青藏高原东缘龙门山冲断带与四川盆地的现今构造表现:数字地形和地震活动证据
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摘要
龙门山冲断带位于四川盆地与青藏高原东缘之间,其现今地貌和构造活动表现对于理解青藏高原东缘和四川盆地晚新生代的演化具有非常重要的意义。已有的认识多数是从“山”的角度得出的,我们尝试从“盆”这一角度,利用近20年来的地震活动资料和地震反射剖面,结合数字高程模型(DEM),通过三维可视化分析软件来探讨四川盆地及龙门山的地貌特征和现代构造活动表现。初步研究结果表明:1)龙门山的现今地貌和地震分布具有明显的南北分段性;2)青藏高原东缘活动块体边界表现为由龙门山南段北东向构造在安县附近转折为岷山的南北向构造;3)龙门山南段的现代地震活动已深入四川盆地内部,形成地壳规模的楔形逆冲构造,地震活动、现代地貌和地震反射剖面的证据揭示了龙门山及四川盆地存在晚新生代构造缩短的可能性。
The Longmen thrust belt is located between the Sichuan Basin and eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, whose characterized topography and active structures in this area must be very important for understanding the tectonic evolution of the eastern margin of the plateau and the western Sichuan Basin from Late Cenozoic. So far, most of study on the area was based on the "plateau" point. We tried to analyze the features of the topography and active structures in the area by both of the earthquakes occurring in recent twenty years and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) by the help of 3d-visualization software. Our results were as follows. 1) By the characteristics of topography and the distribution of earthquakes, the Longmen Mts. could be divided into two segments, with a boundary near Anxian county. 2) the active margin of the eastern of the plateau extended northeastwards along the southern sector of the Longmen Mountains, then turned to the north along the Minshan Mts. near Anxian. 3)The earthquakes diffused into the western Sichuan Basin and appeared as a crustal wedge-shaped form toward the interior of the basin. In short words, all of the seismicity, topography and the seismic profile suggested the possibility of tectonic shortening in the Longmen Mts. and in the western Sichuan Basin from Late Cenozoic.
The Longmen thrust belt is located between the Sichuan Basin and eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, whose characterized topography and active structures in this area must be very important for understanding the tectonic evolution of the eastern margin of the plateau and the western Sichuan Basin from Late Cenozoic. So far, most of study on the area was based on the "plateau" point. We tried to analyze the features of the topography and active structures in the area by both of the earthquakes occurring in recent twenty years and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) by the help of 3d-visualization software. Our results were as follows. 1) By the characteristics of topography and the distribution of earthquakes, the Longmen Mts. could be divided into two segments, with a boundary near Anxian county. 2) the active margin of the eastern of the plateau extended northeastwards along the southern sector of the Longmen Mountains, then turned to the north along the Minshan Mts. near Anxian. 3)The earthquakes diffused into the western Sichuan Basin and appeared as a crustal wedge-shaped form toward the interior of the basin. In short words, all of the seismicity, topography and the seismic profile suggested the possibility of tectonic shortening in the Longmen Mts. and in the western Sichuan Basin from Late Cenozoic.
引文
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贾东,陈竹新,贾承造,魏国齐,李本亮,张惬,魏东涛,沈杨.2003.龙门山褶皱冲断带构造解析与川西前陆盆地的发育.高校地质学报,9(3):462—469.Jia Dong,Chen Zhuxin,Jia Chengzao,Wei Guoqi,Li Benliang,Zhang Qie,Wei Dongtao and Shen Yang.2003.Structuralfeatures of the Longmen Shan fold and thrust belt and develoment of the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin,central Chi-na.Geological Journal ofChina Universities,9(3):462—469.
蒋良文,王士天,王运生,李逾生.2005.川西北断块东部区域活动构造体系及其对地震活动的控制作用.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),32(4):340—344.Jiang Liangwen,Wang Shitian,Wang Yunsheng and Li Yusheng.2005.Active tectonic system and its control of seismic ac-tivity in the east part of the northwest fault block of Sichuan,China.Journal ofChengdu University ofTechnology(Natural Sci.Ed.),32(4):340—344.
李勇,侯中健,司光影,Densmore A L,周荣军.2002.青藏高原东缘新生代构造层序与构造事件.中国地质,29(1):30—36.Li Yong,Hou Zhongjian,Si Guangying,Densmore A L and Zhou Rongjun.2002.Cenozoic tectonic sequence and tectonicevents at the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Geology in China,29(1):30—36.
李勇,Densmore A L,周荣军,Ellis MA.2005.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代剥蚀厚度与弹性挠曲模拟.地质学报,79(5):608—615.Li Yong,Densmore A L,Zhou Rongjun and Ellis MA.2005.Late Cenozoic erosional thickness and flexural deflection alongthe eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica,79(5):608—615.
李传友,宋方敏,冉勇康.2004.龙门山断裂带北段晚第四纪活动性讨论.地震地质,26(2):248—258.Li Chuanyou,Song Fangmin and Ran Yongkang.2004.Late Quaternary activity and age constraint of the northern Longmen-shan fault zone.Seismology and Geology,26(2):248—258.
刘文均,郑荣才,李祥辉.1999.龙门山泥盆纪沉积盆地的古地理和古构造重建.地质学报,73(2):109—119.Liu Wenjun,Zheng Rongcai and Li Xianghui.1999.Reconstruction of palaeogeography and palaeotectonics of a Devoniansedimentary basin in the Longmenshan area,Sichuan.Acta Geologica Sinica,73(2):109—119.
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宋鸿彪.1994.龙门山造山带地质和地球物理资料的综合解释.成都理工学院学报,21(2):79—88.Song Hongbiao.1994.The comprehensive interpretation of geological and geophysical data in the orogenic belt of LongmenMountains,China.Journal ofChengdu Institute ofTechnology,21(2):79—88.
孙岩,刘德良,朱文斌,郭继春,李本亮,郭建,王锋,赵忠岩.2005.上扬子地壳区域性地层岩石物性力学参数与滑动层位关系研究.地质科学,40(4):532—538.Sun Yan,Liu Deliang,Zhu Wenbin,Guo Jichun,Li Benliang,Guo Jian,Wang Feng and Zhao Zhongyan.2005.Study onrelationship between rock physico-mechanic parameters and slipping layers of regional strata in the Upper Yangtzecrust.Chinese Jour.Geol.,40(4):532—538.
汪新,Hubert-Ferrari A,Suppe J.2001.晚更新世以来南天山阿克苏地区地壳缩短率.地质科学,36(2):195—202.Wang Xin,Hubert-Ferrari Aand Suppe J.2001.Shortening rate since Late Pleistocene in Aksu area,southern flank of Tians-han,China.Chinese Jour.Geol.,36(2):195—202.
吴根耀.2002.燕山运动和中国大陆晚中生代的活化.地质科学,37(4):453—461.Wu Genyao.2002.The Yanshanian orogeny and Late Mesozoic activation in China continent.Chinese Jour.Geol.,37(4):453—461.
许志琴,杨经绥,姜枚,李海兵.1999.大陆俯冲作用及青藏高原周缘造山带的崛起.地学前缘,6(3):139—151.Xu Zhiqin,Yang Jingsui,Jiang Mei and Li Haibing.1999.Continental subduction and uplifting of the orogenic belts at themargin of the Qianghai-Tibet plateau.Earth Science Frontiers,6(3):139—151.
杨晓平,蒋溥,宋方敏,梁小华,陈献程,邓忠文.1999.龙门山断裂带南段错断晚更新世以来地层的证据.地震地质,21(4):341—345.Yang Xiaoping,Jiang Fu,Song Fangmin,Liang Xiaohua,Chen Xiancheng and Deng Zhongwen.1999.The evidence of theSouth Longmenshan fault zones cutting Late Quaternary stratum.Seismology and Geology,21(4):341—345.
赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.1994a.龙门山逆断裂带中段构造地貌学研究.地震地质,16(4):422—428.Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong and Chen Shefa.1994a.Tectonic geomorphology of the central segment of the Longmenshan thrustbelt,western Sichuan,southwestern China.Seismology and Geology,16(4):422—428.
赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.1994b.岷山隆起的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,16(4):429—439.Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong and Chen Shefa.1994b.Tectonic geomorphology of the Minshan uplift in western Sichuan,south-western China.Seismology and Geology,16(4):429—439.
赵珠,汪碧澜,龙思胜,陈银.2001.1999年四川绵竹清平5.0级地震序列构造活动特征.地震地磁观测与研究,22(6):30—37.Zhao Zhu,Wang Bilan,Long Sisheng and Chen Yin.2001.The tectonic active characteristic of the earthquake sequence withmagnitude5.0in Mianzhu,Qingping,Sichuan in1999.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,22(6):30—37.
钟锴,徐鸣洁,王良书,贾东,魏国齐.2004.川西两期前陆盆地南北两段构造演化的地球物理特征.石油学报,25(6):29—37.Zhong Kai,Xu Mingjie,Wang Liangshu,Jia Dong and Wei Guoqi.2004.Geophysical evidence of two-segment tectonic evo-lution of two-phase foreland basin in the western Sichuan province.Acta Petrolei Sinica,25(6):29—37.
朱艾斓,徐锡伟,周永胜,尹京苑,甘卫军,陈桂华.2005.川西地区小震重新定位及其活动构造意义.地球物理学报,48(3):629—636.Zhu Ailan,Xu Xiwei,Zhou Yongsheng,Yin Jingyuan,Gan Weijun and Chen Guihua.2005.Relocation of small earthquakesin western Sichuan,China and its implications for active tectonics.Chinese Jour.Geophys.,48(3):629—636.
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Carena S,Suppe J and Kao H.2001.Active detachment of Taiwan illuminated by small earthquakes and its control of first-or-der topography.Geology,30:935—938.
Carena S,Suppe J and Kao H.2004.Lack of continuity of San Andreas fault in southern California:Three-dimensional faultmodels and earthquake scenarios.Jour.Geophys.Res.,109:Art.No.B04313.
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Chen Zhiliang,Burchfiel B C,Liu Y,King R W,Royden LH,Tang W,Wang E,Zhao J and Zhang X.2000.Global posi-tioning system measurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India/Eurasia intracontinental deformation.Jour.Geophys.Res.,105(B7):16215—16227.
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贾东,陈竹新,贾承造,魏国齐,李本亮,张惬,魏东涛,沈杨.2003.龙门山褶皱冲断带构造解析与川西前陆盆地的发育.高校地质学报,9(3):462—469.Jia Dong,Chen Zhuxin,Jia Chengzao,Wei Guoqi,Li Benliang,Zhang Qie,Wei Dongtao and Shen Yang.2003.Structuralfeatures of the Longmen Shan fold and thrust belt and develoment of the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin,central Chi-na.Geological Journal ofChina Universities,9(3):462—469.
蒋良文,王士天,王运生,李逾生.2005.川西北断块东部区域活动构造体系及其对地震活动的控制作用.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),32(4):340—344.Jiang Liangwen,Wang Shitian,Wang Yunsheng and Li Yusheng.2005.Active tectonic system and its control of seismic ac-tivity in the east part of the northwest fault block of Sichuan,China.Journal ofChengdu University ofTechnology(Natural Sci.Ed.),32(4):340—344.
李勇,侯中健,司光影,Densmore A L,周荣军.2002.青藏高原东缘新生代构造层序与构造事件.中国地质,29(1):30—36.Li Yong,Hou Zhongjian,Si Guangying,Densmore A L and Zhou Rongjun.2002.Cenozoic tectonic sequence and tectonicevents at the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Geology in China,29(1):30—36.
李勇,Densmore A L,周荣军,Ellis MA.2005.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代剥蚀厚度与弹性挠曲模拟.地质学报,79(5):608—615.Li Yong,Densmore A L,Zhou Rongjun and Ellis MA.2005.Late Cenozoic erosional thickness and flexural deflection alongthe eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica,79(5):608—615.
李传友,宋方敏,冉勇康.2004.龙门山断裂带北段晚第四纪活动性讨论.地震地质,26(2):248—258.Li Chuanyou,Song Fangmin and Ran Yongkang.2004.Late Quaternary activity and age constraint of the northern Longmen-shan fault zone.Seismology and Geology,26(2):248—258.
刘文均,郑荣才,李祥辉.1999.龙门山泥盆纪沉积盆地的古地理和古构造重建.地质学报,73(2):109—119.Liu Wenjun,Zheng Rongcai and Li Xianghui.1999.Reconstruction of palaeogeography and palaeotectonics of a Devoniansedimentary basin in the Longmenshan area,Sichuan.Acta Geologica Sinica,73(2):109—119.
龙学明.1991.龙门山中北段地史发展中的若干问题.成都地质学院学报,18(1):8—14.Long Xueming.1991.Several questions of geochronic evolution in the mid-northern segment of Longmenshan Moutains.Jour-nal ofChengdu College ofGeology,18(1):8—14.
宋鸿彪.1994.龙门山造山带地质和地球物理资料的综合解释.成都理工学院学报,21(2):79—88.Song Hongbiao.1994.The comprehensive interpretation of geological and geophysical data in the orogenic belt of LongmenMountains,China.Journal ofChengdu Institute ofTechnology,21(2):79—88.
孙岩,刘德良,朱文斌,郭继春,李本亮,郭建,王锋,赵忠岩.2005.上扬子地壳区域性地层岩石物性力学参数与滑动层位关系研究.地质科学,40(4):532—538.Sun Yan,Liu Deliang,Zhu Wenbin,Guo Jichun,Li Benliang,Guo Jian,Wang Feng and Zhao Zhongyan.2005.Study onrelationship between rock physico-mechanic parameters and slipping layers of regional strata in the Upper Yangtzecrust.Chinese Jour.Geol.,40(4):532—538.
汪新,Hubert-Ferrari A,Suppe J.2001.晚更新世以来南天山阿克苏地区地壳缩短率.地质科学,36(2):195—202.Wang Xin,Hubert-Ferrari Aand Suppe J.2001.Shortening rate since Late Pleistocene in Aksu area,southern flank of Tians-han,China.Chinese Jour.Geol.,36(2):195—202.
吴根耀.2002.燕山运动和中国大陆晚中生代的活化.地质科学,37(4):453—461.Wu Genyao.2002.The Yanshanian orogeny and Late Mesozoic activation in China continent.Chinese Jour.Geol.,37(4):453—461.
许志琴,杨经绥,姜枚,李海兵.1999.大陆俯冲作用及青藏高原周缘造山带的崛起.地学前缘,6(3):139—151.Xu Zhiqin,Yang Jingsui,Jiang Mei and Li Haibing.1999.Continental subduction and uplifting of the orogenic belts at themargin of the Qianghai-Tibet plateau.Earth Science Frontiers,6(3):139—151.
杨晓平,蒋溥,宋方敏,梁小华,陈献程,邓忠文.1999.龙门山断裂带南段错断晚更新世以来地层的证据.地震地质,21(4):341—345.Yang Xiaoping,Jiang Fu,Song Fangmin,Liang Xiaohua,Chen Xiancheng and Deng Zhongwen.1999.The evidence of theSouth Longmenshan fault zones cutting Late Quaternary stratum.Seismology and Geology,21(4):341—345.
赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.1994a.龙门山逆断裂带中段构造地貌学研究.地震地质,16(4):422—428.Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong and Chen Shefa.1994a.Tectonic geomorphology of the central segment of the Longmenshan thrustbelt,western Sichuan,southwestern China.Seismology and Geology,16(4):422—428.
赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.1994b.岷山隆起的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,16(4):429—439.Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong and Chen Shefa.1994b.Tectonic geomorphology of the Minshan uplift in western Sichuan,south-western China.Seismology and Geology,16(4):429—439.
赵珠,汪碧澜,龙思胜,陈银.2001.1999年四川绵竹清平5.0级地震序列构造活动特征.地震地磁观测与研究,22(6):30—37.Zhao Zhu,Wang Bilan,Long Sisheng and Chen Yin.2001.The tectonic active characteristic of the earthquake sequence withmagnitude5.0in Mianzhu,Qingping,Sichuan in1999.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,22(6):30—37.
钟锴,徐鸣洁,王良书,贾东,魏国齐.2004.川西两期前陆盆地南北两段构造演化的地球物理特征.石油学报,25(6):29—37.Zhong Kai,Xu Mingjie,Wang Liangshu,Jia Dong and Wei Guoqi.2004.Geophysical evidence of two-segment tectonic evo-lution of two-phase foreland basin in the western Sichuan province.Acta Petrolei Sinica,25(6):29—37.
朱艾斓,徐锡伟,周永胜,尹京苑,甘卫军,陈桂华.2005.川西地区小震重新定位及其活动构造意义.地球物理学报,48(3):629—636.Zhu Ailan,Xu Xiwei,Zhou Yongsheng,Yin Jingyuan,Gan Weijun and Chen Guihua.2005.Relocation of small earthquakesin western Sichuan,China and its implications for active tectonics.Chinese Jour.Geophys.,48(3):629—636.
Arne D,Worley B,Wilson C,Chen Shefa,Foster D,Luo Zhili,Liu Shugen and Dirks P.1997.Differential exhumation inresponse to episodic thrusting along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonophysics,280:239—256.
Avouac J P and Tapponnier P.1993.Kinematic model of active deformation in Central Asia.Geophysical Research Letter,20:895—898.
Burchfiel B C.2003.New technology;New geological challenges.Geol.Soc.Amer.Today,14(2):4—10.
Burchfiel B C,Chen Zhiliang,Liu Yuping and Royden L H.1995.Tectonics of the Longmenshan and adjacent region,cen-tral China.International Geol.Rev.,37:661—735.
Carena S and Suppe J.2002.Three-dimensional imaging of active structures using earthquake aftershocks:The Northridgethrust,California.Jour.Struct.Geol.,24:887—904.
Carena S,Suppe J and Kao H.2001.Active detachment of Taiwan illuminated by small earthquakes and its control of first-or-der topography.Geology,30:935—938.
Carena S,Suppe J and Kao H.2004.Lack of continuity of San Andreas fault in southern California:Three-dimensional faultmodels and earthquake scenarios.Jour.Geophys.Res.,109:Art.No.B04313.
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