships between magnitude and rupture length and rupture area for seismogenic active faults inNorth China[J].Seismology and Geology,2006,28(4):511-535.(in Chinese)
[5]张建福,成小平,姜立新.基于面积统计的震后烈度估计[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(1):76-81.ZHANG Jianfu,CHENG Xiaoping,JIANG Lixin,et al.Estimation of post-earthquake intensity based on area statistics[J].Journal of Natural Disas-ters,2005,14(1):76-81.(in Chinese)
[6]杨凡,罗奇峰.基于四区域椭圆模型的汶川8.0地震加速度峰值衰减关系拟合[J].振动与冲击,2010,29(5):136-141.YANG Fan,LUO Qifeng.Wenchuan 8.0 rank earthquake acceleration peak attenuation curve based on a four-area ellipticall model[J].Journal ofVibration and Shock,2010,29(5):136-141.(in Chinese)
[7]刘汉兴,汪素云,时振梁.考虑震源破裂方向的地震动衰减模型[J].地震学报,1989,11(1):24-37.LIU Hanxing,WANG Suyun,SHI Zhenliang.A ground motion attenuation model dependent on the rupture direction of seismic source[J].ACTASeismologica Sinica,1989,11(1):24-37.(in Chinese)
[8]何开明.烈度衰减关系的改进及其在地震危险性分析中的应用[J].高原地震,1993,5(2):4-12.HE Kaiming.Improvement on relationship of intensity attenuation and its application in seismic risk analysis[J].Earthquake Research in Plateau,1993,5(2):4-12.(in Chinese)
[9]郁曙君.确定烈度衰减关系的椭圆投影两步拟合法[J].地震学报,1993,15(1):109-114.YU Shujun.A elliptical projection based two-stage regression method for determination of seismic intensity attenuation relationship[J].ACTA Seis-mologica Sinica,1993,15(1):109-114.(in Chinese)
[10]周锡元,苏经宇,王广军.以断层破裂震源模式为基础的烈度衰减规律[J].地震学报,1987,9(4):417-426.ZHOU Xiyuan,SU Jingyu,Wang Guangjun.Intensity attenuation based on seismic fault rupture Model[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,1987,9(4):417-426.(inChinese)
[11]陈培善,白彤霞.震源参数之间的定量关系[J].地震学报,1991,13(4):401-411.CHEN Peishan,BAI Tongxia.Quantification relations between the source parameters[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,1991,13(4):401-411.(inChinese)
[12]戴志阳,刘斌,查显杰,等.震级标度的不一致与震源的复杂性[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3):705-709.DAI Zhiyang,LIU Bin,ZHA Xianjie,et al.Earthquake scaling disagreement and complexity of seismic source[J].Progress in Geophysics,2008,23(3):705-709.(in Chinese)
[13]卢建旗,李山有,李伟.改进的两步法在地震动衰减关系建立中的应用[J].世界地震工程,2009,25(3):46-48.LU Jianqi,LI Shanyou,LI Wei.Application of improved twostep method on establishment of ground motion attenuation relationship[J].WorldEarthquake Engineering,2009,25(3):46-48.(in Chinese)
[14]卢建旗,李山有,李伟.中强地震活动区地震动衰减关系的确定[J].世界地震工程,2009,25(4):33-43.LU Jianqi,LI Shanyou,LI Wei.Study on ground motion attenuation relationship of moderate earthquake risk areas[J].World Earthquake Engi-neering,2009,25(4):33-43.(in Chinese)
[15]卢建旗.中强地震活动区地震动衰减规律研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2009.LU Jianqi.The study on the ground motion attenuation law of moderate earthquake area[D].Chinese Earthquake Administration,Institute of En-gineering and Mechanics,2009.(in Chinese)
[16]李山有,马强,等.断层场地地震反应特征研究[J].地震工程与工程震动,2003,23(5):32-37.LI Shanyou,MAqiang,WU Dongpo,et al.Study on characteristics of seismic responses of fault sites[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering andEngineering Vibration,2003,23(5):32-37.(in Chinese)
[17]陈运泰.汶川特大地震的震级和断层长度[J].科技导报,2008,26(10):26-27.(in Chinese)CHEN Yuntai.On the magnitude and fault length of the Great Wenchuan earthquake[J].Review Science&Technology,2003,23(5):32-37.
[18]瑜畑,李小军.基于NGA模型的汶川地震区地震动衰减关系[J].岩土工程学报,2012,34(3):551-558.YU Tian,LI Xiaojun.Attenuation relationship of ground motion for Wenchuan earthquake region based on NGA model[J].Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2012,34(3):551-558.(in Chinese)
[19]吴健,俞言祥,于沛.非基岩场地地震动转换的适用性分析[J].岩土工程学报,2012,34(3):457-463.WU Jian,YU Yanxiang,YU Pei.Applicability of transformation of ground motion records from non-rock site[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechni-cal Engineering,2012,34(3):457-463.(in Chinese)
[20]Bakun W H,Wentworth C M.Estimating earthquake location and magnitude from seismic intensity data[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,1997,87(6):1502-1521.
[21]Howell B F,Jr.,Schultz T R.Attenuation of modified mercalli intensity with distance from the epicenter[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Societyof America,1975,65(3):651-665.
[22]López Casado C,Molina Palacios S,Delgado J,et al.Attenuation of intensity with epicentral distance in the Iberian Peninsula[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,2000,90(1):34-47.
[23]Dietrich Stromeyer and Gottfried Grünthal.Attenuation relationship of macroseismic intensities in Central Europe[J].Bulletin of the Seismologi-cal Society of America,2009,99(2A):554-565.
[24]Diane I Doser.Estimating magnitude and location of Alaskan Earthquakes using intensity data[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Ameri-ca,2009,99(6):3430-3453.
[25]Dario Albarello,Vera D’Amico.Validation of intensity attenuation relationships[J].Bulletin of Seismological Society of America,2005,95(2):719-724.
[26]Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement[J].Bulletin of Seismological Society of America 1994,84(4):974-1002.
[27]Vanmarcke E H,Shih-Sheng P Lai.Attenuation of intensity with epicentral distance in the Philippins[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Societyof America,1980,70(4):1287-1291.
[28]Atkinson G M,Wald D J.“Did you feel it?”intensity data:A surprisingly good measure of earthquake ground motion[J].Seismological ResearchLetters,2007,78(3):362-368.
[29]Hasegawa H S,Basham P W,Berry M J.Attenuation relations for strong seismic ground motion in canada[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Societyof America,1981,71(6):1943-1962.
[30]Hanks T.C,Kanamori H.A moment-magnitude scale[J].Geophys.Res.1979,84:2348-2350.
[31]Joyner W B,D M Boore.Methods for regression analysis of strong motion data[J].Bulletin of Seismological Society of America,1993,83(2):469-487.
[32]Anderson J G.On the attenuation of modified Mercalli intensity with distance in the United States[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of A-merica,1978,68(4),1147-1179.
[33]Prieto J A,Foschi R O,Ventura C E,et al.Probability distribution of intensity attenuations for Colombia and Western Venezuela[J].Bulletin ofSeismological Society of America,2011,101(2):495-505.
[34]S M B s rensen,Stromeyer D,Grünthal G.Attenuation of macroseismic intensity:A new relation for the Marmara Sea Region,Northwest Turkey[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99(2A):538-553.
[35]Mario Chávez,Raul Castro.Attenuation of modified Mercalli intensity with distance in Mexico[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Ameri-ca,1988,78(6):1875-1884.
[36]Tilford N R,Umesh Chandra,Amick D C,et al.Attenuation of intensities and effect of local site conditions on observed intensities During the Cor-inth,Greece,Earthquakes of 24 and 25 February and 4 March 1981[J].Bulletin of the Seismological of America,1985,75(4):923-937.
[37]Paolo Gasperini.The attenuation of seismic intensity in Italy:A Bilinear shape indicates the dominance of deep phases at epicentral distances lon-ger than 45 km[J].Bulletin of Seismological Society of America,2001,91(4):826-841.
[38]Toppozada R.Earthquake magnitude as a function of intensity data in California and Western Nevada[J].Bulletin of Seismological Society of A-merica,1975,65(5):1223-1238.
[39]Umesh Chandra,McWhorter G,Nowroozi Al A.Attenuation of intensities in Iran[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1979,69(1):237-250.
[40]Bakun W H.Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in Southern California from modified Mercalli intensities[J].Bulletin of the Seis-mological Society of America,2006,96(4A):1278-1295.
[41]Walter Szeliga,Susan Hough,Stacey Martin,et al.Intensity,magnitude,location,and attenuation in India for felt earthquakes since 1762[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2010,100(2):570-584.
[42]Bakun W H.MMI attenuation and historical earthquakes in the basin and range province of Western North America[J].Bulletin of the Seismolog-ical Society of America,2006,96(6):2206-2220.
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