关中盆地杨官寨遗址古洪水事件释光测年
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摘要
通过对泾河下游的野外考察,在高陵县杨官寨仰韶文化遗址东南部发现夹有典型的古洪水滞流沉积层的全新世黄土—古土壤剖面。利用单片再生剂量法(SAR)测定了40～63μm粒径石英的光释光(OSL)年龄。从剖面获得的样品年龄数值处在2.27±0.06ka到14.26±0.58ka之间,且与地层深度表现出良好的对应关系。通过样品OSL年龄与其埋深的关系,结合粒度和磁化率数据地层对比,以及文化层考古年龄,确定了该全新世剖面的基本年代框架。研究结果表明,在4.20～4.00ka泾河流域发生了第一期多次古洪水事件,在3.20～2.80ka发生了第二期特大古洪水事件。这些古洪水事件与全球性气候突变事件同时发生,是泾河流域气候水文系统对于全球变化的响应。
On the basis of field investigations along the Jinghe River valley,a typical Holocene loess-soil profile with interbedded palaeoflood slackwater deposits was found at the Neolithic Yangshao Culture site near Yangguanzhai village,Gaoling county.OSL ages for the quarts grains at a size of 40-63 μm were measured by using the single aliquot regenerative-dose(SAR) protocol.The optical ages of these samples ranged from 2.27±0.06 ka BP to 14.26±0.58 ka BP,showing a good relation with the depth in the YGZ profile.According to the age-depth function,the archaeological ages,grain-size distribution and the magnetic susceptibility in the YGZ profile,a Holocene chronological framework is established.The first episode of palaeoflood events is therefore dated to 4.20-4.00 ka BP,and the second episode is dated to 3.20-2.80 ka BP on the Jinghe River.These extraordinary floods occurred during the global abrupt climatic events.They represent a regional response of river system to global change.
On the basis of field investigations along the Jinghe River valley,a typical Holocene loess-soil profile with interbedded palaeoflood slackwater deposits was found at the Neolithic Yangshao Culture site near Yangguanzhai village,Gaoling county.OSL ages for the quarts grains at a size of 40-63 μm were measured by using the single aliquot regenerative-dose(SAR) protocol.The optical ages of these samples ranged from 2.27±0.06 ka BP to 14.26±0.58 ka BP,showing a good relation with the depth in the YGZ profile.According to the age-depth function,the archaeological ages,grain-size distribution and the magnetic susceptibility in the YGZ profile,a Holocene chronological framework is established.The first episode of palaeoflood events is therefore dated to 4.20-4.00 ka BP,and the second episode is dated to 3.20-2.80 ka BP on the Jinghe River.These extraordinary floods occurred during the global abrupt climatic events.They represent a regional response of river system to global change.
引文
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[2]Carrivick J L.Hydrodynamics and geomorphic work of Jokulhlaups(glacial outburst floods)from Kverkfjoll volca-no,Iceland.Hydrological Processes,2007,21(6):725～740.
[3]Harvey J E,Pederson J L.Reconciling arroyo cycle and paleoflood approaches to late Holocene alluvial records indryland streams.Quaternary Science Review,2011,30(7-8):855～866.
[4]Benito G,Sopenab A,Sánchez-Moyac Y,et al.Palaeoflood record of the Tagus River(Central Spain)during theLate Pleistocene and Holocene.Quaternary Science Review,2003,22(15-17):1737～1756.
[5]Yang D Y,Yu G,Xie Y B,et al.Sedimentary records of large Holocene floods from the middle reaches of theYellow River,China.Geomorphology,2000,33(1-2):73～88.
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[8]Huang C C,Pang J L,Su H X,et al.Climatic and anthropogenic impacts on soil formation in the semiarid loesstablelands in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,China.Journal of Arid Environments,2007,71(3):280～298.
[9]Huang C C,Pang J L,Zha X C,et al.Extraodinary floods of 4100～4000aB.P.recorded at the late Neolithic ru-ins in the Jinghe river gorges,middle reach of the Yellow River,China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2010,289(1-4):1～9.
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[11]Wallinga J.Optically stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial deposits:A review.Boreas,2002,31(4):303～322.
[12]Rittenour T M,Goble R J,Blum M D.An optical age chronology of Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits in the north-ern lower Mississippi valley.Quaternary Science Reviews,2003,22(11-13):1105～1110.
[13]Thomas P J,Jain M,Juyal N,et al.Comparison of single-grain and small-aliquot OSL dose estimates in<3000years old river sediments from South India.Radiation Measurements,2005,39:457～469.
[14]王昌盛,陈杰,张克旗.西南天山明尧勒背斜河流阶地沉积物的光释光测年.地震地质,2005,27(4):586～598.
[15]郑自宽.泾河流域暴雨洪水特性.水文,2003,23(5):57～60.
[16]陕西省水利水土保持厅.中华人民共和国陕西省洪水调查资料:黄河流域部分的洪水调查资料(第一册).西安:陕西省水利厅,1984.147～151.
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[18]Armitage S J,Bailey R M.The measured dependence of laboratory beta dose rates on sample grain size.RadiationMeasurements,2005,39(2):123～127.
[19]Buylaert J P,Murray A S,Vandenberghe D,et al.Optical dating of Chinese loess using sand-sized quart:Estab-lishing a time frame for Late Pleistocene climate changes in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Quater-nary Geochronology,2008,3:99～113.
[20]Wallinga J,Murray A S,Duller G A T,et al.Testing optically stimulated luminescence dating of sand-sizedquartz and feldspar from fuvial deposits.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2001,193(3-4):617～630.
[21]Roberts H M.Assessing the effectiveness of the double-SAR protocol in isolating a luminescence signal dominatedby quartz.Radiation Measurements,2007,42:1627～1636.
[22]Bùtter-Jensen L,Duller G A T,Murray A S,et al.Blue light emitting diodes for optical stimulation of quartz inretrospective dosimetry and dating.Radiation Protection Dosimetry,1999,84(1-4):335～340.
[23]Duller G A T.Distinguishing quartz and feldspar in single grain luminescence measurements.Radiation Measure-ments,2003,37(2):161～165.
[24]Murray A S,Wintle A G.Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose proto-col.Radiation Measurements,2000,32(1):57～73.
[25]Aitken M J,Smith B W.Optical dating:Recuperation after bleaching.Quaternary Science Reviews,1988,7(3-4):387～393.
[26]Rhodes E J,Baily R M.The effect of thermal transfer on the zeroing of the luminescence of quartz from recent gla-cio fluvial sediments.Quaternary Science Reviews,1997,16:291～298.
[27]周亚利,鹿化煜,张家富,等.高精度光释光测年揭示的晚第四纪毛乌素和浑善达克沙地沙丘的固定与活化过程.中国沙漠,2005,25(3):342～350.
[28]Zhang J F,Zhou L P,Yue S Y.Dating fluvial sediments by optical stimulated luminescence:Selection of equiva-lent doses for age calculation.Quaternary Science Reviews,2003,22(10-13):1123～1129.
[29]Steffen D,Preusser F,Schlunegger F.OSL quartz age underestimation due to unstable signal components.Qua-ternary Geochronology,2009,4(5):353～362.
[30]Ou X J,Xu L B,Lai Z P,et al.Potential of quartz OSL dating on moraine deposits from eastern Tibetan Plateauusing SAR protocol.Quaternary Geochronology,2010,5:257～262.
[31]Wallinga J.On the detection of OSL age overestimation using single-aliquot techniques.Geochronometria,2002,21(1):17～26.
[32]赵景波,孙桂贞,岳应利,等.关中平原人工林地的干层及其成因.地理研究,2007,26(4):763～772.
[33]Prescott J R,Hutton J T.Cosmic ray contribution to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating:Large depthsand long-term time variations.Radiation Measurements,1994,23(2-3):497～500.
[34]Mejdhal V.Thermoluminescence dating:beta-dose attenuation in quartz grains.Archaeometry,1979,21(1):61～72.
[35]Lai Z P.Chronology and the upper dating limit for loess samples from Luochuan section in the Chinese Loess Plat-eau using quartz OSL SAR protocol.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2010,37(2):176～185.
[36]Lai Z P,Zller L,Fuchs M,et al.Alpha efficiency determination for OSL of quartz extracted from Chinese loess.Radiation Measurements,2008,43(2-6):767～770.
[37]赵景波,邵天杰,牛俊杰.西安白鹿原黄土渗透性与含水条件.地理研究,2009,28(5):1188～1196.
[38]Grafenstein U,Erlenkeuser H,Brauer A,et al.A mid-European decadal isotope-climate record from 15500to5000years B.P.Science,1999,284:1654～1657.
[39]Huang C C,Pang J L,Su H X,et al.The Ustic Isohumisol(Chernozem)distributed over the Chinese Loess Plat-eau:Modern soil or palaeosol?Geoderma,2009,150(3-4):344～358.
[40]陕西省考古研究院.陕西高陵县杨官寨新石器时代遗址.考古,2009,(7):3～9.
[41]李瑜琴,黄春长,查小春,等.泾河中游龙山文化晚期特大洪水水文学研究.地理学报,2009,64(5):541～552.
[42]葛本伟,黄春长,周亚利,等.龙山文化末期泾河特大洪水事件光释光测年研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(2):422～429.
[43]Zha X C,Huang C C,Pang J L.Palaeofloods recorded by salckwater deposits on the Qishuihe River in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Journal of Chinese Geography,2009,19(6):681～690.
[44]吴文祥,葛全胜.夏朝前夕洪水发生的可能性及大禹治水真相.第四纪研究,2005,25(6):741～749.
[45]谭亮成,安芷生,蔡演军,等.4.2ka B.P.气候事件在中国的降雨表现及其全球联系.地质论评,2008,54(1):94～104.
[46]朱向锋,黄春长,庞奖励,等.渭河天水峡谷全新世特大洪水水文学研究.地理科学进展,2010,29(7):840～846.
[47]万红莲,黄春长,庞奖励,等.渭河宝鸡峡谷全新世特大洪水水文学研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(2):430～440.
[2]Carrivick J L.Hydrodynamics and geomorphic work of Jokulhlaups(glacial outburst floods)from Kverkfjoll volca-no,Iceland.Hydrological Processes,2007,21(6):725～740.
[3]Harvey J E,Pederson J L.Reconciling arroyo cycle and paleoflood approaches to late Holocene alluvial records indryland streams.Quaternary Science Review,2011,30(7-8):855～866.
[4]Benito G,Sopenab A,Sánchez-Moyac Y,et al.Palaeoflood record of the Tagus River(Central Spain)during theLate Pleistocene and Holocene.Quaternary Science Review,2003,22(15-17):1737～1756.
[5]Yang D Y,Yu G,Xie Y B,et al.Sedimentary records of large Holocene floods from the middle reaches of theYellow River,China.Geomorphology,2000,33(1-2):73～88.
[6]谢悦波,费宇红,沈起鹏.古洪水平流沉积与水位.地球学报,2001,22(4):320～323.
[7]Huang C C,Pang J L,Zha X C,et al.Impact of monsoonal climatic change on Holocene overbank flooding alongSushui River,middle reach of the Yellow River,China.Quaternary Science Reviews,2007,26:2247～2264.
[8]Huang C C,Pang J L,Su H X,et al.Climatic and anthropogenic impacts on soil formation in the semiarid loesstablelands in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,China.Journal of Arid Environments,2007,71(3):280～298.
[9]Huang C C,Pang J L,Zha X C,et al.Extraodinary floods of 4100～4000aB.P.recorded at the late Neolithic ru-ins in the Jinghe river gorges,middle reach of the Yellow River,China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2010,289(1-4):1～9.
[10]Huang C C,Pang J L,Zha X C,et al.Extraordinary floods related to the climatic event at 4200aBP on theQishuihe River,middle reaches of the Yellow River,China.Quaternary Science Reviews,2011,30(1-4):460～468.
[11]Wallinga J.Optically stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial deposits:A review.Boreas,2002,31(4):303～322.
[12]Rittenour T M,Goble R J,Blum M D.An optical age chronology of Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits in the north-ern lower Mississippi valley.Quaternary Science Reviews,2003,22(11-13):1105～1110.
[13]Thomas P J,Jain M,Juyal N,et al.Comparison of single-grain and small-aliquot OSL dose estimates in<3000years old river sediments from South India.Radiation Measurements,2005,39:457～469.
[14]王昌盛,陈杰,张克旗.西南天山明尧勒背斜河流阶地沉积物的光释光测年.地震地质,2005,27(4):586～598.
[15]郑自宽.泾河流域暴雨洪水特性.水文,2003,23(5):57～60.
[16]陕西省水利水土保持厅.中华人民共和国陕西省洪水调查资料:黄河流域部分的洪水调查资料(第一册).西安:陕西省水利厅,1984.147～151.
[17]Aitken M J.An Introduction to Optical Dating.New York:Oxford University Press,1998.60～68.
[18]Armitage S J,Bailey R M.The measured dependence of laboratory beta dose rates on sample grain size.RadiationMeasurements,2005,39(2):123～127.
[19]Buylaert J P,Murray A S,Vandenberghe D,et al.Optical dating of Chinese loess using sand-sized quart:Estab-lishing a time frame for Late Pleistocene climate changes in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Quater-nary Geochronology,2008,3:99～113.
[20]Wallinga J,Murray A S,Duller G A T,et al.Testing optically stimulated luminescence dating of sand-sizedquartz and feldspar from fuvial deposits.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2001,193(3-4):617～630.
[21]Roberts H M.Assessing the effectiveness of the double-SAR protocol in isolating a luminescence signal dominatedby quartz.Radiation Measurements,2007,42:1627～1636.
[22]Bùtter-Jensen L,Duller G A T,Murray A S,et al.Blue light emitting diodes for optical stimulation of quartz inretrospective dosimetry and dating.Radiation Protection Dosimetry,1999,84(1-4):335～340.
[23]Duller G A T.Distinguishing quartz and feldspar in single grain luminescence measurements.Radiation Measure-ments,2003,37(2):161～165.
[24]Murray A S,Wintle A G.Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose proto-col.Radiation Measurements,2000,32(1):57～73.
[25]Aitken M J,Smith B W.Optical dating:Recuperation after bleaching.Quaternary Science Reviews,1988,7(3-4):387～393.
[26]Rhodes E J,Baily R M.The effect of thermal transfer on the zeroing of the luminescence of quartz from recent gla-cio fluvial sediments.Quaternary Science Reviews,1997,16:291～298.
[27]周亚利,鹿化煜,张家富,等.高精度光释光测年揭示的晚第四纪毛乌素和浑善达克沙地沙丘的固定与活化过程.中国沙漠,2005,25(3):342～350.
[28]Zhang J F,Zhou L P,Yue S Y.Dating fluvial sediments by optical stimulated luminescence:Selection of equiva-lent doses for age calculation.Quaternary Science Reviews,2003,22(10-13):1123～1129.
[29]Steffen D,Preusser F,Schlunegger F.OSL quartz age underestimation due to unstable signal components.Qua-ternary Geochronology,2009,4(5):353～362.
[30]Ou X J,Xu L B,Lai Z P,et al.Potential of quartz OSL dating on moraine deposits from eastern Tibetan Plateauusing SAR protocol.Quaternary Geochronology,2010,5:257～262.
[31]Wallinga J.On the detection of OSL age overestimation using single-aliquot techniques.Geochronometria,2002,21(1):17～26.
[32]赵景波,孙桂贞,岳应利,等.关中平原人工林地的干层及其成因.地理研究,2007,26(4):763～772.
[33]Prescott J R,Hutton J T.Cosmic ray contribution to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating:Large depthsand long-term time variations.Radiation Measurements,1994,23(2-3):497～500.
[34]Mejdhal V.Thermoluminescence dating:beta-dose attenuation in quartz grains.Archaeometry,1979,21(1):61～72.
[35]Lai Z P.Chronology and the upper dating limit for loess samples from Luochuan section in the Chinese Loess Plat-eau using quartz OSL SAR protocol.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2010,37(2):176～185.
[36]Lai Z P,Zller L,Fuchs M,et al.Alpha efficiency determination for OSL of quartz extracted from Chinese loess.Radiation Measurements,2008,43(2-6):767～770.
[37]赵景波,邵天杰,牛俊杰.西安白鹿原黄土渗透性与含水条件.地理研究,2009,28(5):1188～1196.
[38]Grafenstein U,Erlenkeuser H,Brauer A,et al.A mid-European decadal isotope-climate record from 15500to5000years B.P.Science,1999,284:1654～1657.
[39]Huang C C,Pang J L,Su H X,et al.The Ustic Isohumisol(Chernozem)distributed over the Chinese Loess Plat-eau:Modern soil or palaeosol?Geoderma,2009,150(3-4):344～358.
[40]陕西省考古研究院.陕西高陵县杨官寨新石器时代遗址.考古,2009,(7):3～9.
[41]李瑜琴,黄春长,查小春,等.泾河中游龙山文化晚期特大洪水水文学研究.地理学报,2009,64(5):541～552.
[42]葛本伟,黄春长,周亚利,等.龙山文化末期泾河特大洪水事件光释光测年研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(2):422～429.
[43]Zha X C,Huang C C,Pang J L.Palaeofloods recorded by salckwater deposits on the Qishuihe River in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Journal of Chinese Geography,2009,19(6):681～690.
[44]吴文祥,葛全胜.夏朝前夕洪水发生的可能性及大禹治水真相.第四纪研究,2005,25(6):741～749.
[45]谭亮成,安芷生,蔡演军,等.4.2ka B.P.气候事件在中国的降雨表现及其全球联系.地质论评,2008,54(1):94～104.
[46]朱向锋,黄春长,庞奖励,等.渭河天水峡谷全新世特大洪水水文学研究.地理科学进展,2010,29(7):840～846.
[47]万红莲,黄春长,庞奖励,等.渭河宝鸡峡谷全新世特大洪水水文学研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(2):430～440.
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