用卫星热红外信息研究关联断层活动的时空变化——以南北地震构造带为例
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摘要
断层活动不是孤立的,一条断层的活动可能影响其他断层,并引起这些断层的活动,这些相互作用的断层称为关联断层.本文利用卫星热红外信息以南北地震构造带为例,分析了关联断层活动的时空变化,所使用的信息是经过处理的地表亮温残差低频分量TLOW.结果表明,在一定时段内研究区一些断层间除地震活动表现出相互呼应关系外,其地表亮温残差低频分量TLOW曲线相似,相关系数高,说明热红外信息与地震信息共同反映一个地区断层的关联活动.此外,也存在单独由地表亮温残差低频分量TLOW相关表现断层关联活动的情形,即断层间无地震活动的呼应关系,但也存在TLOW曲线的相关性,同样显示关联断层的相互作用.对TLOW的时空过程分析表明,关联活动组合可随时间发生变化.例如,1988~1994年间红河断裂与澜沧-耿马断裂、金沙江断裂等构成关联活动组合,1994~1998年又与小金河断裂、安宁河-小江断裂构成关联活动组合,这样的时空变化过程可能是地壳应力场重新分配的反映.本文的研究结果证明,卫星热红外信息有望成为研究断层相互作用的一个新的独立物理量,并将对地震动力学和构造物理学的发展有重要意义.
Activities on a fault are not isolated.Motion of one fault can affect other faults and trigger activities on them.These interacting faults are called associated faults.In this study,with the N-S seismotectonic zone in China as a case,we use satellite infrared information to analyze temporal-spatial variations of associated faulting.The information used is the low-frequency component T-(LOW) of residual land surface brightness temperature,derived from satellite infrared data.The result shows that for a certain time period some faults in the study area have similar curves T-(LOW) with high correlation coefficients,in addition to corresponding relationship between their seismicities.It indicates that both infrared information and seismicity reflect associated faulting in the area.Besides,there is also situations that associated faulting is revealed by only the correlation of T-(LOW) curves.It means that there exist correlation relationships of T-(LOW) curves between faults,exhibiting interaction of associated faults,while no corresponding relation in seismicity appears on these faults.Analysis of the temporal-spatial processes of T-(LOW) demonstrates that associated faulting pattern can change with time.For instance,during 1988-1994 the Honghe fault conjoined with the Lancang-Gengma fault and the Jinshajiang fault to constitute an associated faulting pattern.During 1994～1998,the Honghe fault combined with the Xiaojinhe fault and the Anninghe-Xiaojiang fault to form another associated faulting pattern.Such a temporal-spatial change may be the reflection of re-partition of stress field in the crust.The result of this study shows that satellite infrared information can become a new independent physical parameter for research of fault interaction,and would be of great significance for development of earthquake dynamics and tectonophysics.
Activities on a fault are not isolated.Motion of one fault can affect other faults and trigger activities on them.These interacting faults are called associated faults.In this study,with the N-S seismotectonic zone in China as a case,we use satellite infrared information to analyze temporal-spatial variations of associated faulting.The information used is the low-frequency component T-(LOW) of residual land surface brightness temperature,derived from satellite infrared data.The result shows that for a certain time period some faults in the study area have similar curves T-(LOW) with high correlation coefficients,in addition to corresponding relationship between their seismicities.It indicates that both infrared information and seismicity reflect associated faulting in the area.Besides,there is also situations that associated faulting is revealed by only the correlation of T-(LOW) curves.It means that there exist correlation relationships of T-(LOW) curves between faults,exhibiting interaction of associated faults,while no corresponding relation in seismicity appears on these faults.Analysis of the temporal-spatial processes of T-(LOW) demonstrates that associated faulting pattern can change with time.For instance,during 1988-1994 the Honghe fault conjoined with the Lancang-Gengma fault and the Jinshajiang fault to constitute an associated faulting pattern.During 1994～1998,the Honghe fault combined with the Xiaojinhe fault and the Anninghe-Xiaojiang fault to form another associated faulting pattern.Such a temporal-spatial change may be the reflection of re-partition of stress field in the crust.The result of this study shows that satellite infrared information can become a new independent physical parameter for research of fault interaction,and would be of great significance for development of earthquake dynamics and tectonophysics.
引文
[1]Reasenberg P A,Simpson R W.Response of regional seismicity tothe static stress change produced by Loma Prieta earthquake.Science,1992,255:1687~1690
[2]Stein R S,Barks A A,Dieterich J H.Progressive failure on theNorth Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering.Geophys.J.Int.,1997,128:594~604
[3]Harris R A.Stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications.J.G.R.,1998,103(B10):24347~24358
[4]Simpson R W,Reasenberg P A.Earthquake_induced static stresschanges on central California fault.In:The Loma Prieta,CaliforniaEarthquake of October 17,1989_Tectonic process and models.Simpson R W ed.U.S.Geol.Surv.Prof.Pap,1994,1550(F),F55~F89
[5]刘桂萍,傅征祥.海原大地震对古浪大地震的静应力触发研究.地球物理学报,2001,44(增刊):107~115Liu G P,Fu Z X.A study on the great Gulang earthquake triggeredprobably by static stress change resulting from the great Haiyuanearthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,44(Suppl.):107~115
[6]张秋文,张培震,汪一鹏等.断裂间相互作用及其对活动断裂地震潜势的影响的初步研究.活动断裂研究,2001,8:41~49Zhang Q W,Zhang P Z,Wang Y P,et al.Preliminary research onfault interaction and its influences on seismic potential of active fault.Research on Active Fault(in Chinese),2001,8:41~49
[7]Gomberg J M,Beeler N M,Blapied M L,et al.Transient triggeringof near and distant earthquakes.BSSA,1997,87:294~309.
[8]Gomberg J M.Blanpied M L,Beeler N M.Earthquake triggering bytransient and static deformations.J.G.R.,1998,103:24411~24426
[9]Wald D J,Heaton T H.Spatial and temporal distribution of slip forthe 1992 Landers,California,earthquake.BSSA,1994,84:668~691
[10]马瑾,马胜利,刘力强等.交叉断层的交替活动与块体运动的实验研究.地震地质,2000,22(1):65~73Ma J,Ma S L,Liu L Q,et al.Experimental study on alternate slipof intersecting faults and block movement.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2000,22(1):65~73
[11]Ma J,Ma S L,Liu L Q,et al.Experimental study on pattern of faultinteraction.Progress in Natural Science,2002,12(10):759~765
[12]张国民,李丽.强震成组孕育、成组发生过程中相互间影响的研究.地震,1997,17(7):221~231Zhang G M,Li L.On group features of the strong earthquakepreparation and occurrence and their correlation.Earthquake(inChinese),1997,17(3):221~231
[13]Ma S L,Ma J,Liu L Q,et al.An experimental study on deformationof en_echelon faults and seismicity.In:Proc.30th Geol.Congr.,Netherlands:VSP,1997,Vol5,211
[14]陈顺云,马瑾,刘培洵等.中国地表亮度温度年变基准场.地震地质,2004,26(3):528~538Chen S Y,Ma J,Liu P X,et al.Normal annual variation field ofland surface brightness temperature in China.Seismology andGeology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):528~538
[15]刘力强,陈国强,刘培洵等.岩石变形实验热红外观测系统.地震地质,2004,26(3):492~501Liu L Q,Chen G Q,Liu P X,et al.Infrared measurement system forrock deformation experiment.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):492~501
[16]刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云等.从红外遥感图像提取地下热信息的透热指数法.地震地质,2004,26(3):520~527Liu P X,Liu L Q,Chen S Y,et al.Heat penetrability index(HPI)method for distilling subsurface thermal information from satelliteinfrared images.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):520~527
[17]刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云等.地表岩石变形引起热红外异常的实验研究.地震地质,2004,26(3):502~511Liu P X,Liu L Q,Chen S Y,et al.An experiment on the infraredradiation of surficial rocks during deformation.Seismology andGeology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):502~511
[18]陈顺云,刘培洵,刘力强等.地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义.地球物理学报,2006,39(3):824~830Chen S Y,Liu P X,Liu L Q,et al.Wavelet analysis of thermalinfrared radiation of land surface and its implementation in the studyof current tectonic activity.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,39(3):824~830
[19]马瑾,汪一鹏,陈顺云等.卫星热红外信息与断层活动关系讨论.自然科学进展,2005,15(12):1467~1475Ma J,Wang Y P,Chen S Y,et al.Insights into correlation betweensatellite infrared information and fault activities.Progress in NaturalScience(in Chinese),2005,15(12):1467~1475
[20]谢锐生[美].热力学原理.北京:人民教育出版社,1980Xie R S[U.S.].Principle of Thermodynamics(in Chinese).Beijing:The People’s Education Press,1980
[21]马宗晋,郑大林.中蒙大陆中轴构造带及其地震活动.地震研究,1981,4(4):421~436Ma Z J,Zheng D L.The Chinese_Mongolian continental mid_axistectonic belt and this seismicity.Jounal ofSeismological Research(inChinese),1981,4(4):421~436
[22]徐锡伟,于桂华,马文涛等.中国大陆中轴构造带地壳最新构造变动样式及其动力学内涵.地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):160~167Xu X W,Yu G H,Ma W T,et al.Model of latest crustal tectonicmotion of the central tectonic zone on the mainland of China.EarthScience Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(Special):160~167
[23]国家地震局“鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系”课题组.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系.北京:地震出版社,1988The Research Group on“Active Fault System Around Ordos Massif”,Sate Seismological Bureau.“Active Fault System Around OrdosMassif”(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1988
[24]国家地震局地质研究所、宁夏回族自治区地震局.海原活动断裂带.地震出版社,1990Institute of Geology of Chinese Seismological Bureau,SeismologicalBureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.Haiyuan Acive Fault(inChinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1990
[25]张国伟,郭安林,姚安平.中国大陆构造中的西秦岭—松潘大陆构造结.地学前缘,2004,11(3):23~32Zhang G W,Guo A L,Yao A P.Western Qinling_Songpancontinental tectonic node in China’s continental tectonics.EarthScience Frontiers(in Chinese),2004,11(3):23~32
[26]汪一鹏,沈军,王棋等.川滇块体的侧向挤出问题.地学前缘.2003,10(特刊):188~192Wang Y P,Shen J,Wang Q,et al.On the lateral extrusion ofSichuan_Yunnan block(Chuandian Block).Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(Special):188~192
[27]徐锡伟,闻学泽,郑荣章等.川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增刊):151~162Xu X W,Wen X Z,Zheng R Z,et al.Pattern of latest tectonicmotion and its dynamics for active blocks in Sichuan_Yunnan Region.China.Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),2003,33(Suppl.):151~162
[28]宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤等.小江活动断裂带.地震出版社,1998Song F M,Wang Y P,Yu W X,et al.Xiaojiang Active Fault Zone(in Chenese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1998
[29]李坪主编.鲜水河—小江断裂带.地震出版社,1993Li P.Xianshuihe_Xiaojiang Active Fault Zone(in Chenese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993
[2]Stein R S,Barks A A,Dieterich J H.Progressive failure on theNorth Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering.Geophys.J.Int.,1997,128:594~604
[3]Harris R A.Stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications.J.G.R.,1998,103(B10):24347~24358
[4]Simpson R W,Reasenberg P A.Earthquake_induced static stresschanges on central California fault.In:The Loma Prieta,CaliforniaEarthquake of October 17,1989_Tectonic process and models.Simpson R W ed.U.S.Geol.Surv.Prof.Pap,1994,1550(F),F55~F89
[5]刘桂萍,傅征祥.海原大地震对古浪大地震的静应力触发研究.地球物理学报,2001,44(增刊):107~115Liu G P,Fu Z X.A study on the great Gulang earthquake triggeredprobably by static stress change resulting from the great Haiyuanearthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,44(Suppl.):107~115
[6]张秋文,张培震,汪一鹏等.断裂间相互作用及其对活动断裂地震潜势的影响的初步研究.活动断裂研究,2001,8:41~49Zhang Q W,Zhang P Z,Wang Y P,et al.Preliminary research onfault interaction and its influences on seismic potential of active fault.Research on Active Fault(in Chinese),2001,8:41~49
[7]Gomberg J M,Beeler N M,Blapied M L,et al.Transient triggeringof near and distant earthquakes.BSSA,1997,87:294~309.
[8]Gomberg J M.Blanpied M L,Beeler N M.Earthquake triggering bytransient and static deformations.J.G.R.,1998,103:24411~24426
[9]Wald D J,Heaton T H.Spatial and temporal distribution of slip forthe 1992 Landers,California,earthquake.BSSA,1994,84:668~691
[10]马瑾,马胜利,刘力强等.交叉断层的交替活动与块体运动的实验研究.地震地质,2000,22(1):65~73Ma J,Ma S L,Liu L Q,et al.Experimental study on alternate slipof intersecting faults and block movement.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2000,22(1):65~73
[11]Ma J,Ma S L,Liu L Q,et al.Experimental study on pattern of faultinteraction.Progress in Natural Science,2002,12(10):759~765
[12]张国民,李丽.强震成组孕育、成组发生过程中相互间影响的研究.地震,1997,17(7):221~231Zhang G M,Li L.On group features of the strong earthquakepreparation and occurrence and their correlation.Earthquake(inChinese),1997,17(3):221~231
[13]Ma S L,Ma J,Liu L Q,et al.An experimental study on deformationof en_echelon faults and seismicity.In:Proc.30th Geol.Congr.,Netherlands:VSP,1997,Vol5,211
[14]陈顺云,马瑾,刘培洵等.中国地表亮度温度年变基准场.地震地质,2004,26(3):528~538Chen S Y,Ma J,Liu P X,et al.Normal annual variation field ofland surface brightness temperature in China.Seismology andGeology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):528~538
[15]刘力强,陈国强,刘培洵等.岩石变形实验热红外观测系统.地震地质,2004,26(3):492~501Liu L Q,Chen G Q,Liu P X,et al.Infrared measurement system forrock deformation experiment.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):492~501
[16]刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云等.从红外遥感图像提取地下热信息的透热指数法.地震地质,2004,26(3):520~527Liu P X,Liu L Q,Chen S Y,et al.Heat penetrability index(HPI)method for distilling subsurface thermal information from satelliteinfrared images.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):520~527
[17]刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云等.地表岩石变形引起热红外异常的实验研究.地震地质,2004,26(3):502~511Liu P X,Liu L Q,Chen S Y,et al.An experiment on the infraredradiation of surficial rocks during deformation.Seismology andGeology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):502~511
[18]陈顺云,刘培洵,刘力强等.地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义.地球物理学报,2006,39(3):824~830Chen S Y,Liu P X,Liu L Q,et al.Wavelet analysis of thermalinfrared radiation of land surface and its implementation in the studyof current tectonic activity.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,39(3):824~830
[19]马瑾,汪一鹏,陈顺云等.卫星热红外信息与断层活动关系讨论.自然科学进展,2005,15(12):1467~1475Ma J,Wang Y P,Chen S Y,et al.Insights into correlation betweensatellite infrared information and fault activities.Progress in NaturalScience(in Chinese),2005,15(12):1467~1475
[20]谢锐生[美].热力学原理.北京:人民教育出版社,1980Xie R S[U.S.].Principle of Thermodynamics(in Chinese).Beijing:The People’s Education Press,1980
[21]马宗晋,郑大林.中蒙大陆中轴构造带及其地震活动.地震研究,1981,4(4):421~436Ma Z J,Zheng D L.The Chinese_Mongolian continental mid_axistectonic belt and this seismicity.Jounal ofSeismological Research(inChinese),1981,4(4):421~436
[22]徐锡伟,于桂华,马文涛等.中国大陆中轴构造带地壳最新构造变动样式及其动力学内涵.地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):160~167Xu X W,Yu G H,Ma W T,et al.Model of latest crustal tectonicmotion of the central tectonic zone on the mainland of China.EarthScience Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(Special):160~167
[23]国家地震局“鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系”课题组.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系.北京:地震出版社,1988The Research Group on“Active Fault System Around Ordos Massif”,Sate Seismological Bureau.“Active Fault System Around OrdosMassif”(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1988
[24]国家地震局地质研究所、宁夏回族自治区地震局.海原活动断裂带.地震出版社,1990Institute of Geology of Chinese Seismological Bureau,SeismologicalBureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.Haiyuan Acive Fault(inChinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1990
[25]张国伟,郭安林,姚安平.中国大陆构造中的西秦岭—松潘大陆构造结.地学前缘,2004,11(3):23~32Zhang G W,Guo A L,Yao A P.Western Qinling_Songpancontinental tectonic node in China’s continental tectonics.EarthScience Frontiers(in Chinese),2004,11(3):23~32
[26]汪一鹏,沈军,王棋等.川滇块体的侧向挤出问题.地学前缘.2003,10(特刊):188~192Wang Y P,Shen J,Wang Q,et al.On the lateral extrusion ofSichuan_Yunnan block(Chuandian Block).Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(Special):188~192
[27]徐锡伟,闻学泽,郑荣章等.川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增刊):151~162Xu X W,Wen X Z,Zheng R Z,et al.Pattern of latest tectonicmotion and its dynamics for active blocks in Sichuan_Yunnan Region.China.Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),2003,33(Suppl.):151~162
[28]宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤等.小江活动断裂带.地震出版社,1998Song F M,Wang Y P,Yu W X,et al.Xiaojiang Active Fault Zone(in Chenese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1998
[29]李坪主编.鲜水河—小江断裂带.地震出版社,1993Li P.Xianshuihe_Xiaojiang Active Fault Zone(in Chenese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993
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