汶川大地震灾害对区域生态系统的影响——以青川、平武和茂县为例
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摘要
利用Landsat-TM/CBERS遥感数据和1∶25万高程数据,分析汶川特大地震灾害前、后土地利用/土地覆被变化。为了研究地震对区域生态系统的影响,定量对比分析了重灾区青川、平武和茂县主要土地利用/土地覆被的特征,计算不同坡度和坡向影响下土地利用/土地覆被类型变化。得出以下结果:(1)地震后造成区域内有林地、草地和耕地面积减少;疏林地面积增加。有林地、草地和耕地分别减少了92.09、46.98km2和30.81km2;疏林地增加了98.81km2。(2)研究区自然和耕地生态系统受地震影响明显。通过对3县自然和农田生态系统分析,青川林地、草地和耕地生态影响最严重;平武和茂县也存在不同程度影响。(3)在不同的坡度下,土地利用/土地覆被类型在>35°坡度段受地震影响面积变化最大,依次是0～8°、15～25°、8～15°和25～35°坡段。这与震后诱发的崩塌、滑坡、水土流失等次生灾害,促使大量覆被携带山体、岩石整体或局部的、不规则的运动有关。在不同坡向下,土地利用/土地覆被类型在半阴坡坡向受地震影响面积变化最大,其次是半阳坡、阴坡和阳坡;这与区域内不同坡向上的土地利用/土地覆被类型优势度相关。
Based on two periods of land cover maps derived from remotely sensed date,Landsat TM,CBERS and digital elevation model(DEM)derived from 1:250 000 topographic maps.Studies on land use/land cover changes(LUCC)of Qingchuan county,Pingwu County and Maoxian county before and after Wenchuan Earthquake,and the influences of two importance cause of slope and aspect in ecosystem.The main results are as follow:after earthquake,the area of woodland,grassland and farmland decreased obviously by 92.09km2,46.98 km2 and 30.81 km2 respectively,open forest land increased by 98.81 km2 for area.The open forest land area changes amplitude is most,the value is 6.20%.Results indicated the ecosystem is degenerating and in study regions after earthquake,especially Qingchuan county.Topographic conditions are of great importance to the distribution of land use/land cover and the process of land cover changes.Under different slopes,there are large area changes of LUCC great than 35° because of earthquake.The order are 0-8°,15-25°,8-15° and 25-35°.These changes have obviously relation with earthquake and the secondary mountain disasters such as rock fall,landside,and debris flow.Aspect has a large influence on the distribution of land cover types,especially in half-shady slope;the order is half-sunny slope,shady slope and sunny slope.The area changes amplitude of land cover types are obviously in different aspect.
Based on two periods of land cover maps derived from remotely sensed date,Landsat TM,CBERS and digital elevation model(DEM)derived from 1:250 000 topographic maps.Studies on land use/land cover changes(LUCC)of Qingchuan county,Pingwu County and Maoxian county before and after Wenchuan Earthquake,and the influences of two importance cause of slope and aspect in ecosystem.The main results are as follow:after earthquake,the area of woodland,grassland and farmland decreased obviously by 92.09km2,46.98 km2 and 30.81 km2 respectively,open forest land increased by 98.81 km2 for area.The open forest land area changes amplitude is most,the value is 6.20%.Results indicated the ecosystem is degenerating and in study regions after earthquake,especially Qingchuan county.Topographic conditions are of great importance to the distribution of land use/land cover and the process of land cover changes.Under different slopes,there are large area changes of LUCC great than 35° because of earthquake.The order are 0-8°,15-25°,8-15° and 25-35°.These changes have obviously relation with earthquake and the secondary mountain disasters such as rock fall,landside,and debris flow.Aspect has a large influence on the distribution of land cover types,especially in half-shady slope;the order is half-sunny slope,shady slope and sunny slope.The area changes amplitude of land cover types are obviously in different aspect.
引文
[1]Chen B M,Liu X W,Yang H.Review of most recent progresses of study on land use and land cover change.Progress in Geography,2003,22(1):22-29.
[2]Li X B.a review of the international researches on land use/land cover change.Acta Geographica Sinica,1996,51(6):553-558.
[3]Zhang X M,Yu X X,Wu S H,et al.Response of land use/land cover change to hydrological dynamics in typical watershed in Loess gullied-hilly region of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,27(2):414-423.
[4]Zhang Q J,Fu B J,Chen L D.Several problems about landscape pattern change research.Geographical Science,2003,23(3):264-270.
[5]Zhang G K,Deng W,Song K S.On the land/use pattern shifting in Xinkai River Basin and its ecological significance.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,26(9):3026-3034.
[6]Zhu HY,He S J,Zhang M.GIS spatial analysis and its application in the research of land use change.Progress in Geography,2001,20(2):104-110.
[7]Wang G X,Ding Y J,Wang J.Land ecological changes and evolutional patterns in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in recent15years.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(2):164-173.
[8]Guo X D,Chen L D,Fu B J.Effects of land use/land cover changes on regional ecological environment.Advances in Environmental Science,1999,7(6):66-75.
[9]Wang G X,Cheng G D.The spatial pattern and influence caused by water resources in arid desert oases.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(3):363-368.
[10]Fu B J,Chen L D,Ma K M.The effect of land use change on the regional environment in the Yangquangou Catament in the Loess Plateau of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,1999,54(3):241-246.
[11]Wu J G.Landscape ecology-concepts and theories.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2000,19(1):42-52.
[12]Lu J T,Wang Z H,Zhou C H.A tentative discussion on the monitoring of the Yigong Landslide-blocked Lake with Satellites Remote Sensing Technique.Acra Geoscintia Sinica,2002,23(4):363-368.
[13]Wang Z H,Xu Q D,Yang H R.Remote sensing survey for a landslide disaster in the boundary river between China and India.Science and Technology Reviw,2007,25(6):26-31.
[14]Liu J Y.The Macro Investigation and Dynamic Research of the Resource and Environment.Beijing:Science Press,1996.
[15]Zhang J S,Kang R S,Zhao AF,et al.The studies of water resource utilization or water resource and ecology-environments safety in middle reachof Heihe River Basin.Advance In Earth Sciences,2003,18(2):207-213.
[16]Zhen B H,Tian Z Q,Wang W J,et al.Analysis of recent land usage and survey in Western China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(5):1078-1085.
[17]Luo G P,Zhou C H,Chen X.Process of land use/land cover change in the Oasis of Arid Region.Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(1):63-72.
[18]Chen L,Wang G X,Wang H L.Spatial-temporal Characteristics of LUCC in Zoige County using landsat TM Sensor Data.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2006,26(4):277-283.
[19]Wu X P,Tang Z Y,Cui HT,et al.Land cover dynamics of different topographic conditions in Beijing.Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(2):239-251.
[20]Ma Z Z,Zhou AX,Jiang X B.Influences of altitude and slope on dynamical changes and Status Quo of land use/cover in Wushan County.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(2):107-109.
[21]Wang C,Yuan M,Wei C F.Farm land landscape pattern at different slope gradients in a shallow hilly region of Chongqing.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2007,26(9):1424-1431.
[1]陈百明,刘新卫,杨红.LUCC研究的最新进展评述.地理科学进展,2003,22(1):22～29.
[2]李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域——土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向.地理学报,1996,51(6)553～558.
[3]张晓明,余新晓,武思宏,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域土地利用/土地覆被变化水文动态响应.生态学报,2007,27(2):414～423.
[4]张秋菊,傅伯杰,陈利顶.关于景观格局演变研究的几个问题.地理科学,2003,23(3):264～270.
[5]张国伸,邓伟,宋开山.新开河流域土地利用格局变化及其生态学意义.生态学报,2006,26(9):3026～3034.
[6]朱会义,何书金,张明.地利用变化研究中的GIS空间分析方法及其应用.地理科学进展,2001,20(2):104～110.
[7]王根绪,程国栋,丁永建,王建.近15年来长江黄河源区的土地覆被变化.地理学报,2004,59(2):164～173.
[8]郭旭东,陈利顶,傅伯杰.土地利用/土地覆被变化对区域生态环境的影响.环境科学进展,1999,7(6):66～75.
[9]王根绪.干旱荒漠绿洲景观空间格局及其受水资源条件的影响分析.生态学报,2000,20(3):363～368.
[10]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响——以延安市羊圈沟流域为例.地理学报,1999,54(3):241～246.
[11]邬建国.景观生态学——概念与理论.生态学杂志,2000,19(1):42～52.
[12]吕杰堂,王治华,周成虎.西藏易贡滑坡堰塞湖的卫星遥感检测方法初探.地理学报,2002,23(4):363～368.
[13]王治华,徐起德,杨日华.中印边界附近帕里河上的滑坡灾害遥感调查.科技导报,2007,25(6):26～31.
[14]刘纪远.中国资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996.1～119.
[15]张济世,康尔泗,赵爱芬,等.黑河中游水土资源开发利用现状及水资源生态环境安全分析.地球科学进展,2003,18(2):207～213.
[16]郑丙辉,田自强,王文杰,等.中国西部地区土地利用/土地覆盖近期动态分析.生态学报,2002,24(5):1078～1085.
[17]罗格平,周成虎,陈曦.干旱区绿洲土地利用与覆被变化过程.地理学报,2003,58(1):63～72.
[18]陈玲,王根绪,王惠林.基于Land sat TM数据的若尔盖县LUCC时空特征研究.遥感技术与应用,2006,21(4):277～283.
[19]吴晓莆,唐志强,崔海亭,等.北京地区不同地形条件下的土地覆盖动态.植物生态学报,2006,30(2):239～251.
[20]马泽忠,周爱霞,江晓波.高程与坡度对巫山县土地利用/覆盖动态变化的影响.水土保持学报,2006,17(2):107～109.
[21]王成,袁敏,魏朝富.浅丘带坝区不同坡度下耕地景观格局分析.生态学杂志,2007,26(9):1424～1430.
[2]Li X B.a review of the international researches on land use/land cover change.Acta Geographica Sinica,1996,51(6):553-558.
[3]Zhang X M,Yu X X,Wu S H,et al.Response of land use/land cover change to hydrological dynamics in typical watershed in Loess gullied-hilly region of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,27(2):414-423.
[4]Zhang Q J,Fu B J,Chen L D.Several problems about landscape pattern change research.Geographical Science,2003,23(3):264-270.
[5]Zhang G K,Deng W,Song K S.On the land/use pattern shifting in Xinkai River Basin and its ecological significance.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,26(9):3026-3034.
[6]Zhu HY,He S J,Zhang M.GIS spatial analysis and its application in the research of land use change.Progress in Geography,2001,20(2):104-110.
[7]Wang G X,Ding Y J,Wang J.Land ecological changes and evolutional patterns in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in recent15years.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(2):164-173.
[8]Guo X D,Chen L D,Fu B J.Effects of land use/land cover changes on regional ecological environment.Advances in Environmental Science,1999,7(6):66-75.
[9]Wang G X,Cheng G D.The spatial pattern and influence caused by water resources in arid desert oases.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(3):363-368.
[10]Fu B J,Chen L D,Ma K M.The effect of land use change on the regional environment in the Yangquangou Catament in the Loess Plateau of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,1999,54(3):241-246.
[11]Wu J G.Landscape ecology-concepts and theories.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2000,19(1):42-52.
[12]Lu J T,Wang Z H,Zhou C H.A tentative discussion on the monitoring of the Yigong Landslide-blocked Lake with Satellites Remote Sensing Technique.Acra Geoscintia Sinica,2002,23(4):363-368.
[13]Wang Z H,Xu Q D,Yang H R.Remote sensing survey for a landslide disaster in the boundary river between China and India.Science and Technology Reviw,2007,25(6):26-31.
[14]Liu J Y.The Macro Investigation and Dynamic Research of the Resource and Environment.Beijing:Science Press,1996.
[15]Zhang J S,Kang R S,Zhao AF,et al.The studies of water resource utilization or water resource and ecology-environments safety in middle reachof Heihe River Basin.Advance In Earth Sciences,2003,18(2):207-213.
[16]Zhen B H,Tian Z Q,Wang W J,et al.Analysis of recent land usage and survey in Western China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(5):1078-1085.
[17]Luo G P,Zhou C H,Chen X.Process of land use/land cover change in the Oasis of Arid Region.Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(1):63-72.
[18]Chen L,Wang G X,Wang H L.Spatial-temporal Characteristics of LUCC in Zoige County using landsat TM Sensor Data.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2006,26(4):277-283.
[19]Wu X P,Tang Z Y,Cui HT,et al.Land cover dynamics of different topographic conditions in Beijing.Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(2):239-251.
[20]Ma Z Z,Zhou AX,Jiang X B.Influences of altitude and slope on dynamical changes and Status Quo of land use/cover in Wushan County.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(2):107-109.
[21]Wang C,Yuan M,Wei C F.Farm land landscape pattern at different slope gradients in a shallow hilly region of Chongqing.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2007,26(9):1424-1431.
[1]陈百明,刘新卫,杨红.LUCC研究的最新进展评述.地理科学进展,2003,22(1):22～29.
[2]李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域——土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向.地理学报,1996,51(6)553～558.
[3]张晓明,余新晓,武思宏,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域土地利用/土地覆被变化水文动态响应.生态学报,2007,27(2):414～423.
[4]张秋菊,傅伯杰,陈利顶.关于景观格局演变研究的几个问题.地理科学,2003,23(3):264～270.
[5]张国伸,邓伟,宋开山.新开河流域土地利用格局变化及其生态学意义.生态学报,2006,26(9):3026～3034.
[6]朱会义,何书金,张明.地利用变化研究中的GIS空间分析方法及其应用.地理科学进展,2001,20(2):104～110.
[7]王根绪,程国栋,丁永建,王建.近15年来长江黄河源区的土地覆被变化.地理学报,2004,59(2):164～173.
[8]郭旭东,陈利顶,傅伯杰.土地利用/土地覆被变化对区域生态环境的影响.环境科学进展,1999,7(6):66～75.
[9]王根绪.干旱荒漠绿洲景观空间格局及其受水资源条件的影响分析.生态学报,2000,20(3):363～368.
[10]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响——以延安市羊圈沟流域为例.地理学报,1999,54(3):241～246.
[11]邬建国.景观生态学——概念与理论.生态学杂志,2000,19(1):42～52.
[12]吕杰堂,王治华,周成虎.西藏易贡滑坡堰塞湖的卫星遥感检测方法初探.地理学报,2002,23(4):363～368.
[13]王治华,徐起德,杨日华.中印边界附近帕里河上的滑坡灾害遥感调查.科技导报,2007,25(6):26～31.
[14]刘纪远.中国资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996.1～119.
[15]张济世,康尔泗,赵爱芬,等.黑河中游水土资源开发利用现状及水资源生态环境安全分析.地球科学进展,2003,18(2):207～213.
[16]郑丙辉,田自强,王文杰,等.中国西部地区土地利用/土地覆盖近期动态分析.生态学报,2002,24(5):1078～1085.
[17]罗格平,周成虎,陈曦.干旱区绿洲土地利用与覆被变化过程.地理学报,2003,58(1):63～72.
[18]陈玲,王根绪,王惠林.基于Land sat TM数据的若尔盖县LUCC时空特征研究.遥感技术与应用,2006,21(4):277～283.
[19]吴晓莆,唐志强,崔海亭,等.北京地区不同地形条件下的土地覆盖动态.植物生态学报,2006,30(2):239～251.
[20]马泽忠,周爱霞,江晓波.高程与坡度对巫山县土地利用/覆盖动态变化的影响.水土保持学报,2006,17(2):107～109.
[21]王成,袁敏,魏朝富.浅丘带坝区不同坡度下耕地景观格局分析.生态学杂志,2007,26(9):1424～1430.
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