地震电磁卫星电离层扰动研究进展综述
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摘要
本文总结了国内外关于地震电离层扰动现象研究的主要进展,主要介绍了法国DEME-TER卫星及其相关的统计研究和震例研究成果,总结了目前地震电离层扰动前兆震例研究的一般步骤,介绍了地震孕育过程中产生的电磁异常信息向电离层传播的可能途径,包括化学途径、声学途径和电磁途径。大量的研究成果表明地震电离层异常的存在,在地震发生前几个小时至几天或几个月电离层扰动被探测到,但是地震电离层扰动前兆能否作为地震预报方法,还有许多需要深入研究的问题。本文提出了地震电离层研究需要解决的几个重要问题。
In this paper,we review recent advances and latest developments on the study of ionospheric disturbances prior to earthquakes.We also introduce DEMETER satellite and some statistical studies and earthquake case studies based on DEMETER satellite data.The common steps for studying ionospheric phenomena before strong earthquakes are expounded: select the earthquake examples-choose the parameters of the ionosphere-data analysis,extract and identify disturbance information-validate pre-earthquake ionospheric responses.The electromagnetic effects and correlated phenomena generated in seismo-electromagnetic process,spread to space by ways of chemistry,acoustics,and electromagnetism.The research results show clearly that ionospheric disturbances appearing several months,days or hours prior to earthquakes can be observed.whether the precursors could be used as a tool in earthquake prediction need more research.
In this paper,we review recent advances and latest developments on the study of ionospheric disturbances prior to earthquakes.We also introduce DEMETER satellite and some statistical studies and earthquake case studies based on DEMETER satellite data.The common steps for studying ionospheric phenomena before strong earthquakes are expounded: select the earthquake examples-choose the parameters of the ionosphere-data analysis,extract and identify disturbance information-validate pre-earthquake ionospheric responses.The electromagnetic effects and correlated phenomena generated in seismo-electromagnetic process,spread to space by ways of chemistry,acoustics,and electromagnetism.The research results show clearly that ionospheric disturbances appearing several months,days or hours prior to earthquakes can be observed.whether the precursors could be used as a tool in earthquake prediction need more research.
引文
[1]赵国泽,陈小斌,蔡军涛,等.电磁卫星和地震预测[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(3):667-673.
[2]蔡军涛,赵国泽,詹艳,等.地震期间电离层扰动现象研究[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(3):695-701.
[3]腾云田,王喜珍,王晓美,等.地震电磁卫星的发展与思考[J].空间科学学报,2009,29(1):87-92.
[4]Cussac T,Clair M A,Guerard P U,et al.The Demeter microsatellite and ground segment[J].Planet Space Sci,2006,54:413-427.
[5]Berthelier J J,Godefroy M,Leblanc F,et al.The electric field experiment on DEMETER[J].Planet Space Sci,2006,54(5):456-471.
[6]Berthelier J J,Godefroy M,Leblanc F,et al.The thermal plasma analyzer on DEMETER[J].Planet Space Sci,54(5):487-501.
[7]Parrot M,Berthelier J J,Lebreton J P,et al.Examples of unusual ionospheric observations made bythe DEMETER satellite over seismic regions[J].Phys Chem Earth,2006,31:486-495.
[8]朱荣.从卫星观测数据提取地震电离层前兆信息的初探[D].中国地震局地球物理研究所,2007.
[9]欧阳新艳.利用DEMETER卫星数据提取地震异常的方法初探——以普洱地震为例[D].中国地震局地震预测研究所,2008.
[10]Nemec F,Santolik O,Parrot M,et al.Seiso-electromagnetic effects observed in the upper iono-sphere:a statistical study[R].法国图卢兹:DEMETER卫星国际研讨会,2006.
[11]丁鉴海,申旭辉,潘威炎,等.地震电磁前兆研究进展[J].电波科学学报,2006,21(6):791-801.
[12]安张辉,范莹莹,刘君,等.汶川MS8.0地震前DEMETER卫星探测的离子温度变化分析[J].地震学报,2010,32(6):754-759.
[13]熊攀.小波方法在地震遥感信息提取中的应用[D].中国地震局地震预测研究所,2009.
[14]张学民,申旭辉,钱家栋,等.我国地震电磁卫星数据分析及应用研究进展[J].2009,(29):34-45.
[15]Pulinets S A.Ionosphere precursors of earthquake,Recent advanced in theory and practical applica-tions[J].TAO,2004,15(3):413-435.
[16]刘依谋,王劲松,肖佐,等.台风影响电离层F2区的一种可能机制[J].空间科学学报,2006,26(2):92-97.
[17]肖赛冠,张东和,肖佐.台风激发的声重力渡的可探测性研究[J].空间科学学撮,2007,27(1):39-40.
[18]Barnes R A,Leonard R S.Observations of ionospheric disturbances following the Alaska earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,1965,70:1 250-1 253.
[19]Parrot M,Mogilevsky M M.VLF emission associated with earthquake and observed in the iono-sphere and the magnetosphere[J].Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors,1989,57:86-99.
[20]Chuo Y J,Chen Y I,Liu J Y,et al.Ionospheric fof2variations prior to strong earthquakes in Tai-wan area[J].Advances in Space Research,2001,27:1 305-1 310.
[21]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A,Kodam A T,et al.Plasma density variations observed on a satellitepossibly related seismicity[J].Adv SpaceRes,2000,26(8):1 277-1 280.
[22]Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,Kamogawa M,et al.The anomalies in the f0Es prior to M≥6.0Taiwan earth-quakes[A].Seismo Electromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling[C].TERRA-PUB,2002.309-312.
[23]林玉翔.利用全球定位系统观测电离层地震前兆[D].台湾:国立中央大学太空科学所,2004.
[24]Pulinets S A.Seismic activity as a source of the ionospheric variability[J].Adv Space Res,1998,22:903-906.
[25]Pulinets S A,Legen′ka A D,Karpachev A T,et al.The earthquake prediction possibility on thebase of topside sounding data[M].USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,Moscow,1991.
[26]Parrot M,Achache J,Berthelier J J,et al.High-frequency seismo-electromagnetic effects[J].PhysEarth Planet 1nt,1993,77:65-83.
[27]Pulinets S A,Egen′ka A D.dynamics of the near-equatorial ionosphere prior to the strong earth-quakes[J].Geomagn Aeron,2002,42:239-244.
[28]Pulinets S A.Ionosphere precursors of earthquake,Recent advanced in theory and practical applica-tions[J].TAO,2004,15(3):413-435.
[29]Kim V P,Khegai V V,Illich-Svitych P V.On one possible ionospheric precursor of earthquake[J].Phys Solid Earth,1994,30:223-226.
[30]Hayakawa M.Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earth-quakes[M].Terra Scientific Publication Company,Tokyo,1999.996.
[31]Yu Surong,Ding Jianhai,Suo Yucheng.Research on anomaly characteristic of geomagnetic field andionosphere before Mani MS7.5earthquake[J].Earthquake,2004,24(supp.):77-83.
[32]Pulinets S A.Kirill Boyarchuk.Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquake[M].Berlin New York:Springer.2003.
[33]Ruzhin Yu Ya,Larkina V I,Kh A.Depueva.Earthquake precursors in magnetically conjugated ion-osphere regions[J].Advances in Space Research,1998,21(03):525-528.
[34]Parrot M,Berthelier J J,Lebreton J P,et al.Examples of unusual ionospheric observations made bythe DEMETER satellite over seismic regions[J].Phys Chem Earth,2006,31:486-495.
[35]Molchanov O,Rozhnoil A,SoIovieva M,et al.Global diagnostics of the ionospheric perturbationsrelated to the seismic activity using the VLF radio signals collected on the DEM ETER satellite[J].Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci,2006,6:745-753.
[36]Sarkar S,Gwal A K,Parrot M.Ionospheric variations observed by the DEM ETER satellite in themid-latitude region during strong earthquakes[J].J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys,2007,69:1 524-1 540.
[37]张学民,刘静,钱家栋,等.西藏改则6.9级地震前的电离层电磁扰动[J].地震,2008,28(3):14-22.
[38]张学民,丁鉴海,申旭辉,等.汶川8级地震前电磁扰动与电磁立体监测体系[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(1):1-8.
[39]刘静,张学民,申旭辉,等.九江地震前DEMETER卫星观测到的电离层异常[J].地震,2009,29(10):61-66.
[40]张蓓,增中超,方广有,等.汶川地震及其余震期间的ELF电磁异常[J].地震学报,2010,32(5):625-630.
[41]黄建平,刘静,欧阳新艳,等.智利8.8级地震前后高能粒子数据变化分析[J].地震地质,2010,32(03):417-423.
[42]Zhang X M,Liu J,Shen X H,et al.Ionospheric perturbations associated with the M8.6Sumatraearthquake on 28March 2005[J].Chinese J Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):567-575.
[43]泽仁志玛,张学民,刘静,等.利用DEMETER卫星LANGMIUR探针观测数据研究强震前的电离层扰动[J].地震地质,2010,32(3):425-433.
[44]董健,颜蕊,张景发,等.基于DEMETER卫星观测数据的电离层地震前兆分析——以汶川地震、东海地震为例[J].地震,2009,29(2):60-66.
[45]张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,等.DEMETER卫星观测到的智利7.9级地震前的电离层电磁扰动[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(4):1 196-1 203.
[46]张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,等.新疆于田7.2级地震前的电离层电磁扰动[J].空间科学,2009,29(2):213-221.
[47]张学民,申旭辉,欧阳新艳,等.汶川8级地震前空间电离层VLF电场异常现象[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(06):1 024-1 032.
[48]Xuemin Zhang,Jiadong Qian,Xinyan Ouyang,et al.Ionospheric electromagnetic perturbations ob-served on DEMETER satellite before Chile M7.9earthquake[J].Earthquake Science,2009,22:251-255.
[49]曾中超,张蓓,方广有,等.利用DEMETER卫星数据分析汶川地震前的电离层异常[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(1):11-19.
[50]朱涛.DEMETER卫星观测的LF/MF电场频谱特征初步研究[J].地震学报,2010,32(4):476-489.
[51]平建军,刘静,欧阳新艳,等.智利8.8级地震前后高能粒子数据变化[J].地震地质,2010,32(3):417-423.
[52]万战生,赵国泽,陈小斌,等.岩石圈地震前兆异常机制[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(03):708-714.
[53]赵必强,万卫星,王敏,等.震前电离层扰动研究进展及汶川地震前电离层变化[J].科技导报,2008,26(11):30-34.
[54]Liperovsky V A,Meister C V,Doda L N,et al.On the possible influence of radon and aerosol in-jection on the atmosphere and ionosphere before earthquakes[J].Natural Hazard and Earth SystemSciences,2005:1-7.
[55]Shvets A V,Hayakawa M,Maekawa S.Results of subionospheric radio LF monitoring prior to theTokachi(M:8,Hokkaido,25September 2003)earthquake[J].Natural Hazard and Earth System,Sciences,2004,4(5～6):647-653.
[56]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Summary report of NASDA′S earthquake remote sensing frontierproject[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29(4～9):617-627.
[57]萧佐.50年来的中国电离层物理研究[J].物理,1999,28(4):661-667.
[2]蔡军涛,赵国泽,詹艳,等.地震期间电离层扰动现象研究[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(3):695-701.
[3]腾云田,王喜珍,王晓美,等.地震电磁卫星的发展与思考[J].空间科学学报,2009,29(1):87-92.
[4]Cussac T,Clair M A,Guerard P U,et al.The Demeter microsatellite and ground segment[J].Planet Space Sci,2006,54:413-427.
[5]Berthelier J J,Godefroy M,Leblanc F,et al.The electric field experiment on DEMETER[J].Planet Space Sci,2006,54(5):456-471.
[6]Berthelier J J,Godefroy M,Leblanc F,et al.The thermal plasma analyzer on DEMETER[J].Planet Space Sci,54(5):487-501.
[7]Parrot M,Berthelier J J,Lebreton J P,et al.Examples of unusual ionospheric observations made bythe DEMETER satellite over seismic regions[J].Phys Chem Earth,2006,31:486-495.
[8]朱荣.从卫星观测数据提取地震电离层前兆信息的初探[D].中国地震局地球物理研究所,2007.
[9]欧阳新艳.利用DEMETER卫星数据提取地震异常的方法初探——以普洱地震为例[D].中国地震局地震预测研究所,2008.
[10]Nemec F,Santolik O,Parrot M,et al.Seiso-electromagnetic effects observed in the upper iono-sphere:a statistical study[R].法国图卢兹:DEMETER卫星国际研讨会,2006.
[11]丁鉴海,申旭辉,潘威炎,等.地震电磁前兆研究进展[J].电波科学学报,2006,21(6):791-801.
[12]安张辉,范莹莹,刘君,等.汶川MS8.0地震前DEMETER卫星探测的离子温度变化分析[J].地震学报,2010,32(6):754-759.
[13]熊攀.小波方法在地震遥感信息提取中的应用[D].中国地震局地震预测研究所,2009.
[14]张学民,申旭辉,钱家栋,等.我国地震电磁卫星数据分析及应用研究进展[J].2009,(29):34-45.
[15]Pulinets S A.Ionosphere precursors of earthquake,Recent advanced in theory and practical applica-tions[J].TAO,2004,15(3):413-435.
[16]刘依谋,王劲松,肖佐,等.台风影响电离层F2区的一种可能机制[J].空间科学学报,2006,26(2):92-97.
[17]肖赛冠,张东和,肖佐.台风激发的声重力渡的可探测性研究[J].空间科学学撮,2007,27(1):39-40.
[18]Barnes R A,Leonard R S.Observations of ionospheric disturbances following the Alaska earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,1965,70:1 250-1 253.
[19]Parrot M,Mogilevsky M M.VLF emission associated with earthquake and observed in the iono-sphere and the magnetosphere[J].Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors,1989,57:86-99.
[20]Chuo Y J,Chen Y I,Liu J Y,et al.Ionospheric fof2variations prior to strong earthquakes in Tai-wan area[J].Advances in Space Research,2001,27:1 305-1 310.
[21]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A,Kodam A T,et al.Plasma density variations observed on a satellitepossibly related seismicity[J].Adv SpaceRes,2000,26(8):1 277-1 280.
[22]Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,Kamogawa M,et al.The anomalies in the f0Es prior to M≥6.0Taiwan earth-quakes[A].Seismo Electromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling[C].TERRA-PUB,2002.309-312.
[23]林玉翔.利用全球定位系统观测电离层地震前兆[D].台湾:国立中央大学太空科学所,2004.
[24]Pulinets S A.Seismic activity as a source of the ionospheric variability[J].Adv Space Res,1998,22:903-906.
[25]Pulinets S A,Legen′ka A D,Karpachev A T,et al.The earthquake prediction possibility on thebase of topside sounding data[M].USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,Moscow,1991.
[26]Parrot M,Achache J,Berthelier J J,et al.High-frequency seismo-electromagnetic effects[J].PhysEarth Planet 1nt,1993,77:65-83.
[27]Pulinets S A,Egen′ka A D.dynamics of the near-equatorial ionosphere prior to the strong earth-quakes[J].Geomagn Aeron,2002,42:239-244.
[28]Pulinets S A.Ionosphere precursors of earthquake,Recent advanced in theory and practical applica-tions[J].TAO,2004,15(3):413-435.
[29]Kim V P,Khegai V V,Illich-Svitych P V.On one possible ionospheric precursor of earthquake[J].Phys Solid Earth,1994,30:223-226.
[30]Hayakawa M.Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earth-quakes[M].Terra Scientific Publication Company,Tokyo,1999.996.
[31]Yu Surong,Ding Jianhai,Suo Yucheng.Research on anomaly characteristic of geomagnetic field andionosphere before Mani MS7.5earthquake[J].Earthquake,2004,24(supp.):77-83.
[32]Pulinets S A.Kirill Boyarchuk.Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquake[M].Berlin New York:Springer.2003.
[33]Ruzhin Yu Ya,Larkina V I,Kh A.Depueva.Earthquake precursors in magnetically conjugated ion-osphere regions[J].Advances in Space Research,1998,21(03):525-528.
[34]Parrot M,Berthelier J J,Lebreton J P,et al.Examples of unusual ionospheric observations made bythe DEMETER satellite over seismic regions[J].Phys Chem Earth,2006,31:486-495.
[35]Molchanov O,Rozhnoil A,SoIovieva M,et al.Global diagnostics of the ionospheric perturbationsrelated to the seismic activity using the VLF radio signals collected on the DEM ETER satellite[J].Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci,2006,6:745-753.
[36]Sarkar S,Gwal A K,Parrot M.Ionospheric variations observed by the DEM ETER satellite in themid-latitude region during strong earthquakes[J].J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys,2007,69:1 524-1 540.
[37]张学民,刘静,钱家栋,等.西藏改则6.9级地震前的电离层电磁扰动[J].地震,2008,28(3):14-22.
[38]张学民,丁鉴海,申旭辉,等.汶川8级地震前电磁扰动与电磁立体监测体系[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(1):1-8.
[39]刘静,张学民,申旭辉,等.九江地震前DEMETER卫星观测到的电离层异常[J].地震,2009,29(10):61-66.
[40]张蓓,增中超,方广有,等.汶川地震及其余震期间的ELF电磁异常[J].地震学报,2010,32(5):625-630.
[41]黄建平,刘静,欧阳新艳,等.智利8.8级地震前后高能粒子数据变化分析[J].地震地质,2010,32(03):417-423.
[42]Zhang X M,Liu J,Shen X H,et al.Ionospheric perturbations associated with the M8.6Sumatraearthquake on 28March 2005[J].Chinese J Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):567-575.
[43]泽仁志玛,张学民,刘静,等.利用DEMETER卫星LANGMIUR探针观测数据研究强震前的电离层扰动[J].地震地质,2010,32(3):425-433.
[44]董健,颜蕊,张景发,等.基于DEMETER卫星观测数据的电离层地震前兆分析——以汶川地震、东海地震为例[J].地震,2009,29(2):60-66.
[45]张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,等.DEMETER卫星观测到的智利7.9级地震前的电离层电磁扰动[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(4):1 196-1 203.
[46]张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,等.新疆于田7.2级地震前的电离层电磁扰动[J].空间科学,2009,29(2):213-221.
[47]张学民,申旭辉,欧阳新艳,等.汶川8级地震前空间电离层VLF电场异常现象[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(06):1 024-1 032.
[48]Xuemin Zhang,Jiadong Qian,Xinyan Ouyang,et al.Ionospheric electromagnetic perturbations ob-served on DEMETER satellite before Chile M7.9earthquake[J].Earthquake Science,2009,22:251-255.
[49]曾中超,张蓓,方广有,等.利用DEMETER卫星数据分析汶川地震前的电离层异常[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(1):11-19.
[50]朱涛.DEMETER卫星观测的LF/MF电场频谱特征初步研究[J].地震学报,2010,32(4):476-489.
[51]平建军,刘静,欧阳新艳,等.智利8.8级地震前后高能粒子数据变化[J].地震地质,2010,32(3):417-423.
[52]万战生,赵国泽,陈小斌,等.岩石圈地震前兆异常机制[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(03):708-714.
[53]赵必强,万卫星,王敏,等.震前电离层扰动研究进展及汶川地震前电离层变化[J].科技导报,2008,26(11):30-34.
[54]Liperovsky V A,Meister C V,Doda L N,et al.On the possible influence of radon and aerosol in-jection on the atmosphere and ionosphere before earthquakes[J].Natural Hazard and Earth SystemSciences,2005:1-7.
[55]Shvets A V,Hayakawa M,Maekawa S.Results of subionospheric radio LF monitoring prior to theTokachi(M:8,Hokkaido,25September 2003)earthquake[J].Natural Hazard and Earth System,Sciences,2004,4(5～6):647-653.
[56]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Summary report of NASDA′S earthquake remote sensing frontierproject[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29(4～9):617-627.
[57]萧佐.50年来的中国电离层物理研究[J].物理,1999,28(4):661-667.
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