基于GIS的汶川地震灾区小流域土壤侵蚀评价——以彭州龙门山区为例
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摘要
汶川大地震对龙门山区造成了严重破坏。地震引发的次生山地灾害以及剧烈的土壤侵蚀仍将长期持续地影响着当地居民的生产与生活。对地震前后小流域的土壤侵蚀严重性进行评价并分析其变化,将对灾后小流域水土保持综合治理及生态恢复与重建工作具有重要的指导意义。基于GIS技术,以四川省彭州市龙门山区为研究区,以小流域作为基本单元,针对研究区地震灾区小流域土壤侵蚀,构建侵蚀严重性指数评价及分级方法,对地震前后土壤侵蚀严重性及变化特征并进行评价与分析。结果表明,地震后绝大部分小流域的土壤侵蚀趋重。震后土壤侵蚀程度不严重、较严重的小流域数量别由震前8个及21个降至5个及8个,新增严重、极严重小流域分别为12个及4个,相应面积分别为183.76 km2,52.70 km2。空间上流域土壤侵蚀严重性由西北向东南递减。地震前后小流域平均海拔、平均坡度与侵蚀严重程度正相关,且平均坡度对侵蚀严重程度加重贡献更大。
The 8.0Ms Wenchuan Earthquake has caused severe damage to the Longmen mountain areas.Serious secondary disasters and soil erosion induced by the earthquake would constant influence on the life and production of the local people.It is of great significance to evaluate soil erosion in a small watershed for post-earthquake reconstruction and Soil and Water Conservation.Taking the Longmen mountain areas as an example,the study area was divided into 29 small watersheds by GIS technology.The evaluation model and grading method of Index of soil erosion severity(ISES) was determined by the overlay tools of GIS.We conducted the evaluation of the severity of soil erosion and analysis of the variation characteristics of soil erosion in every small watershed before and after the earthquake.The results indicated that soil erosion in all the small watersheds had worsened.The number of small watersheds moderately eroded decreased from 8 to 5,and severely eroded decreased from 21 to 8.12 newly moderately eroded and 4 newly severely eroded small watersheds were increased,with the covered area were 183.76 km2 and 52.70 km2 respectively.The distribution of soil erosion severity decreases from west-north to south-east.The average altitude and average gradient showed positive correlation to ISES in small watersheds before and after the earthquake,furthermore,the average gradient contributed to the change of ISES more.
The 8.0Ms Wenchuan Earthquake has caused severe damage to the Longmen mountain areas.Serious secondary disasters and soil erosion induced by the earthquake would constant influence on the life and production of the local people.It is of great significance to evaluate soil erosion in a small watershed for post-earthquake reconstruction and Soil and Water Conservation.Taking the Longmen mountain areas as an example,the study area was divided into 29 small watersheds by GIS technology.The evaluation model and grading method of Index of soil erosion severity(ISES) was determined by the overlay tools of GIS.We conducted the evaluation of the severity of soil erosion and analysis of the variation characteristics of soil erosion in every small watershed before and after the earthquake.The results indicated that soil erosion in all the small watersheds had worsened.The number of small watersheds moderately eroded decreased from 8 to 5,and severely eroded decreased from 21 to 8.12 newly moderately eroded and 4 newly severely eroded small watersheds were increased,with the covered area were 183.76 km2 and 52.70 km2 respectively.The distribution of soil erosion severity decreases from west-north to south-east.The average altitude and average gradient showed positive correlation to ISES in small watersheds before and after the earthquake,furthermore,the average gradient contributed to the change of ISES more.
引文
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[3]Pu Zhaohong,Tang Wanlong,Yang Linzhang,et al.The progress ofquantitative remote sensing method for annual soil losses and its ap-plication in Taihu lake catchments[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,(01):1-9[卜兆宏,唐万龙,杨林章,等.水土流失定量遥感方法新进展及其在太湖流域的应用[J].土壤学报,2003,(01):1-9]
[4]Wang Yufei,Pu Lijie.A review on the 137Cs applications in the soilerosion study in China[J].Journal of Nanjing University:NaturalSciences,2002(06):803-812[王宇飞,濮励杰.137 Cs应用于我国土壤侵蚀研究评述[J].南京大学学报:自然科学版,2002,(06):803-812]
[5]Xu Tianshu,Peng Shikui,Yue Cairong,et al.Evaluation of Soil E-rosion Based on GIS in a Small Watershed[J].Journal of NanjingForestry University:Natural Science Edition,2002,26(4):43-46[徐天蜀,彭世揆,岳彩荣,等.基于GIS的小流域土壤侵蚀评价研究[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2002,26(4):43-46]
[6]Zhou Rongjun,Li Yong,Densmore Alexander L,et al.Active tec-tonics of the eastern margin of the Tibet plateau[J].Journal of Min-eralogy and Petrology,2006,(02):40-51[周荣军,李勇,Densmore Alexander L,等.青藏高原东缘活动构造[J].矿物岩石,2006,(02):40-51]
[7]Di Baofeng,Zeng Hongjuan,Zhang Minghua,et al.Quantifying thespatial distribution of soil mass wasting processes after the 2008earthquake in Wenchuan,China:a case study of the Longmenshanarea[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(4):761-771
[8]Cooperative Group of Sichuan Vegetation.Sichuan vegetation[M].Chengdu:Sichuan People's Publishing House,1980:267,309-316[四川植被协作组.四川植被[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1980:267,309-316]
[9]Zhang Huiping.Research of eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,northeastern margin of the Late Cenozoic geomorphologic processes[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2006:30-33[张会平.青藏高原东缘、东北缘典型地区晚新生代地貌过程研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2006:30-33]
[10]Wang Tingting.Tuojiang different bacteria in sediments in differentseasons and different distribution patterns of arsenic[D].Cheng-du:Chengdu University of Technology,2008:8-9[王婷婷.沱江不同季节沉积物中不同菌群和不同形态砷的分布规律研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2008:8-9]
[11]Fan Jihui.Cascade Reservoir Operation Simulation and its’envi-ronmental impact on river ecology[D].Chengdu:Institute ofMountain Hazards and Environment,CAS,2007:62-64[范继辉.梯级水库群调度模拟及其对河流生态环境的影响[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(成都:中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所),2007:62-64]
[12]Li Zhiguang,Luo Zhidong.On method for evaluating soil erosionseverity in county scale——index of soil erosion severity and its ap-plication[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,(04):41-51[李智广,罗志东.县域土壤侵蚀严重性评价方法初探——土壤侵蚀严重指数的定义与应用[J].水土保持通报,2006,(04):41-51]
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