清代山东自然灾害与政府救灾能力的变迁
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摘要
清代山东地区自然灾害种类多、发生频繁。从史料记载看,清代所发生的自然灾害,以水灾、旱灾、蝗灾和震灾为主。在清代268 a中,山东地区共发生涝灾245年次,黄、运洪灾129年次,潮灾45年次,旱灾233年次,蝗灾138年次,震级不同的地震283次,并且呈现周期性和不断增长的趋势。频繁发生的自然灾害,对清代山东地区的经济发展、社会秩序、人口数量产生了重大影响。为减轻灾害的影响,稳定和发展社会经济,政府采取了蠲免、赈济、调粟等相应的救灾措施。但是,由于受政府财政能力变化的影响,荒政也呈不断衰退的趋势。造成荒政衰退的原因很多,主要还是整个社会经济的衰退。清代前期,社会经济上升,政府财政收入多,救灾投入多,救灾效果也较好;清代后期,随着社会经济脆弱程度的加剧,政府的财政收入状况不断恶化,自然灾害发生后政府往往无力救助,救灾的时效性大不如前。
Natural disasters were of great variety and frequency in Shandong during Qing Dynasty.From the historical records,the main disasters in Shandong during Qing Dynasty included flood,drought,locust and earthquake.During the 268 years of Qing Dynasty,waterlogging happened 245 times in Shandong and 129 times in the Yellow River and Yun River,tide disaster occurred 45 times,drought 233 times,locust 138 times and earthquake 283 times,which presented the periodic and increasing tendency.Frequent occurrences of natural disaster significantly impacted the economic development,social order and population quantity in Shandong during Qing Dynasty.In order to reduce the influence of disaster and to stabilize and develop the social economy,the government adopted some relief measures such as remitting,relieves,millet adjustment and so on.However,due to the change of government finance,the famine relief measures were also assumed the declining tendency.The main reason was the decline of the entire social economy.In the earlier period of Qing Dynasty,the social economy developed prosperously,the government financial revenue increased,and the disaster relief inputs was enough so that the effect of disaster relief was obvious.While in the later period,along with the social economy's becoming frail,the government's financial revenue decreased unceasingly,the government was often incapable of rescues,and the effect of disaster relief was inferior obviously.
Natural disasters were of great variety and frequency in Shandong during Qing Dynasty.From the historical records,the main disasters in Shandong during Qing Dynasty included flood,drought,locust and earthquake.During the 268 years of Qing Dynasty,waterlogging happened 245 times in Shandong and 129 times in the Yellow River and Yun River,tide disaster occurred 45 times,drought 233 times,locust 138 times and earthquake 283 times,which presented the periodic and increasing tendency.Frequent occurrences of natural disaster significantly impacted the economic development,social order and population quantity in Shandong during Qing Dynasty.In order to reduce the influence of disaster and to stabilize and develop the social economy,the government adopted some relief measures such as remitting,relieves,millet adjustment and so on.However,due to the change of government finance,the famine relief measures were also assumed the declining tendency.The main reason was the decline of the entire social economy.In the earlier period of Qing Dynasty,the social economy developed prosperously,the government financial revenue increased,and the disaster relief inputs was enough so that the effect of disaster relief was obvious.While in the later period,along with the social economy's becoming frail,the government's financial revenue decreased unceasingly,the government was often incapable of rescues,and the effect of disaster relief was inferior obviously.
引文
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[3]杨煜达.清咸丰六年长江三角洲地区旱灾气候背景分析[J].气象与减灾研究,2007,30(3):26-30.
[4]吴宾.周、秦、汉、唐时期关中地区自然灾害与粮食安全问题研究[J].气象与减灾研究,2006,29(4):36-39.
[5]王颖.1923—1932年陕北自然灾害的初步研究[J].气象与减灾研究,2006,29(3):34-38.
[6]朱磊,卜风贤.《诗经》中粮食安全问题研究[J].气象与减灾研究,2006,29(3):39-43.
[7]李根蟠.略谈气候异变对中国上古农业转型的影响[J].气象与减灾研究,2006,30(4):29-32.
[8]袁长极.清代山东水旱自然灾害[M]∥山东省地方志编纂委员会.山东史志资料.第二辑.济南:山东人民出版社,1982.
[9]郑云飞.中国历史上的蝗灾分析[J].中国农史,1990,(4):38-50.
[10]据源正,原永兰.山东蝗虫[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:254-277.
[11]山东省地震史料编辑室.山东省地震史料汇编[M].北京:地震出版社,1983.
[12]顾功叙.中国地震目录[M].北京:科学出版社,1983:690-691.
[13]掖县志[M].卷5.祥异.
[14]清史稿[M].卷42.灾异三.
[15]清史稿[M].卷42.灾异三.
[16]清圣祖实录[M].卷15.
[17]朱寿朋.光绪朝东华录[M].北京:中华书局,1984:288.
[18]清史稿[M].卷40.灾异一.
[19]清史稿[M].卷40.灾异一.
[20]德平县志[M].卷5.杂记.
[21]掖县志[M].卷5.祥异.
[22]谈迁.北游录[M].纪闻下.
[23]清史稿[M].卷126.河渠志.
[24]再续行水金鉴[M].卷110.
[25]清德宗实录[M].卷526.
[26]清史稿[M].卷279.杨方兴传.
[27]清宣宗实录[M].卷274.
[28]清仁宗实录[M].卷341.
[29]掖县志[M].卷5.祥异.
[30]清德宗实录[M].卷172.
[31]清德宗实录[M].卷187.
[32]孙百亮.1668年郯城震灾与1937年菏泽震灾比较研究[J].中国社会经济史研究,2005,(2):40-44.
[33]宣统.山东通志[M].卷84.仓储.
[34]昌邑县志[M].卷2.堤堰志.
[35]沂州府志[M].卷3.舆地志.
[36]清德宗实录[M].卷176.
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