库车坳陷深浅构造变形与地震关系浅析
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摘要
通过研究库车地区的地震活动性 ,由地震分布的规律性推断可能的基底断裂 ,并分析了基底活动断裂与地表构造的对应关系、盖层变形和基底变形特征的差异及成因。结果表明 :1)地震震中分布揭示库车坳陷内对应东、西秋里塔格背斜带位置上 ,基底中发育东秋里塔格深断裂和南、北秋里塔格深断裂 ;另外 ,依奇克里克背斜和亚肯背斜位置上也存在对应的深断裂 ,这表明地表构造的形成受深部构造的控制。 2 )依奇克里克构造西端至东秋 5井连线位置上发育 1条NE向走滑断裂 ,在拜城西侧发 1条NW走向的活动断裂 ,这 2条切穿构造走向的活动断裂是库车坳陷构造分段的主因。 3)基底和盖层变形特征的差异主要源于二者之间介质特性的差异。盆地基底岩石圈强度非常高 ,决定了其变形以脆性破裂———地震活动为主 ;而盖层中沉积岩层强度较弱 ,且存在煤和膏盐等极软弱的薄层 ,在构造挤压作用下 ,可以产生黏性或塑性流动大变形及顺层无震滑脱
By analyzing the seismicity in Kuqa depression,north Tarim Basin,some active basement faults are inferred from the distribution of earthquake epicenters in several profiles.The different deformation charac-teristics between the cover and the basement,as well as their reasons are investigated by comparing the lo-cations of surface structures and basement faults,combined with some other results of deformation and kinematic research in this region.The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study: (1)The distribution of earthquake epicenters indicates that active basement faults exist along the tec-tonic grain corresponding to that of the surface structures of the Qiulitage-Yaken tectonic belt in Kuqa de-pression.In the basement beneath the East and West Qiulitage anticlines,there exist the East,North and South Qiulitage deep faults.Moreover,in the basement beneath the Yiqikelike anticline and Yaken anti-cline there exist the Yiqikelike and Yaken deep faults.These facts may imply that the development of sur-face structures was controlled by the deep structures. (2)It is revealed that a NE-trending deep strike slip fault is developed along the line from the west end of the Yiqikelike anticline to the Dongqiu No.5well,and a NW-trending deep fault is developed on the west side of Baicheng.These two active deep faults cut the tectonic grain of the region,and might be responsible for the segmentation of tectonics in Kuqa depression,probably has led to the greater contraction at the middle segment of Kuqa depression(Kuqa-Baicheng)and smaller contraction at east and west seg-ments.(3)The different characteristics of media result in the different deformation between the cover and the basement.The strength of the lithosphere at the basement of Kuqa depression is extremely high,so that deformation of the basement here is dominated by brittle fracturing and the generation of earthquake.The strength of the sedimentary rocks in the cover is much weaker,which may cause the plastic flow of the rocks under the action of long-period intense compression from the orogenic belt.And especially with the existence of coal or salt layers of extremely weak strength in the cover,a large scale aseismic detachment may occur along these weak layers.
By analyzing the seismicity in Kuqa depression,north Tarim Basin,some active basement faults are inferred from the distribution of earthquake epicenters in several profiles.The different deformation charac-teristics between the cover and the basement,as well as their reasons are investigated by comparing the lo-cations of surface structures and basement faults,combined with some other results of deformation and kinematic research in this region.The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study: (1)The distribution of earthquake epicenters indicates that active basement faults exist along the tec-tonic grain corresponding to that of the surface structures of the Qiulitage-Yaken tectonic belt in Kuqa de-pression.In the basement beneath the East and West Qiulitage anticlines,there exist the East,North and South Qiulitage deep faults.Moreover,in the basement beneath the Yiqikelike anticline and Yaken anti-cline there exist the Yiqikelike and Yaken deep faults.These facts may imply that the development of sur-face structures was controlled by the deep structures. (2)It is revealed that a NE-trending deep strike slip fault is developed along the line from the west end of the Yiqikelike anticline to the Dongqiu No.5well,and a NW-trending deep fault is developed on the west side of Baicheng.These two active deep faults cut the tectonic grain of the region,and might be responsible for the segmentation of tectonics in Kuqa depression,probably has led to the greater contraction at the middle segment of Kuqa depression(Kuqa-Baicheng)and smaller contraction at east and west seg-ments.(3)The different characteristics of media result in the different deformation between the cover and the basement.The strength of the lithosphere at the basement of Kuqa depression is extremely high,so that deformation of the basement here is dominated by brittle fracturing and the generation of earthquake.The strength of the sedimentary rocks in the cover is much weaker,which may cause the plastic flow of the rocks under the action of long-period intense compression from the orogenic belt.And especially with the existence of coal or salt layers of extremely weak strength in the cover,a large scale aseismic detachment may occur along these weak layers.
引文
贾承造,魏国齐,王良书,等,2000,塔里木盆地构造特征与控油作用,塔里木油田分公司、石油勘探开发研究院廊坊分院成果报告(991110101)
顾家裕,张光亚,李洪辉,等,1999,库车前陆盆地演化与油气资源评价,塔里木石油勘探开发指挥部,北京石油勘探开发研究院合作项目报告
同236页①。
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何登发,吕修祥,林永汉,等.1996.前陆盆地分析〔M〕.北京:石油工业出版社.HEDeng fa,L Xiu xiang,LINYong han,etal.1996.ForelandBasinAnalysis〔M〕.PetroleumIndustryPress,Beijing(inChinese).
贾承造主编.1997.中国塔里木盆地构造特征与油气〔M〕.北京:石油出版社.JIACheng zao(ed).1997.TectonicCharacteristicsandOil gasinTarimBasin〔M〕.PetroleumIndustryPress,Beijing(inChinese).
刘和甫.1995.前陆盆地类型及褶皱-冲断层样式〔J〕.地学前缘,2(34)∶59—68.LIUHe fu.1995.Classificationofforelandbasinsandfoldthruststyle〔J〕.EarthScienceFrontiers,2(34)∶59—68(inChinese).
刘志宏,卢华复,贾承造,等.2000.库车再生前陆逆冲带造山运动时间、断层滑移速率的厘定及其意义〔J〕.石油勘探与开发,27(1):12—15.LIUZhi hong,LUHua fu,JIACheng zao,etal.2000.Orogenytimingandfaultsliprateandtheirsignificancetothereju venatedforelandthrustsbeltofKuche〔J〕.PetroleumExplorationandDevelopment,27(1):12—15(inChinese).
卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,等.1999.库车新生代构造性质和变形时间〔J〕.地学前缘,6(4):215—221.LUHua fu,JIADong,CHENChu ming,etal.1999.NatureandtimingoftheKuqaCenozonicstructures〔J〕.EarthSci enceFrontiers,6(4):215—221(inChinese).
卢华复,陈楚铭,刘志宏,等.2000.库车再生前陆逆冲带的构造特征与成因〔J〕.石油学报,21(3):18—24.LUHua fu,CHENChu ming,LIUZhi hong,etal.2000.StructuralcharacteristicsandcausesofKucherejuvenatedfore landthrustbelt〔J〕.ActaPetroleiSinica,21(3):18—24(inChinese).
卢华复,贾承造,贾东,等.2001.库车再生前陆盆地冲断构造楔特征〔J〕.高校地质学报,7(3):257—271.LUHua fu,JIACheng zao,JIADong,etal.2001.FeaturesofthethrustwedgeofdeformationbeltinKuqarejuvenationforelandbasin〔J〕.GeologicalJournalofChinaUniversities,7(3):257—271(inChinese).
马杏垣主编.1989.中国岩石圈动力学地图集〔Z〕.北京:中国地图出版社.MAXin yuan(ed).1989.LithosphericDynamicsAtlasofChina〔Z〕.ChinaCartographicPublishingHouse,Beijing.
邵学钟,张家茹,范会吉.1996.塔里木盆地地壳深部构造的地震转换波探测和研究〔A〕.见:童晓光,梁狄刚,贾承造主编.塔里木盆地石油地质研究新进展.北京:科学出版社.139—149.SHAOXue zhong,ZHANGJia ru,FANHui ji.1996.Investigationofdeepstructuresofearth’scrustinTarimBasinbymethodofconvertedwavesofearthquakes〔A〕.In:TONGXiao guang,LIANGDi gang,JIACheng zao(eds).NewProgressesinResearchofPetroleumGeologyinTarimBasin.SciencePress,Beijing.139—149(inChinese).
王良书,李成,杨春.1996.塔里木盆地岩石层热结构特征〔J〕.地球物理学报,39(6):794—803.WANGLiang shu,LICheng,YANGChun.1996.ThelithosphericthermalstructurebeneathTarimBasin,WesternChina〔J〕.ChineseJourGeophys,39(6):794—803(inChinese).
王良书,李成,刘福田,等.2000.中国东、西部两类盆地岩石圈热-流变学结构〔J〕.中国科学(D辑),30(增):116—121.WANGLiang shu,LICheng,LIUFu tian,etal.2000.Thermal rheologicalstructureoflithosphereintwokindsofbasinsineasternandwesternChina〔J〕.ScienceinChina(SerD),30(Suppl):116—121(inChinese).
汪新文,陈发景,李光,等.1994.塔北库车拗陷的变形特征及其与油气关系〔J〕.石油与天然气地质,15(1):40—50.WANGXin wen,CHENFa jing,LIGuang,etal.1994.DeformationcharacteristicsofKuqadepression,northTarimBasinanditsrelationtooilandgas〔J〕.OilandGasGeology,15(1):40—50(inChinese).
杨庚,钱祥麟,李茂松,等.1996.塔里木北缘库车盆地冲断构造平衡地质剖面研究〔J〕.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,21(3):295—299.YANGGeng,QIANXiang lin,LIMao song,etal.1996.Balancecross sectionsofKuchefold thrustbeltinKuchebasin,northernTarim〔J〕.EarthScienceJournalofChinaUniversityofGeoscience,21(3):295—299(inChinese).
杨晓平,周本刚,李军,等.2001.新疆南天山亚肯背斜晚更新世以来的隆起和缩短〔J〕.地震地质,23(4):501—509.YANGXiao ping,ZHOUBen gang,LIJun,etal.2001.Shorteningandupliftoftheact
顾家裕,张光亚,李洪辉,等,1999,库车前陆盆地演化与油气资源评价,塔里木石油勘探开发指挥部,北京石油勘探开发研究院合作项目报告
同236页①。
郭令智,施央申,卢华复,等.1992.印藏碰撞的两种远距离构造效应〔A〕.见:现代地质学研究文集(上).南京:南京大学出版社.1—8.GUOLing zhi,SHIYang shen,LUHua fu,etal.1992.TwokindsofremotestructuraleffectsresultingfromtheIndiaandTibetcollision〔A〕.In:CollectionoftheResearchonModernGeology(1).NanjingUniversityPress,Nanjing.1—8(inChinese).
何登发,吕修祥,林永汉,等.1996.前陆盆地分析〔M〕.北京:石油工业出版社.HEDeng fa,L Xiu xiang,LINYong han,etal.1996.ForelandBasinAnalysis〔M〕.PetroleumIndustryPress,Beijing(inChinese).
贾承造主编.1997.中国塔里木盆地构造特征与油气〔M〕.北京:石油出版社.JIACheng zao(ed).1997.TectonicCharacteristicsandOil gasinTarimBasin〔M〕.PetroleumIndustryPress,Beijing(inChinese).
刘和甫.1995.前陆盆地类型及褶皱-冲断层样式〔J〕.地学前缘,2(34)∶59—68.LIUHe fu.1995.Classificationofforelandbasinsandfoldthruststyle〔J〕.EarthScienceFrontiers,2(34)∶59—68(inChinese).
刘志宏,卢华复,贾承造,等.2000.库车再生前陆逆冲带造山运动时间、断层滑移速率的厘定及其意义〔J〕.石油勘探与开发,27(1):12—15.LIUZhi hong,LUHua fu,JIACheng zao,etal.2000.Orogenytimingandfaultsliprateandtheirsignificancetothereju venatedforelandthrustsbeltofKuche〔J〕.PetroleumExplorationandDevelopment,27(1):12—15(inChinese).
卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,等.1999.库车新生代构造性质和变形时间〔J〕.地学前缘,6(4):215—221.LUHua fu,JIADong,CHENChu ming,etal.1999.NatureandtimingoftheKuqaCenozonicstructures〔J〕.EarthSci enceFrontiers,6(4):215—221(inChinese).
卢华复,陈楚铭,刘志宏,等.2000.库车再生前陆逆冲带的构造特征与成因〔J〕.石油学报,21(3):18—24.LUHua fu,CHENChu ming,LIUZhi hong,etal.2000.StructuralcharacteristicsandcausesofKucherejuvenatedfore landthrustbelt〔J〕.ActaPetroleiSinica,21(3):18—24(inChinese).
卢华复,贾承造,贾东,等.2001.库车再生前陆盆地冲断构造楔特征〔J〕.高校地质学报,7(3):257—271.LUHua fu,JIACheng zao,JIADong,etal.2001.FeaturesofthethrustwedgeofdeformationbeltinKuqarejuvenationforelandbasin〔J〕.GeologicalJournalofChinaUniversities,7(3):257—271(inChinese).
马杏垣主编.1989.中国岩石圈动力学地图集〔Z〕.北京:中国地图出版社.MAXin yuan(ed).1989.LithosphericDynamicsAtlasofChina〔Z〕.ChinaCartographicPublishingHouse,Beijing.
邵学钟,张家茹,范会吉.1996.塔里木盆地地壳深部构造的地震转换波探测和研究〔A〕.见:童晓光,梁狄刚,贾承造主编.塔里木盆地石油地质研究新进展.北京:科学出版社.139—149.SHAOXue zhong,ZHANGJia ru,FANHui ji.1996.Investigationofdeepstructuresofearth’scrustinTarimBasinbymethodofconvertedwavesofearthquakes〔A〕.In:TONGXiao guang,LIANGDi gang,JIACheng zao(eds).NewProgressesinResearchofPetroleumGeologyinTarimBasin.SciencePress,Beijing.139—149(inChinese).
王良书,李成,杨春.1996.塔里木盆地岩石层热结构特征〔J〕.地球物理学报,39(6):794—803.WANGLiang shu,LICheng,YANGChun.1996.ThelithosphericthermalstructurebeneathTarimBasin,WesternChina〔J〕.ChineseJourGeophys,39(6):794—803(inChinese).
王良书,李成,刘福田,等.2000.中国东、西部两类盆地岩石圈热-流变学结构〔J〕.中国科学(D辑),30(增):116—121.WANGLiang shu,LICheng,LIUFu tian,etal.2000.Thermal rheologicalstructureoflithosphereintwokindsofbasinsineasternandwesternChina〔J〕.ScienceinChina(SerD),30(Suppl):116—121(inChinese).
汪新文,陈发景,李光,等.1994.塔北库车拗陷的变形特征及其与油气关系〔J〕.石油与天然气地质,15(1):40—50.WANGXin wen,CHENFa jing,LIGuang,etal.1994.DeformationcharacteristicsofKuqadepression,northTarimBasinanditsrelationtooilandgas〔J〕.OilandGasGeology,15(1):40—50(inChinese).
杨庚,钱祥麟,李茂松,等.1996.塔里木北缘库车盆地冲断构造平衡地质剖面研究〔J〕.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,21(3):295—299.YANGGeng,QIANXiang lin,LIMao song,etal.1996.Balancecross sectionsofKuchefold thrustbeltinKuchebasin,northernTarim〔J〕.EarthScienceJournalofChinaUniversityofGeoscience,21(3):295—299(inChinese).
杨晓平,周本刚,李军,等.2001.新疆南天山亚肯背斜晚更新世以来的隆起和缩短〔J〕.地震地质,23(4):501—509.YANGXiao ping,ZHOUBen gang,LIJun,etal.2001.Shorteningandupliftoftheact
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