清代沂州府水旱灾害分析
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摘要
清代沂州府地区水旱灾害频发,共发生水旱灾害101次,平均2.64年/次,不仅强度大、频次高、发生的地域不一致,还具有明显的时段性以及群发性等特征,同时,还会诱发饥荒,而旱灾还可引发蝗灾。其中1700~1749年间是水旱灾害的高发期,对人们的生产、生活乃至社会秩序造成了严重冲击。这与这一地区特殊的地理位置、地形地貌以及北半球在清代处于小冰期的气候环境等关系密切,而人类活动对生态环境的破坏更加剧了水旱灾害的发生。
Yizhou Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty had 101 floods and droughts.These floods and droughts with an average occurrence of 2.64 years per time were intense and frequent,and occurred obviously in different regions in special period of time in groups.The highest frequency of the disasters between 1700-1749 years,resulting in famine and plague of locusts,had seriously impacted local people's production,daily life and social order.The unique geographical location of the region,landforms,the Little Ice Age climatic environment of the northern hemisphere in the Qing Dynasty had closely related to the occurrence of these disasters,and the ecological environment damage caused by human activities aggravated the occurrence of floods and droughts.
Yizhou Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty had 101 floods and droughts.These floods and droughts with an average occurrence of 2.64 years per time were intense and frequent,and occurred obviously in different regions in special period of time in groups.The highest frequency of the disasters between 1700-1749 years,resulting in famine and plague of locusts,had seriously impacted local people's production,daily life and social order.The unique geographical location of the region,landforms,the Little Ice Age climatic environment of the northern hemisphere in the Qing Dynasty had closely related to the occurrence of these disasters,and the ecological environment damage caused by human activities aggravated the occurrence of floods and droughts.
引文
①见穆彰阿等撰《嘉庆重修一统志》卷一百七十九沂州府一2~4页,中华书局1986年出版。
②转引自史景迁《王氏之死》第6页,上海远东出版社2005年出版。
③见李希贤等撰《沂州府志》卷三舆地三水利55~56页、56页,凤凰出版社2004年出版。
④《沂水桑麻话》是吴树声在咸丰年间担任山东沂水县令时写的调研文章,全文四千余字,手稿现存中国国家博物馆。
[1]于光建.清代河西走廊城镇体系及规模空间结构演变——以府州县城为中心〔D〕.西安:西北师范大学历史地理研究所,2008:30.
[2]国家科委全国重大自然灾害综合研究组.中国重大自然灾害及减灾对策:总论〔M〕.北京:科学出版社,1994:46.
[3]赵尔巽,等.清史稿〔M〕.北京:中华书局,1976:1536.
[4]张庭诗,等.日照县志〔M〕.台北:成文出版社有限公司,1976:237,239,238-239.
[5]王植,张金城,等.郯城县志〔M〕.台湾:成文出版社有限公司,1976:98,96-97,109-110.
[6]许绍锦,等.莒州志〔M〕.台北:成文出版社有限公司,1976:743,742,741,741.
[7]魏光兴,孙昭明.山东省自然灾害史〔M〕.北京:地震出版社,2000:110,83-84.
[8]沈兆祎,等.临沂县志〔M〕.台北:成文出版社,1968:64.
[9]赵传集.山东鲁南地区旱涝灾害历史演变及农业生产发展问题探析〔C〕∥赵传集,主编.山东自然灾害防御.青岛:青岛出版社,1992:52-66.
[10]于兴修.沂河中游洪涝灾害初步研究〔J〕.南京师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,(2):97-105.
[11]竺可桢.中国近五千年来气候变迁的初步研究〔J〕.中国科学,1973,(2):168-189.
[12]周魁一,谭徐明.防御思想的历史研究与借鉴〔J〕.中国水利,2000,(9):41-43.
②转引自史景迁《王氏之死》第6页,上海远东出版社2005年出版。
③见李希贤等撰《沂州府志》卷三舆地三水利55~56页、56页,凤凰出版社2004年出版。
④《沂水桑麻话》是吴树声在咸丰年间担任山东沂水县令时写的调研文章,全文四千余字,手稿现存中国国家博物馆。
[1]于光建.清代河西走廊城镇体系及规模空间结构演变——以府州县城为中心〔D〕.西安:西北师范大学历史地理研究所,2008:30.
[2]国家科委全国重大自然灾害综合研究组.中国重大自然灾害及减灾对策:总论〔M〕.北京:科学出版社,1994:46.
[3]赵尔巽,等.清史稿〔M〕.北京:中华书局,1976:1536.
[4]张庭诗,等.日照县志〔M〕.台北:成文出版社有限公司,1976:237,239,238-239.
[5]王植,张金城,等.郯城县志〔M〕.台湾:成文出版社有限公司,1976:98,96-97,109-110.
[6]许绍锦,等.莒州志〔M〕.台北:成文出版社有限公司,1976:743,742,741,741.
[7]魏光兴,孙昭明.山东省自然灾害史〔M〕.北京:地震出版社,2000:110,83-84.
[8]沈兆祎,等.临沂县志〔M〕.台北:成文出版社,1968:64.
[9]赵传集.山东鲁南地区旱涝灾害历史演变及农业生产发展问题探析〔C〕∥赵传集,主编.山东自然灾害防御.青岛:青岛出版社,1992:52-66.
[10]于兴修.沂河中游洪涝灾害初步研究〔J〕.南京师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,(2):97-105.
[11]竺可桢.中国近五千年来气候变迁的初步研究〔J〕.中国科学,1973,(2):168-189.
[12]周魁一,谭徐明.防御思想的历史研究与借鉴〔J〕.中国水利,2000,(9):41-43.
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