汶川M_s8.0地震前电离层VTEC的异常变化(英文)
|
摘要
利用地基GPS观测资料反演的垂直电子总含量(VTEC),本文考察了2008年5月12日汶川M_s8.0地震期间的电离层变化.在考察过程中,以前10天的VTEC均值和伴随的2倍标准偏差作为参考来识别电离层异常.最终的考察分析结果表明:(1)VTEC的异常增加出现在5月3日和5月9日,而VTEC的异常减小出现在4月29日和5月6日;(2)所有这4天的电离层VTEC异常持续时间均超过了4 h,且异常自东向西漂移;(3)相对于电离层的非扰动状态,在5次电离层异常的峰值时刻,震中附近VTEC增加或减小超过30%的空间区域沿经、纬向分别超过了4000 km和1500 km.鉴于地震期间的日一地空间环境和电离层VTEC异常特征,我们认为,5月3日下午和5月9日的VTEC正异常可能是本次汶川地震的电离层前兆.
In this paper, we investigated the variations of the ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) derived from the ground-based GPS observations during the 12 May 2008 M_s8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.A mean of the previous 10-day VTECs and the associated two standard deviations are utilized as a reference for identifying the ionospheric anomalies.The analysis showed that (1) the anomalous enhancements of VTEC appeared on May 3 and 9, while the anomalous decreases appeared on April 29 and May 6;(2)all of the ionospheric anomalies lasted beyond 4 hours and drifted from east to west;(3)relative to a non-perturbed state of the ionosphere, the zones of the VTEC decrease or enhancement by more than 30% around the epicenter had spatial scale of more than 4000 km in longitude and 1500 km in latitude at five peak times of the ionospheric anomalies.In view of the solar-terrestrial environment and the characters of the ionospheric anomalies, we think that the positive anomalies of VTEC in the afternoon of May 3 and on May 9 are probably the ionospheric precursors of Wenchuan earthquake.
In this paper, we investigated the variations of the ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) derived from the ground-based GPS observations during the 12 May 2008 M_s8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.A mean of the previous 10-day VTECs and the associated two standard deviations are utilized as a reference for identifying the ionospheric anomalies.The analysis showed that (1) the anomalous enhancements of VTEC appeared on May 3 and 9, while the anomalous decreases appeared on April 29 and May 6;(2)all of the ionospheric anomalies lasted beyond 4 hours and drifted from east to west;(3)relative to a non-perturbed state of the ionosphere, the zones of the VTEC decrease or enhancement by more than 30% around the epicenter had spatial scale of more than 4000 km in longitude and 1500 km in latitude at five peak times of the ionospheric anomalies.In view of the solar-terrestrial environment and the characters of the ionospheric anomalies, we think that the positive anomalies of VTEC in the afternoon of May 3 and on May 9 are probably the ionospheric precursors of Wenchuan earthquake.
引文
[1] Gokhberg M B,Morgunov V A,Yoshino T,et al.Experimental measurements of EM emissions possibly related to earthquakes in Japan.Journal of Geophysical Research,1982,87:7824～7829
[2] Oike K,Ogawa T.Electromagnetic radiations from shallow earthquakes observed in the LF range.Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity,1986,38:1031～1040
[3] Parrot M,Mogilevsky M M.VLF emissions associated with earthquakes and observed in the ionosphere and the magnetosphere.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior,1989,57:86～99
[4] Fujinawa Y,Takahashi K.Emission of electromagnetic radiation preceding the Ito seismic swarm of 1989． Nature,1990,347:376～378
[5] Fujinawa Y,Takahashi K.Electromagnetic radiations associated with major earthquakes.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior,1998,105:249～259
[6] Hayakawa M,Fujisawa Y.EM Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction.Terra Scientific(TERAPUB),Tokyo,1994
[7] Molchanov O,Haykawa M,Rafalsky V.Penetration characteristics of electromagnetic emissions from an underground seismic source into the atmosphere,ionosphere,and magnetosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,106(A2) :1691～1712
[8] Molchanov O A,Hayakawa M.Subionospheric VLF signal perturbations possibly related to earthquakes.Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,113:17489～17504
[9] Hayakawa M.Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.TERRAPUB,Tokyo,1999
[10] Varotsos P A.The Physics of Seismic Electric Signals.TerraPub,Tokyo,2005
[11] Rozhnoi A,Molchanov O,Solovieva M,et al.Possible seismo-ionosphere perturbations revealed by VLF signals collected on ground and on a satellite.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2007,7:617～624
[12] Prattes G,Schwingenschuh K,Eichelberger H U,et al.Multi point ground-based ULF magnetic field observations in Europe during seismic active periods in 2004 and 2005． Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2008,8:501～507
[13] Zhang X M,Qian J D,Ouyang X Y,et al.Ionospheric electromagnetic perturbations observed on DEMETER satellite before Chile M7． 9 earthquake.Earth Sci.,2009,22:251～255
[14] Ogawa T,Oike K,Miura T.Electromagnetic radiations from rocks.Journal of Geophysical Research,1985,90:6245～6249
[15] Cress G,Brady B,Rowell G.Sources of electromagnetic radiation from fracture of rock samples in the laboratory.Geophysical Research Letters,1987,14:331～334
[16] Yamada I,Masuda K,Mizutni H.Electromagnetic and acoustic emission associated with rock fracture.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior,1989,57:157～168
[17] O'Keefe S G,Thiel D.Electromagnetic emissions during rock blasting.Geophysical Research Letters,1995,18:889～892
[18] Huang Q,Ikeya M.Seismic electromagnetic signals(SEMS)explained by a simulation experiment using electromagnetic waves.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1998,109(3 4) :107～114
[19] Gershenzon N,Bambakidis G.Modeling of seismo-electromagnetic phenomena.Russian Journal of Earth Sciences,2001,3(4) :247～275
[20] Li S Y,Tang L B,Liu J X,et al,Experimental investigation of precursory low-frequency events before strong earthquakes.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),2002,23(4) :1～7
[21] Huang Q.Controlled analogue experiments on propagation of seismic electromagnetic signals.Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(17) :1956～1961
[22] Davies K,Baker D M.Ionospheric effect observed around the time of Alaska earthquake of March 28,1964． Journal of Geophysical Research,1965,70(9) :172～179
[23] Hayakawa M,Fujinawa Y.Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction.Terra Scientific Publishing Company,Tokyo,Terrapub,1994
[24] Calais E,Minster J B.GPS detection of ionospheric TEC perturbations following the January 17,1994,Northridge Earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22:1045～1048
[25] Chmyrev V M,Isaev N V,Serebryakova O N,et al.Smallscale plasma inhomogeneities and correlated ELF emissions in the ionosphere over an earthquake region.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,1997,59(9) :967～974
[26] Liperovsky V A,Pokhotelov O A,Liperovskaya E V,et al.Modification of sporadic E-layers caused by seismic activity.Surveys in Geophysics,2000,21:449～486
[27] Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chuo Y J,et al.Variations of ionospheric total electron content during the Chi-Chi earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28:1383～1386
[28] Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Shah S J,et al.Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies monitored by GPS TEC.Annales Geophysicae,2004,22:1585～1593
[29] Gaivoronskaya T V,Pulinets S A.Analysis of F2-layer variability in the areas of seismic activity.Preprint IZMIRAN,Moscow,2002,2(1145) :1～20
[30] Plotkin V V.GPS detection of ionospheric perturbation before the 13 February 2001,El Salvador earthquake.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2003,3:249～253
[31] Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D.Spatial-temporal characteristics of large scale distributions of electron density observed in the ionospheric F-region before strong earthquakes.Cosmic Res.,2003,41:221～229
[32] Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K.Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes.Berlin:Springer,2004
[33] Trigunait A,Parrot M,Pulinets S A,et al.Variation of ionospheric electron density during the Bhuj seismic event.Annales Geophysicae,2004,22:4123～4131
[34] Krankowski A,Zakharenkova I E,Shagimuratov I I.Response of the ionosphere to the Baltic Sea earthquake of 21 September,2004． Acta Geophysica,2006,54(1) :90～101
[35] Zakharenkova I E,Krankowski A,Shagimuratov I I.Modification of the low-latitude ionosphere before December 26,2004 Indonesian earthquake.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2006,6:817～823
[36] Zakharenkova I E,Shagimuratov I I,Tepenitzina N Yu,et al.Anomalous modification of the ionospheric total electron content prior to the 26 September 2005 Peru earthquake.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial physics,2008,70:1919～1928
[37] Kelly M C.The Earth's Ionosphere:Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics.Academic Press,San Diego,1989
[38] Davies K.Ionospheric Radio.Peter Peregrinus Ltd,London,1990
[39] Pulinets S A.Seismic activity as a source of the ionospheric variability.Advances in Space Research,1998,22(6) :903～906
[40] Shang S P,Guo J S,Shi J K,et al.Morphologies of global ionospheric disturbances during different type geomagnetic disturbance events.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46(1) :11～17
[41] Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D,Gaivoronskaya T V,et al.Main phenomenological features of ionospheric precursors of strong earthquakes.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-terrestrial Physics,2003,65:1337～1347
[42] Lin'kov E M,Petrova L N,Osipiv K S.Seismic gravitational pulsations of the earth and atmospheric disturbances as possible precursors of strong earthquakes.Transaction of USSR Academy of Science,Earth Science,1991,306:13～16
[43] Shalimov S L,Gokhberg M B.Lithosphere-ionosphere coupling mechanism and its application to the earthquake in Iran on June 20,1990． A review of ionospheric measurements and basic assumptions.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1998,105:211～218
[44] Gokhberg M B,Shalirnov S L.The lithosphere and ionosphere relationship and its modeling.Russian J.Earth Sciences,2000,2(2) :95～108
[45] Pilipenko V,Shalimov S,Uyeda S,et al.Possible mechanism of the over-horizon reception of FM radio waves during earthquake preparation period.Proceedings of the Japan Academy,ser.B,2001,77:125～130
[46] Varotsos P,Hdjicontis V,Nowick A.The physical mechanism of seismic electric signals.Acta Geophysica Polonica,2001,49:416～421
[47] Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Seismo-Electromagnetics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.TERRAPUB,Tokyo,2002
[48] Molchanov O,Fredorov E,Schekotov A,et al.Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling as governing mechanism for preseismic short-term events in atmosphere and ionosphere.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2004,4:757～767
[49] Rapoport Y,Grimalsky V,Hayakawa M,et al.Change of ionosphere plasma parameters under the influence of electric field which has lithospheric origin and due to radon emanation.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29:579～587
[50] Yoshida S,Ogawa T.Electromagnetic emissions from dry and wet granite associated with acoustic emission.Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109(B9) :B09204
[51] Kamogawa M.Preseismic lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling.EOS,Transactions of the American Geophysical Union,2006,87(40) :417～424
[52] Mannucci A J,Wilson B D,Yuan D N,et al.A global mapping technique for GPS-derived ionospheric electron content measurements.Radio Science,1998,33(3) :565～582
[53] Jakowski N,Heise S,Wehrenpfennig A,et al.GPS/ GLONASS-based TEC measurements as a contributor for space weather forecast.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2002,64:729～735
[54] Otsuka Y,Ogawa T,Saito A,et al.A new technology for mapping of total electron content using GPS network in Japan.Earth Planets Space,2002,58(5) :529～534
[55] Schaer S.Mapping and predicting the Earth's ionosphere using the global positioning system[Ph.D.dissertation].Astronomical Institute,University of Berne,Switzerland,1999
[56] Azpilicueta F,Brunini C,Radicella S M.Global ionospheric maps from GPS observations using modip latitude.Advance in Space Research,2006,38:2324～2331
[57] Wilson B D,Mannucci A J.Instrument biases in ionospheric measurements derived from GPS data.Proceedings of ION GPS'93,Salt Lake City,1993
[58] Sardon E,Rius A,Zarraoa N.Estimation of the transmitter and receiver differential biases and the ionospheric total electron content from global positioning system observations.Radio Science,1994,29(3) :577～586
[59] Ma G,Maruyama T.Derivation of TEC and estimation of instrumental biases from GEONET in Japan.Annales Geophysicae,2003,21(10) :2083～2093
[60] Gao Y,Heroux P,Kouba J.Estimation of GPS receiver and satellite L1/L2 signal delay biases using data from CACS.Proceedings of KIS-94,Banff,Canada,August 30 September 2,1994
[61] Komjathy J.Global ionospheric total electron content mapping using the Global Positioning System[Ph.D.thesis].Fredericton:University of New Brunswick,1997
[62] Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chuo Y J,et al.A statistical investigation of pre-earthquake ionospheric anomaly.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111,A05304,doi:10． 1029/ 2005JA011333
[63] Kazimirovski E S.Coupling from below as a source of ionospheric variability:a review.Annals of Geophysics,2002,45:1～29
[64] Forbes J M,Palo S E,Zhang X L.Variability of the ionosphere.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2000,62:685～693
[65] Rishbeth H,Mendillo M.Patterns of F2-1ayer variability.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2001,63:1661～1680
[66] Mendillo M,Rishbeth H,Roble R G,et al.Modelling F2layer seasonal trends and day-to-day variability driven by coupling with the lower atmosphere.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2002,64:1911～1931
[67] Davies J B,Archambeau C B.Modeling of atmospheric and ionospheric disturbances from shallow seismic sources.Phys. Earth Planet.Inter.,1998,105:183～199
[68] Freund F.Time-resolved study of charge generation and propagation in igneous rocks.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105:11001～11019,doi:10． 1029/1999JB900423
[69] Kim V P,Hegai V V.A possible presage of strong earthquakes in the nighttime mid latitude associated with earthquakes.In:Hayakawa M ed.Atmospheric and Ionoshperic Electroma-gnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.Terra Scientific Publishing Company,Tokyo,1999,619～627
[70] Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K A,Hegai V V,et al.Quasielectrostatic model of atmosphere-thermosphere ionosphere coupling.Adv.Space Res.,2000,26(8) :1209～1218,doi:10． 1016/ S0273-1177(99) 01223-5
[71] Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K.Electrodynamic model of the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere coupling.J.Atmos.Sol.Terr.Phys.,2001,63:1681～1691
[72] Zhao B,Yu T,Wang M,et al.Is an unusual large enhancement of ionospheric electron density linked with the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake?J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113,Al1304,doi:10． 1029/2008JA013613
[73] Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chen C H,et al.Seismoionoshperic GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12 May 2008 M_w 7． 9 Wenchuan earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114,A04320,doi:10． 1029/2008JA013698
[74] Zhang X,Shen X,Liu J,et al.Analysis of ionospheric plasma perturbations before Wenchuan earthquake.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2009,9:1259～1266
[75] He Y F,Yang D M,Chen H R,et al.SNR changes of VLF radio signals detected onboard the DEMETER satellite and their possible relationship to the Wenchuan earthquake.Sci.China Ser.D,2009,52,doi:10． 1007/s11430-009-0064-5
[76] Zeng Z C,Zhang B,Fang G Y,et al.The analysis of ionospheric variations before the Wenchuan earthquake with DEMETER data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(1) :11～19
[2] Oike K,Ogawa T.Electromagnetic radiations from shallow earthquakes observed in the LF range.Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity,1986,38:1031～1040
[3] Parrot M,Mogilevsky M M.VLF emissions associated with earthquakes and observed in the ionosphere and the magnetosphere.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior,1989,57:86～99
[4] Fujinawa Y,Takahashi K.Emission of electromagnetic radiation preceding the Ito seismic swarm of 1989． Nature,1990,347:376～378
[5] Fujinawa Y,Takahashi K.Electromagnetic radiations associated with major earthquakes.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior,1998,105:249～259
[6] Hayakawa M,Fujisawa Y.EM Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction.Terra Scientific(TERAPUB),Tokyo,1994
[7] Molchanov O,Haykawa M,Rafalsky V.Penetration characteristics of electromagnetic emissions from an underground seismic source into the atmosphere,ionosphere,and magnetosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,106(A2) :1691～1712
[8] Molchanov O A,Hayakawa M.Subionospheric VLF signal perturbations possibly related to earthquakes.Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,113:17489～17504
[9] Hayakawa M.Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.TERRAPUB,Tokyo,1999
[10] Varotsos P A.The Physics of Seismic Electric Signals.TerraPub,Tokyo,2005
[11] Rozhnoi A,Molchanov O,Solovieva M,et al.Possible seismo-ionosphere perturbations revealed by VLF signals collected on ground and on a satellite.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2007,7:617～624
[12] Prattes G,Schwingenschuh K,Eichelberger H U,et al.Multi point ground-based ULF magnetic field observations in Europe during seismic active periods in 2004 and 2005． Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2008,8:501～507
[13] Zhang X M,Qian J D,Ouyang X Y,et al.Ionospheric electromagnetic perturbations observed on DEMETER satellite before Chile M7． 9 earthquake.Earth Sci.,2009,22:251～255
[14] Ogawa T,Oike K,Miura T.Electromagnetic radiations from rocks.Journal of Geophysical Research,1985,90:6245～6249
[15] Cress G,Brady B,Rowell G.Sources of electromagnetic radiation from fracture of rock samples in the laboratory.Geophysical Research Letters,1987,14:331～334
[16] Yamada I,Masuda K,Mizutni H.Electromagnetic and acoustic emission associated with rock fracture.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior,1989,57:157～168
[17] O'Keefe S G,Thiel D.Electromagnetic emissions during rock blasting.Geophysical Research Letters,1995,18:889～892
[18] Huang Q,Ikeya M.Seismic electromagnetic signals(SEMS)explained by a simulation experiment using electromagnetic waves.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1998,109(3 4) :107～114
[19] Gershenzon N,Bambakidis G.Modeling of seismo-electromagnetic phenomena.Russian Journal of Earth Sciences,2001,3(4) :247～275
[20] Li S Y,Tang L B,Liu J X,et al,Experimental investigation of precursory low-frequency events before strong earthquakes.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),2002,23(4) :1～7
[21] Huang Q.Controlled analogue experiments on propagation of seismic electromagnetic signals.Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(17) :1956～1961
[22] Davies K,Baker D M.Ionospheric effect observed around the time of Alaska earthquake of March 28,1964． Journal of Geophysical Research,1965,70(9) :172～179
[23] Hayakawa M,Fujinawa Y.Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction.Terra Scientific Publishing Company,Tokyo,Terrapub,1994
[24] Calais E,Minster J B.GPS detection of ionospheric TEC perturbations following the January 17,1994,Northridge Earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22:1045～1048
[25] Chmyrev V M,Isaev N V,Serebryakova O N,et al.Smallscale plasma inhomogeneities and correlated ELF emissions in the ionosphere over an earthquake region.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,1997,59(9) :967～974
[26] Liperovsky V A,Pokhotelov O A,Liperovskaya E V,et al.Modification of sporadic E-layers caused by seismic activity.Surveys in Geophysics,2000,21:449～486
[27] Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chuo Y J,et al.Variations of ionospheric total electron content during the Chi-Chi earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28:1383～1386
[28] Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Shah S J,et al.Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies monitored by GPS TEC.Annales Geophysicae,2004,22:1585～1593
[29] Gaivoronskaya T V,Pulinets S A.Analysis of F2-layer variability in the areas of seismic activity.Preprint IZMIRAN,Moscow,2002,2(1145) :1～20
[30] Plotkin V V.GPS detection of ionospheric perturbation before the 13 February 2001,El Salvador earthquake.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2003,3:249～253
[31] Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D.Spatial-temporal characteristics of large scale distributions of electron density observed in the ionospheric F-region before strong earthquakes.Cosmic Res.,2003,41:221～229
[32] Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K.Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes.Berlin:Springer,2004
[33] Trigunait A,Parrot M,Pulinets S A,et al.Variation of ionospheric electron density during the Bhuj seismic event.Annales Geophysicae,2004,22:4123～4131
[34] Krankowski A,Zakharenkova I E,Shagimuratov I I.Response of the ionosphere to the Baltic Sea earthquake of 21 September,2004． Acta Geophysica,2006,54(1) :90～101
[35] Zakharenkova I E,Krankowski A,Shagimuratov I I.Modification of the low-latitude ionosphere before December 26,2004 Indonesian earthquake.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2006,6:817～823
[36] Zakharenkova I E,Shagimuratov I I,Tepenitzina N Yu,et al.Anomalous modification of the ionospheric total electron content prior to the 26 September 2005 Peru earthquake.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial physics,2008,70:1919～1928
[37] Kelly M C.The Earth's Ionosphere:Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics.Academic Press,San Diego,1989
[38] Davies K.Ionospheric Radio.Peter Peregrinus Ltd,London,1990
[39] Pulinets S A.Seismic activity as a source of the ionospheric variability.Advances in Space Research,1998,22(6) :903～906
[40] Shang S P,Guo J S,Shi J K,et al.Morphologies of global ionospheric disturbances during different type geomagnetic disturbance events.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46(1) :11～17
[41] Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D,Gaivoronskaya T V,et al.Main phenomenological features of ionospheric precursors of strong earthquakes.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-terrestrial Physics,2003,65:1337～1347
[42] Lin'kov E M,Petrova L N,Osipiv K S.Seismic gravitational pulsations of the earth and atmospheric disturbances as possible precursors of strong earthquakes.Transaction of USSR Academy of Science,Earth Science,1991,306:13～16
[43] Shalimov S L,Gokhberg M B.Lithosphere-ionosphere coupling mechanism and its application to the earthquake in Iran on June 20,1990． A review of ionospheric measurements and basic assumptions.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1998,105:211～218
[44] Gokhberg M B,Shalirnov S L.The lithosphere and ionosphere relationship and its modeling.Russian J.Earth Sciences,2000,2(2) :95～108
[45] Pilipenko V,Shalimov S,Uyeda S,et al.Possible mechanism of the over-horizon reception of FM radio waves during earthquake preparation period.Proceedings of the Japan Academy,ser.B,2001,77:125～130
[46] Varotsos P,Hdjicontis V,Nowick A.The physical mechanism of seismic electric signals.Acta Geophysica Polonica,2001,49:416～421
[47] Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Seismo-Electromagnetics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.TERRAPUB,Tokyo,2002
[48] Molchanov O,Fredorov E,Schekotov A,et al.Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling as governing mechanism for preseismic short-term events in atmosphere and ionosphere.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2004,4:757～767
[49] Rapoport Y,Grimalsky V,Hayakawa M,et al.Change of ionosphere plasma parameters under the influence of electric field which has lithospheric origin and due to radon emanation.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29:579～587
[50] Yoshida S,Ogawa T.Electromagnetic emissions from dry and wet granite associated with acoustic emission.Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109(B9) :B09204
[51] Kamogawa M.Preseismic lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling.EOS,Transactions of the American Geophysical Union,2006,87(40) :417～424
[52] Mannucci A J,Wilson B D,Yuan D N,et al.A global mapping technique for GPS-derived ionospheric electron content measurements.Radio Science,1998,33(3) :565～582
[53] Jakowski N,Heise S,Wehrenpfennig A,et al.GPS/ GLONASS-based TEC measurements as a contributor for space weather forecast.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2002,64:729～735
[54] Otsuka Y,Ogawa T,Saito A,et al.A new technology for mapping of total electron content using GPS network in Japan.Earth Planets Space,2002,58(5) :529～534
[55] Schaer S.Mapping and predicting the Earth's ionosphere using the global positioning system[Ph.D.dissertation].Astronomical Institute,University of Berne,Switzerland,1999
[56] Azpilicueta F,Brunini C,Radicella S M.Global ionospheric maps from GPS observations using modip latitude.Advance in Space Research,2006,38:2324～2331
[57] Wilson B D,Mannucci A J.Instrument biases in ionospheric measurements derived from GPS data.Proceedings of ION GPS'93,Salt Lake City,1993
[58] Sardon E,Rius A,Zarraoa N.Estimation of the transmitter and receiver differential biases and the ionospheric total electron content from global positioning system observations.Radio Science,1994,29(3) :577～586
[59] Ma G,Maruyama T.Derivation of TEC and estimation of instrumental biases from GEONET in Japan.Annales Geophysicae,2003,21(10) :2083～2093
[60] Gao Y,Heroux P,Kouba J.Estimation of GPS receiver and satellite L1/L2 signal delay biases using data from CACS.Proceedings of KIS-94,Banff,Canada,August 30 September 2,1994
[61] Komjathy J.Global ionospheric total electron content mapping using the Global Positioning System[Ph.D.thesis].Fredericton:University of New Brunswick,1997
[62] Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chuo Y J,et al.A statistical investigation of pre-earthquake ionospheric anomaly.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111,A05304,doi:10． 1029/ 2005JA011333
[63] Kazimirovski E S.Coupling from below as a source of ionospheric variability:a review.Annals of Geophysics,2002,45:1～29
[64] Forbes J M,Palo S E,Zhang X L.Variability of the ionosphere.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2000,62:685～693
[65] Rishbeth H,Mendillo M.Patterns of F2-1ayer variability.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2001,63:1661～1680
[66] Mendillo M,Rishbeth H,Roble R G,et al.Modelling F2layer seasonal trends and day-to-day variability driven by coupling with the lower atmosphere.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2002,64:1911～1931
[67] Davies J B,Archambeau C B.Modeling of atmospheric and ionospheric disturbances from shallow seismic sources.Phys. Earth Planet.Inter.,1998,105:183～199
[68] Freund F.Time-resolved study of charge generation and propagation in igneous rocks.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105:11001～11019,doi:10． 1029/1999JB900423
[69] Kim V P,Hegai V V.A possible presage of strong earthquakes in the nighttime mid latitude associated with earthquakes.In:Hayakawa M ed.Atmospheric and Ionoshperic Electroma-gnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.Terra Scientific Publishing Company,Tokyo,1999,619～627
[70] Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K A,Hegai V V,et al.Quasielectrostatic model of atmosphere-thermosphere ionosphere coupling.Adv.Space Res.,2000,26(8) :1209～1218,doi:10． 1016/ S0273-1177(99) 01223-5
[71] Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K.Electrodynamic model of the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere coupling.J.Atmos.Sol.Terr.Phys.,2001,63:1681～1691
[72] Zhao B,Yu T,Wang M,et al.Is an unusual large enhancement of ionospheric electron density linked with the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake?J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113,Al1304,doi:10． 1029/2008JA013613
[73] Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chen C H,et al.Seismoionoshperic GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12 May 2008 M_w 7． 9 Wenchuan earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114,A04320,doi:10． 1029/2008JA013698
[74] Zhang X,Shen X,Liu J,et al.Analysis of ionospheric plasma perturbations before Wenchuan earthquake.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2009,9:1259～1266
[75] He Y F,Yang D M,Chen H R,et al.SNR changes of VLF radio signals detected onboard the DEMETER satellite and their possible relationship to the Wenchuan earthquake.Sci.China Ser.D,2009,52,doi:10． 1007/s11430-009-0064-5
[76] Zeng Z C,Zhang B,Fang G Y,et al.The analysis of ionospheric variations before the Wenchuan earthquake with DEMETER data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(1) :11～19
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心