3·11日本大地震对中国东北部地区地壳形变态势的影响
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摘要
以中国东北部地区的GPS观测资料为基础,研究了2011年3月11日日本东部MW9.0大地震对中国东北部地区的地壳形变场状态、活动构造的运动方式及地震危险性态势的影响。结果表明,该地震所引起的同震地壳应变场与研究区域长期地壳应变率场相对比,两者在主应变方向和大小等方面,整体上并无明显的一致性。该地震主要影响了中国东北区域应变积累水平,同震位移在瞬间所产生的应变,相当于该区域约12.7a的长期积累。而在东北以外的其他区域,同震应变对背景应变场的影响并不明显。基于同震应变以及背景应变场,选取了4个重要的活动断裂区段,利用一系列跨断裂连续GPS基线端点相对位置的时间变化序列进行分析,发现该地震使郯庐断裂北段发生了明显的左旋错动和拉张运动,且震后的变化趋势反映着轻微的继续左旋和拉张;而对于郯庐断裂的中段,该地震并没有产生明显的错动和拉张,仅使其震后的右旋运动速率有轻微的加快;对于华北地区的张家口-蓬莱断裂带,虽然在地震后约1a时期内表现为右旋挤压运动,但随后则快速回归到原有的左旋拉张运动,反映出这次地震的发生使该断裂的应力积累首先得到短暂的释放,随后区域应力又回归到原有水平;太行山山前断裂带的运动态势未受这次地震的显著影响,因而推断出此次地震的影响范围并未波及到山西地堑系。总体而言,3·11日本大地震的发生,使中国东北部区域的地壳应变积累和应力水平有所缓解,因此,在某种程度上缓解了区域的地震危险性。
This paper studies the impact of the M W 9. 0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake,March 11,2011,Japan on the crustal deformation,active fault movement and earthquake risk in northeastern China by using con- tinuous GPS data. The result shows that the direction and amount of principal strain is different be- tween coseismic and interseismic strain field. The Japan earthquake mainly affects the level of strain accumulation in northeastern China. The coseismic strain accumulation is equivalent to about 12. 7-years long-term background strain accumulation. In other regions,the impact of coseismic strain on the background strain rate isn't obvious. Based on the coseismic strain and background strain rate, we select 4 major active faults for the analysis by using the relative movement time sequence of end- points of GPS baselines which cross the Tanlu Fault,Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault and Taihangshan pied- mont fault,respectively. We find that the earthquake produced obvious left-lateral slip and extensional slip on the north segment of Tanlu Fault,and there is a tendency of slight continuous left-lateral move- ment and extension after the earthquake. But on the middle segment of Tanlu Fault,there is no obvi- ous evidence of coseismic movement,but a slight increase of the right-lateral slip rate after the earth- quake. As for Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault located in North China,the fault was characterized by obvi- ous right-lateral movement and extrusion in about one year after the earthquake,then resumed quickly to the original left-lateral movement and extension. This means that the fault's accumulated stress was released temporarily by the earthquake,then the regional stress resumed to its original level. The movement of Taihangshan piedmont fault isn't affected by this earthquake,therefore we infer that the earthquake affected areas did not spread to the Shanxi Rift System. In one word,the crustal strain ac- cumulation and stress level of northeastern region in China is released by Tohoku-Oki earthquake,so we believe that the earthquake risk is reduced to a certain extent.
This paper studies the impact of the M W 9. 0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake,March 11,2011,Japan on the crustal deformation,active fault movement and earthquake risk in northeastern China by using con- tinuous GPS data. The result shows that the direction and amount of principal strain is different be- tween coseismic and interseismic strain field. The Japan earthquake mainly affects the level of strain accumulation in northeastern China. The coseismic strain accumulation is equivalent to about 12. 7-years long-term background strain accumulation. In other regions,the impact of coseismic strain on the background strain rate isn't obvious. Based on the coseismic strain and background strain rate, we select 4 major active faults for the analysis by using the relative movement time sequence of end- points of GPS baselines which cross the Tanlu Fault,Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault and Taihangshan pied- mont fault,respectively. We find that the earthquake produced obvious left-lateral slip and extensional slip on the north segment of Tanlu Fault,and there is a tendency of slight continuous left-lateral move- ment and extension after the earthquake. But on the middle segment of Tanlu Fault,there is no obvi- ous evidence of coseismic movement,but a slight increase of the right-lateral slip rate after the earth- quake. As for Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault located in North China,the fault was characterized by obvi- ous right-lateral movement and extrusion in about one year after the earthquake,then resumed quickly to the original left-lateral movement and extension. This means that the fault's accumulated stress was released temporarily by the earthquake,then the regional stress resumed to its original level. The movement of Taihangshan piedmont fault isn't affected by this earthquake,therefore we infer that the earthquake affected areas did not spread to the Shanxi Rift System. In one word,the crustal strain ac- cumulation and stress level of northeastern region in China is released by Tohoku-Oki earthquake,so we believe that the earthquake risk is reduced to a certain extent.
引文
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施炜,张岳桥,董树文.2003.郯庐断裂带中段第四纪活动及其分段特征[J].地球学报,24(1):11—18.SHI Wei,ZHANG Yue-qiao,DONG Shu-wen.2003.Quaternary activity and segmentation behavior of the middle portionof the Tanlu Fault zone[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,24(1):11—18(in Chinese).
石耀霖,朱守彪.2006.用GPS位移资料计算应变方法的讨论[J].大地测量与地球动力学,26(1):1—8.SHI Yao-lin,ZHU Shou-biao.2006.Discussion on method of calculating strain with GPS displacement data[J].Journalof Geodesy and Geodynamics,26(1):1—8(in Chinese).
王敏,张祖胜,许明元,等.2005.2000国家GPS大地控制网的数据处理和精度评估[J].地球物理学报,48(4):817—823.WANG Min,ZHANG Zhu-sheng,XU Ming-yuan,et al.2005.Data processing and accuracy analysis of national2000’GPS geodetic control network[J].Chinese J Geophys,48(4):817—823(in Chinese).
王敏,张培震,沈正康,等.2006.全球定位系统(GPS)测定的印尼苏门达腊巨震的远场同震地表位移[J].科学通报,51(3):365—368.
WANG Min,ZHANG Pei-zhen,SHEN Zheng-kang,et al.2006.Far-field coseismic displacements associated with thegreat Sumatra earthquakes of December26,2004and March29,2005constrained by global positioning system[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,51(14):1771—1775.
王敏,李强,王凡,等.2011.全球定位系统测定的2011年日本宫城MW9.0地震远场同震位移[J].科学通报,56(20):1593—1596.WANG Min,LI Qiang,WANG Fan,et al.2011.Far-field coseismic displacement associated with the2011Tohoku-Okiearthquake in Japan observed by global positioning system[J].Chinese Sci Bull,56(20):1593—1596(in Chi-nese).
徐杰,宋长青,楚全芝.1998.张家口-蓬莱断裂带地震构造特征的初步探讨[J].地震地质,20(2):146—154.XU Jie,SONG Chang-qing,CHU Quan-zhi,1998.Preliminary study on the seismotectonic characters of the Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault zone[J].Seismology and Geology,20(2):146—154(in Chinese).
徐杰,高战武,宋长青,等.2000.太行山山前断裂带的构造特征[J].地震地质,22(2):111—122.XU Jie,GAO Zhan-wu,SONG Chang-qing,et al.2000.The structural characters of the piedmont fault zone of TaihangMountains[J].Seismology and Geology,22(2):111—122(in Chinese).
杨国华,江在森,王敏,等.2006.印尼地震对中国川滇地区地壳水平活动的影响[J].大地测量与地球动力学,26(1):9—14.YANG Guo-hua,JIANG Zai-sen,WANG Min,et al.2006.Effect of Indonesia earthquake on horizontal crustal movementin Sichuan-Yunnan region[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,26(1):9—14(in Chinese).
殷海涛,王强,朱成林,等.2011.山东及周边地块间近期运动状态分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,31(4):37—40,46.YIN Hai-tao,WANG Qiang,ZHU Cheng-lin,et al.2011.Analysis of present movement state of Shandong and surround-ing blocks[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,31(4):37—40,46(in Chinese).
张培震,邓起东,张国民,等.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J].中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):12—20.ZHANG Pei-zhen,DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Guo-min,et al.2003.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in thecontinent of China[J].Sci China(Ser D),33(Suppl):12—20(in Chinese).
Blewitt G.2008.Fixed point theorems of GPS carrier phase ambiguity resolution and their application to massive networkprocessing:Ambizap[J].J Geophys Res,113(B12410):1—16.
Gan W J,Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,et al.2007.Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPSmeasurements[J].J Geophys Res,112(B08416):1—14.
Jaeger J C,Elasticity.1964.Fracture and Flow:With Engineering and Geological Applications[M].New York:Barnes&Noble,42p.
Pollitz F F,Burgmann P B.2011.Geodetic slip model of the2011M9.0Tohoku earthquake[J].Geophys Res Lett,38,L00G08.doi:10.1029/2011GL048632.
Savage J C,Gan Wei-jun,Svarc J L.2001.Strain accumulation and rotation in eastern California shear zone[J].JournalGeophys Research,106(B10):21995—22007.
Wessel P,Bercovici D.1998.Interpolation with splines in tension:A Green's function approach[J].Mathematical Ge-ology,30(1):77—93.
Yokota Y,Koketsu K,Fujii Y,et al.2011.Joint inversion of strong motion,teleseismic,geodetic,and tsunami datasetsfor the rupture process of the2011Tohoku earthquake[J].Geophys Res Lett,38,L00G21.doi:10.1029/2011GL050098.
Zumberge J F,Helfin M B,Jefferson D C,et al.1997.Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis ofGPS data from large networks[J].J Geophys Res,102(B3):5005—5017.
甘卫军,张锐,张勇,等.2007.中国地壳运动观测网络的建设及应用[J].国际地震动态,(7):43—52.GAN Wei-jun,ZHANG Rui,ZHANG Yong,et al.2007.Development of the crustal movement observation network inChina and its applications[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,(7):43—52(in Chinese).
闵伟,焦德成,周本刚,等.2011.依兰-伊通断裂全新世活动的新发现及其意义[J].地震地质,33(1):141—150.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253—4967.2011.01.014.MIN Wei,JIAO De-cheng,ZHOU Ben-gang et al.2011.The significance of discovery on Holocene activity on the Yilan-Yitong Fault in Northeast China[J].Seismology and Geology,33(1):141—150(in Chinese).
施炜,张岳桥,董树文.2003.郯庐断裂带中段第四纪活动及其分段特征[J].地球学报,24(1):11—18.SHI Wei,ZHANG Yue-qiao,DONG Shu-wen.2003.Quaternary activity and segmentation behavior of the middle portionof the Tanlu Fault zone[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,24(1):11—18(in Chinese).
石耀霖,朱守彪.2006.用GPS位移资料计算应变方法的讨论[J].大地测量与地球动力学,26(1):1—8.SHI Yao-lin,ZHU Shou-biao.2006.Discussion on method of calculating strain with GPS displacement data[J].Journalof Geodesy and Geodynamics,26(1):1—8(in Chinese).
王敏,张祖胜,许明元,等.2005.2000国家GPS大地控制网的数据处理和精度评估[J].地球物理学报,48(4):817—823.WANG Min,ZHANG Zhu-sheng,XU Ming-yuan,et al.2005.Data processing and accuracy analysis of national2000’GPS geodetic control network[J].Chinese J Geophys,48(4):817—823(in Chinese).
王敏,张培震,沈正康,等.2006.全球定位系统(GPS)测定的印尼苏门达腊巨震的远场同震地表位移[J].科学通报,51(3):365—368.
WANG Min,ZHANG Pei-zhen,SHEN Zheng-kang,et al.2006.Far-field coseismic displacements associated with thegreat Sumatra earthquakes of December26,2004and March29,2005constrained by global positioning system[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,51(14):1771—1775.
王敏,李强,王凡,等.2011.全球定位系统测定的2011年日本宫城MW9.0地震远场同震位移[J].科学通报,56(20):1593—1596.WANG Min,LI Qiang,WANG Fan,et al.2011.Far-field coseismic displacement associated with the2011Tohoku-Okiearthquake in Japan observed by global positioning system[J].Chinese Sci Bull,56(20):1593—1596(in Chi-nese).
徐杰,宋长青,楚全芝.1998.张家口-蓬莱断裂带地震构造特征的初步探讨[J].地震地质,20(2):146—154.XU Jie,SONG Chang-qing,CHU Quan-zhi,1998.Preliminary study on the seismotectonic characters of the Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault zone[J].Seismology and Geology,20(2):146—154(in Chinese).
徐杰,高战武,宋长青,等.2000.太行山山前断裂带的构造特征[J].地震地质,22(2):111—122.XU Jie,GAO Zhan-wu,SONG Chang-qing,et al.2000.The structural characters of the piedmont fault zone of TaihangMountains[J].Seismology and Geology,22(2):111—122(in Chinese).
杨国华,江在森,王敏,等.2006.印尼地震对中国川滇地区地壳水平活动的影响[J].大地测量与地球动力学,26(1):9—14.YANG Guo-hua,JIANG Zai-sen,WANG Min,et al.2006.Effect of Indonesia earthquake on horizontal crustal movementin Sichuan-Yunnan region[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,26(1):9—14(in Chinese).
殷海涛,王强,朱成林,等.2011.山东及周边地块间近期运动状态分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,31(4):37—40,46.YIN Hai-tao,WANG Qiang,ZHU Cheng-lin,et al.2011.Analysis of present movement state of Shandong and surround-ing blocks[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,31(4):37—40,46(in Chinese).
张培震,邓起东,张国民,等.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J].中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):12—20.ZHANG Pei-zhen,DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Guo-min,et al.2003.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in thecontinent of China[J].Sci China(Ser D),33(Suppl):12—20(in Chinese).
Blewitt G.2008.Fixed point theorems of GPS carrier phase ambiguity resolution and their application to massive networkprocessing:Ambizap[J].J Geophys Res,113(B12410):1—16.
Gan W J,Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,et al.2007.Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPSmeasurements[J].J Geophys Res,112(B08416):1—14.
Jaeger J C,Elasticity.1964.Fracture and Flow:With Engineering and Geological Applications[M].New York:Barnes&Noble,42p.
Pollitz F F,Burgmann P B.2011.Geodetic slip model of the2011M9.0Tohoku earthquake[J].Geophys Res Lett,38,L00G08.doi:10.1029/2011GL048632.
Savage J C,Gan Wei-jun,Svarc J L.2001.Strain accumulation and rotation in eastern California shear zone[J].JournalGeophys Research,106(B10):21995—22007.
Wessel P,Bercovici D.1998.Interpolation with splines in tension:A Green's function approach[J].Mathematical Ge-ology,30(1):77—93.
Yokota Y,Koketsu K,Fujii Y,et al.2011.Joint inversion of strong motion,teleseismic,geodetic,and tsunami datasetsfor the rupture process of the2011Tohoku earthquake[J].Geophys Res Lett,38,L00G21.doi:10.1029/2011GL050098.
Zumberge J F,Helfin M B,Jefferson D C,et al.1997.Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis ofGPS data from large networks[J].J Geophys Res,102(B3):5005—5017.
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