内蒙古鄂尔多斯乌兰木伦遗址2010年1期试掘及其意义
摘要
乌兰木伦遗址于2010年发现并进行了首期试掘,在7个文化层位中获得石制品1500余件、动物化石千余件以及人类用火遗迹。初步观察和研究表明,该遗址以石片石器为特点的石制品类型十分丰富,工具组合具有明显的旧石器中期的特点,且与欧洲的莫斯特文化存在不少相似之处;以披毛犀为代表的哺乳动物化石属于华北晚更新世萨拉乌苏动物群;沉积相和哺乳动物、软体动物化石的性质表明当时人类生活于较为温暖、湿润的气候环境中;化石总体比较破碎,一些碎骨化石上可见明显的石器切割痕迹,同时发现有大量骨片,带剥片痕的骨核化石和若干骨器标本以及烧骨,反映出当时人类的肉食、熟食习惯等利用动物骨骼的生活行为方式。经~(14)C与光释光结合测定乌兰木伦遗址年代为距今70～30ka,属于旧石器时代中期。乌兰木伦遗址的发现、试掘与初步研究,为我国北方旧石器中期文化的研究增添了新的内涵,同时也为现代人起源和中西方文化交流研究提供了新的线索。
The Wulanmulun Site was discovered at left bank of Wulamulun River in Ordos,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in North China with location of 39°35.152'N,109°45.659'E and 1281m above sea level.The first period trial excavation was carried out in early summer of 2010.The main part of deposition were divided into 8 layers with depth of about 5 ~ 8m.Among them seven archaeological layers are recognized according to their existence of geological deposition,mammalian fauna and stone artifacts remains. More than 1500 stone artifacts were yielded and appeared general types of core,flake and major flake tools. Single platform core are very popular.Used flakes were obviously needed with longer and rather straight edge accompanied by natural or backed back.Prepared platform can be observed on few numbers of flakes.Lot of debris by flaking on core or retouching work were fund from excavation.Retouched pieces are mostly made on flakes.There are different types of scrapers like all kinds of concave,convex,straight and concave-convex.Denticulate and notch were very much seen and even made into subtypes.Borer,drill,and various types of points were frequently appeared out.End-scraper,bee and burin were sometimes observed.Multiple functional phenomenon are common on one piece of tool.In summary,the lithic assemblage belongs to flake tool and share some similarity with characters of Middle Paleolithic of European Mousterian tradition. Totally 1213 pieces of mammalian bones were obtained from seven archaeological layers.Based on the numbers of unearthed fossil specimens of Wulanmulun fauna,the wooly rhinos are the most numerous species,followed by Przewalsky's horse,and then Ordos' giant antlered deer.The other taxa are not numerous.Judging by the condition of deciduous and permanent teeth,the juvenile wooly rhinos are more numerous than adult ones.The other taxa are mostly dominated by adult specimens or difficult to judge due to fragmentary and insufficient state of the specimens. The fauna evidently belong to Megalocerus ordosianus-Equus przewalskii fauna i.e.Salawusu fauna. Preservation of fossils are quite in fragmentary condition from anatomic part of tooth,rib,cranium,jaw, scapular,vertebrate and limb bones.Bone tools like types of scraper,point and knife were often made on large mammal limb bones.Bones of cut marks occupy major part in human behavior influenced fossil bones and imply sarcophagous habit of human.Burnt bones occupy a minimum part in the group and reflect cooked habit of tool makers.Meanwhile bone flakes,bone cores and bone tools are quite much existent.All these evidence show creophagism of living style and animal bone's utilization of human behavior at that time. The dating result were given as 70 ~30ka by C and OSL methods correlating to Middle Paleolithic.Analysis of sedimentation proves that the site was in a lacustrine situation.But climate was deteriorated into dry desert and no more human activity happened at later time of Late Pleistocene.All evidence mentioned above tells that the Wulanmulun Site is another new important discovery of prehistoric culture in Ordos region after Salawusu(Sjaraosso-gol ) and Shuidonggou sites discovered by French in 1922 in Ordos region.The new yielded archaeological materials from Wulanmulun Site provide complete new evidence about human behavior at Middle Paleolithic in Inner Mongolia region.It is significant in studying cultural division of Chinese Paleolithic and cultural exchange between China and west countries.At sensitive phase of modern human origin Wulanmulun Site is also valuable and inspirable for estimating human adaptation to climate change. After this first trial excavation,the second trial and a formal excavation has been also made at the site. Numerous Paleolithic localities were discovered in a vast investigation work along Wulanmulun River.New report about some further work will be given at another chance.
The Wulanmulun Site was discovered at left bank of Wulamulun River in Ordos,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in North China with location of 39°35.152'N,109°45.659'E and 1281m above sea level.The first period trial excavation was carried out in early summer of 2010.The main part of deposition were divided into 8 layers with depth of about 5 ~ 8m.Among them seven archaeological layers are recognized according to their existence of geological deposition,mammalian fauna and stone artifacts remains. More than 1500 stone artifacts were yielded and appeared general types of core,flake and major flake tools. Single platform core are very popular.Used flakes were obviously needed with longer and rather straight edge accompanied by natural or backed back.Prepared platform can be observed on few numbers of flakes.Lot of debris by flaking on core or retouching work were fund from excavation.Retouched pieces are mostly made on flakes.There are different types of scrapers like all kinds of concave,convex,straight and concave-convex.Denticulate and notch were very much seen and even made into subtypes.Borer,drill,and various types of points were frequently appeared out.End-scraper,bee and burin were sometimes observed.Multiple functional phenomenon are common on one piece of tool.In summary,the lithic assemblage belongs to flake tool and share some similarity with characters of Middle Paleolithic of European Mousterian tradition. Totally 1213 pieces of mammalian bones were obtained from seven archaeological layers.Based on the numbers of unearthed fossil specimens of Wulanmulun fauna,the wooly rhinos are the most numerous species,followed by Przewalsky's horse,and then Ordos' giant antlered deer.The other taxa are not numerous.Judging by the condition of deciduous and permanent teeth,the juvenile wooly rhinos are more numerous than adult ones.The other taxa are mostly dominated by adult specimens or difficult to judge due to fragmentary and insufficient state of the specimens. The fauna evidently belong to Megalocerus ordosianus-Equus przewalskii fauna i.e.Salawusu fauna. Preservation of fossils are quite in fragmentary condition from anatomic part of tooth,rib,cranium,jaw, scapular,vertebrate and limb bones.Bone tools like types of scraper,point and knife were often made on large mammal limb bones.Bones of cut marks occupy major part in human behavior influenced fossil bones and imply sarcophagous habit of human.Burnt bones occupy a minimum part in the group and reflect cooked habit of tool makers.Meanwhile bone flakes,bone cores and bone tools are quite much existent.All these evidence show creophagism of living style and animal bone's utilization of human behavior at that time. The dating result were given as 70 ~30ka by C and OSL methods correlating to Middle Paleolithic.Analysis of sedimentation proves that the site was in a lacustrine situation.But climate was deteriorated into dry desert and no more human activity happened at later time of Late Pleistocene.All evidence mentioned above tells that the Wulanmulun Site is another new important discovery of prehistoric culture in Ordos region after Salawusu(Sjaraosso-gol ) and Shuidonggou sites discovered by French in 1922 in Ordos region.The new yielded archaeological materials from Wulanmulun Site provide complete new evidence about human behavior at Middle Paleolithic in Inner Mongolia region.It is significant in studying cultural division of Chinese Paleolithic and cultural exchange between China and west countries.At sensitive phase of modern human origin Wulanmulun Site is also valuable and inspirable for estimating human adaptation to climate change. After this first trial excavation,the second trial and a formal excavation has been also made at the site. Numerous Paleolithic localities were discovered in a vast investigation work along Wulanmulun River.New report about some further work will be given at another chance.
引文
1陕四省地质矿产局第二水文地质队.黄河中游局域工程地质.北京:地质出版社,1986.56-69 Secondary Hydrogeology Party of Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shaanxi Province.Regional Engineering Geology of Middle Reaches of Huanghe River.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1986.56 -69
2李兴唐.华北断块区前震旦纪断块的形成与断裂.见:中国科学院地质研究所,国家地震局地质研究所编.断块区的形成与发展.北京:科学出版社,1980.73-82 Li Xingtang.Formation of Pre-Sinian fault blocks and fracture system in the North China Fault block region.In:Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy oi Sciences,Institute of Geology,China Seismologyical Bureau eds.Formation and Development of the North China Fault Block Region.Beijing:Science Press,1980.73 -82
3侯光才,张茂省.鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查研究.北京:地质出版社,2008.27-60 Hou Guangcai,Zhang Maosheng.Investigation and Research for Ground Water in Ordos Basin.Beijing;Geological Publishing House,2008.27 -60
4袁宝印.萨拉乌苏组的沉积环境及地层划分问题.地质科学, 1978,(3):220-224 Yuan Baoyin.Sedimentary environment and stratigraphical subdivision of Sjara osso-gol Formation.Scientia Geologica Sinica, 1978,(3):220 -224
5黄万波.中国晚更新世哺乳动物群.见:中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所主编.参加第十三届国际第四纪大会论文集.北京:北京科学技术出版社,1991.44-54 Huang Wanbo.The Late Pleistocene mammalian faunas of China.In; Inslilule of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences ed.Contributions to theⅩⅢINQUA.Beijing: Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House,1991.44 -54
6 Zhang Jiafu,Zhou Liping,Yue Shengyang.Dating fluvial sediments by optically stimulated luminescence;Selection of equivalent doses for age calculation.Quaternary Science Reviews,2003,22(10 - 13): 1123 -1129
7 Murray A S,Winlle A G.Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol.Radiation Measurement,2000,32(1 ):57 -73
8 Higham T.European Middle and Upper Palaeolithic radiocarbon dates are often older than they look;Problems with previous dates and some remedies.Antiquity,2011,85(327);235 -249
9 Bird M 1,Turney C S M,Fifield L K el al.Radiocarbon analysis of the early archaeological site of Nauwalabila I,Arnhem Land, Australia;Implications for sample suitability and stratigraphic integrity.Quaternary Science Reviews,2002,21(8 -9):1061 - 1075
10 Zhang Jiafu,Huang Weiwen,Yuan Baoyin et al.Optically stimulated luminescence dating of cave deposits at the Xiaogushan prehistoric site,North Eastern China.Journal of Human Evolution,2010,59 (5):514-524
11 Zhang Jiafu,Wang Xiaoqing,Qiu Weili et al.The paleolithic site of Longwangchan in the middle Yellow River,China:Chronology, paleoenvironment and implications.Journal of Archaeological Science,2011,38(7):1537 -1550
12 Folk P L,Ward W D.Brazos Reviver Bar:A study in the significance of grain size parameters.Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1957,27(1):3 -26
13陈德牛,张国庆.中国动物志:无脊椎动物(第37卷),软体动物门,腹足纲,巴蜗牛科北京:科学出版社,2004.20-27 Chen Deniu,Zhang Guoqing.Fauna Sinica,lnvertebrala(Vol.37), Mollusca,Gastripoda,Stylommataphora Bradybaenidae.Beijing: Science Press,2004.20 -27
14刘月英,张文珍,王耀先.医学贝类学.北京:海洋出版社. 1993.70-71 Liu Yueying,Zhang Wenzhen,Wang Yaoxian.Medical Malacology. Beijing:China Ocean Press,1993.70 -71
15刘东生,施雅风,王汝健等.以气候变化为标志的中国第四纪地层对比表.第四纪研究,2000,20(2):108-128 Liu Tungsheng,Shi Yafeng,Wang Rujian et al.Table of Chinese Quaternary stratigraphic correlation remarked with climate change. Quaternary Sciences,2000,20(2):108 -128
16 Li Baosheng,Wen Xiaohao,Qiu Shifan et al.Phases of environmental evolution indicated by primary chemical elements and ??paleontological records in the Upper Pleistoce-Holocene series for the Salawusu River valley,China.Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(4 ): 555 -565
17 Boule M,Breuil H,Licent E et al.Le Paleolithique de la Chine (Paleontologie).Archives de Institut de Paleontologie Humaine, Memoire 4.Paris,1928.1 -136
18 Teilhard de Chardin P,Licent E.On the discovery of a Paleolithic industry in Northern China.Bulletin of the Geological Society oj China,1924,3(1):45 -50
19董光荣,李保生.萨拉乌苏河晚第四纪地质与古人类综合研究.北京:科学出版社(在刊) Dong Guangrong,Li Baosheng.The Comprehensive Study of the Late Quaternary Geology and Paleoanthropology in Salawusu.Beijing: Science Press.(In press)
20祁国琴.内蒙古萨拉乌苏河流域第四纪哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物与古人类,1975,13(4):239-249 Qi Guoqin.Quaternary mammalian fossils from Salawusu River district,Nei Mongol.Vertebrata PalAsiatica,1975,13(4):239 -249
21黄慰文,董光荣,侯亚梅.鄂尔多斯智人的地层、年代和生态环境.人类学学报,2004,23(增刊):258-271 Huang Weiwen,Dong Guangrong,Hou Yamei.Stratigraphic, chronological and ecological contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens of Sjara-osso-gol site,Ordos Plateau of North China.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2004,23(Suppl.):258 -271
22黄慰文,侯亚梅.萨拉乌苏遗址的新材料:范家沟湾1980年出土的旧石器.人类学学报,2003,22(4):309-320 Huang Weiwen,Hou Yamei.New materials from Salawusu sites of North China:Paleoliths of 1980 excavation at Fanjiagouwan.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2003,22(4):309 -320
23 Wolpoff M H,Spuhler J N,Smith F H et al.Modern Human Origins.Science,1988,241:772-774
24 Frayer D W,Wolpoff M H,Thorne A G et al.Theories of modern human origins:The paleontological lest.American Anthropologist, 1993,95(1):14-50
25吴新智.现代人起源的多地区进化学说在中国的实证.第四纪研究,2006,26(5):702-709 Wu Xinzhi.Evidence of multiregional human evolution hypothesis from China.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(5):702 - 709
26 Templeton A R.Haplotype trees and modern human origins. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology,2005,48(S41 ):33 - 59
27贾兰坡,盖培,尤玉柱.山西峙峪旧石器时代遗址发掘报告.考古学报,1972,(1):39-58 Jia Lanpo,Gai Pei,You Yuzhu.The excavation on the Paleolithicsite Zhiyu in Shanxi Province.Acta Archaeologica Sinica, 1972,(1):39-58
28黄慰文,傅仁义.小孤山-辽宁海城史前洞穴遗址综合研究.北京:科学出版社,2009.27-155 Huang Weiwen,Fu Renyi.Xiaogushan;A Comprehensive Study of Prehistoric Sites of Haicheng County in Liaoning Province.Beijing: Science Press,2009.27-155
29李占扬.许昌灵井遗址2005年出土石制品初步研究.人类学学报,2007,26(2):138-154 Li Zhanyang.A Primary Study on the Stone Artifacts of Lingjing Site Excavated in 2005.Acta Anthropolgica Sinica,2007,26(2 ): 138 -154
30高星.关于“中国旧石器时代中期”的探讨.人类学学报, 1999,18(1):1-15 Gao Xing.A discussion on "Chinese Middle Paleolithic".Acta Anthroplogica Sinica,1999,18(1):1 -15
2李兴唐.华北断块区前震旦纪断块的形成与断裂.见:中国科学院地质研究所,国家地震局地质研究所编.断块区的形成与发展.北京:科学出版社,1980.73-82 Li Xingtang.Formation of Pre-Sinian fault blocks and fracture system in the North China Fault block region.In:Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy oi Sciences,Institute of Geology,China Seismologyical Bureau eds.Formation and Development of the North China Fault Block Region.Beijing:Science Press,1980.73 -82
3侯光才,张茂省.鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查研究.北京:地质出版社,2008.27-60 Hou Guangcai,Zhang Maosheng.Investigation and Research for Ground Water in Ordos Basin.Beijing;Geological Publishing House,2008.27 -60
4袁宝印.萨拉乌苏组的沉积环境及地层划分问题.地质科学, 1978,(3):220-224 Yuan Baoyin.Sedimentary environment and stratigraphical subdivision of Sjara osso-gol Formation.Scientia Geologica Sinica, 1978,(3):220 -224
5黄万波.中国晚更新世哺乳动物群.见:中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所主编.参加第十三届国际第四纪大会论文集.北京:北京科学技术出版社,1991.44-54 Huang Wanbo.The Late Pleistocene mammalian faunas of China.In; Inslilule of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences ed.Contributions to theⅩⅢINQUA.Beijing: Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House,1991.44 -54
6 Zhang Jiafu,Zhou Liping,Yue Shengyang.Dating fluvial sediments by optically stimulated luminescence;Selection of equivalent doses for age calculation.Quaternary Science Reviews,2003,22(10 - 13): 1123 -1129
7 Murray A S,Winlle A G.Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol.Radiation Measurement,2000,32(1 ):57 -73
8 Higham T.European Middle and Upper Palaeolithic radiocarbon dates are often older than they look;Problems with previous dates and some remedies.Antiquity,2011,85(327);235 -249
9 Bird M 1,Turney C S M,Fifield L K el al.Radiocarbon analysis of the early archaeological site of Nauwalabila I,Arnhem Land, Australia;Implications for sample suitability and stratigraphic integrity.Quaternary Science Reviews,2002,21(8 -9):1061 - 1075
10 Zhang Jiafu,Huang Weiwen,Yuan Baoyin et al.Optically stimulated luminescence dating of cave deposits at the Xiaogushan prehistoric site,North Eastern China.Journal of Human Evolution,2010,59 (5):514-524
11 Zhang Jiafu,Wang Xiaoqing,Qiu Weili et al.The paleolithic site of Longwangchan in the middle Yellow River,China:Chronology, paleoenvironment and implications.Journal of Archaeological Science,2011,38(7):1537 -1550
12 Folk P L,Ward W D.Brazos Reviver Bar:A study in the significance of grain size parameters.Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1957,27(1):3 -26
13陈德牛,张国庆.中国动物志:无脊椎动物(第37卷),软体动物门,腹足纲,巴蜗牛科北京:科学出版社,2004.20-27 Chen Deniu,Zhang Guoqing.Fauna Sinica,lnvertebrala(Vol.37), Mollusca,Gastripoda,Stylommataphora Bradybaenidae.Beijing: Science Press,2004.20 -27
14刘月英,张文珍,王耀先.医学贝类学.北京:海洋出版社. 1993.70-71 Liu Yueying,Zhang Wenzhen,Wang Yaoxian.Medical Malacology. Beijing:China Ocean Press,1993.70 -71
15刘东生,施雅风,王汝健等.以气候变化为标志的中国第四纪地层对比表.第四纪研究,2000,20(2):108-128 Liu Tungsheng,Shi Yafeng,Wang Rujian et al.Table of Chinese Quaternary stratigraphic correlation remarked with climate change. Quaternary Sciences,2000,20(2):108 -128
16 Li Baosheng,Wen Xiaohao,Qiu Shifan et al.Phases of environmental evolution indicated by primary chemical elements and ??paleontological records in the Upper Pleistoce-Holocene series for the Salawusu River valley,China.Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(4 ): 555 -565
17 Boule M,Breuil H,Licent E et al.Le Paleolithique de la Chine (Paleontologie).Archives de Institut de Paleontologie Humaine, Memoire 4.Paris,1928.1 -136
18 Teilhard de Chardin P,Licent E.On the discovery of a Paleolithic industry in Northern China.Bulletin of the Geological Society oj China,1924,3(1):45 -50
19董光荣,李保生.萨拉乌苏河晚第四纪地质与古人类综合研究.北京:科学出版社(在刊) Dong Guangrong,Li Baosheng.The Comprehensive Study of the Late Quaternary Geology and Paleoanthropology in Salawusu.Beijing: Science Press.(In press)
20祁国琴.内蒙古萨拉乌苏河流域第四纪哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物与古人类,1975,13(4):239-249 Qi Guoqin.Quaternary mammalian fossils from Salawusu River district,Nei Mongol.Vertebrata PalAsiatica,1975,13(4):239 -249
21黄慰文,董光荣,侯亚梅.鄂尔多斯智人的地层、年代和生态环境.人类学学报,2004,23(增刊):258-271 Huang Weiwen,Dong Guangrong,Hou Yamei.Stratigraphic, chronological and ecological contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens of Sjara-osso-gol site,Ordos Plateau of North China.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2004,23(Suppl.):258 -271
22黄慰文,侯亚梅.萨拉乌苏遗址的新材料:范家沟湾1980年出土的旧石器.人类学学报,2003,22(4):309-320 Huang Weiwen,Hou Yamei.New materials from Salawusu sites of North China:Paleoliths of 1980 excavation at Fanjiagouwan.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2003,22(4):309 -320
23 Wolpoff M H,Spuhler J N,Smith F H et al.Modern Human Origins.Science,1988,241:772-774
24 Frayer D W,Wolpoff M H,Thorne A G et al.Theories of modern human origins:The paleontological lest.American Anthropologist, 1993,95(1):14-50
25吴新智.现代人起源的多地区进化学说在中国的实证.第四纪研究,2006,26(5):702-709 Wu Xinzhi.Evidence of multiregional human evolution hypothesis from China.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(5):702 - 709
26 Templeton A R.Haplotype trees and modern human origins. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology,2005,48(S41 ):33 - 59
27贾兰坡,盖培,尤玉柱.山西峙峪旧石器时代遗址发掘报告.考古学报,1972,(1):39-58 Jia Lanpo,Gai Pei,You Yuzhu.The excavation on the Paleolithicsite Zhiyu in Shanxi Province.Acta Archaeologica Sinica, 1972,(1):39-58
28黄慰文,傅仁义.小孤山-辽宁海城史前洞穴遗址综合研究.北京:科学出版社,2009.27-155 Huang Weiwen,Fu Renyi.Xiaogushan;A Comprehensive Study of Prehistoric Sites of Haicheng County in Liaoning Province.Beijing: Science Press,2009.27-155
29李占扬.许昌灵井遗址2005年出土石制品初步研究.人类学学报,2007,26(2):138-154 Li Zhanyang.A Primary Study on the Stone Artifacts of Lingjing Site Excavated in 2005.Acta Anthropolgica Sinica,2007,26(2 ): 138 -154
30高星.关于“中国旧石器时代中期”的探讨.人类学学报, 1999,18(1):1-15 Gao Xing.A discussion on "Chinese Middle Paleolithic".Acta Anthroplogica Sinica,1999,18(1):1 -15
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