汶川地震区次生山地灾害监测预警体系初步构想
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摘要
"5.12"汶川地震诱发了大量的崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害,崩塌滑坡堵塞主河形成堰塞湖,并为泥石流的形成提供了丰富的固体物质来源,在未来3~5年内泥石流灾害将成为震区的主要灾害之一,危害居民、交通、通讯和重要工程设施安全。构建系统的次生山地灾害监测预警网络和体系是震区减灾的重要措施,也是灾区恢复重建防灾体系的重要组成部分。按照规划,四川地震区将专业监测灾害点2998处以及建设6处重点城镇和区域山地灾害监测预警系统。为了保证山地灾害监测预警网络健康运行,监测预警系统须具有无线通讯、无人职守、低功耗且独立电源支持、实时性等功能,参照国内外监测内容,已由山地灾害形成背景条件、激发因素、成灾体、监测系统、综合信息处理平台、预测预报与警报发布等模块,分析了地震条件下山地灾害的形成的临界指标和适应震后环境的监测预警信息传输网络,并建立地震区山地灾害监测预警体系的初步构想。特别针对信息传输问题,提出引入无线传感器网络,绘制应用示意图。
The Wenchuan earthquake on May 12,2008 has induced many secondary disasters,such as collapse,landslide,and dammed lake.These provide conditions for debris flows,which are expected to be one of the major disasters in the quake area in the coming years.A network of monitoring and warning of the geohazards is urgent for the hazard mitigation and homeland reconstruction.About 2998 monitoring sites and six systems are planned in the quake area of Sichuan.These systems should be automatic and timing,with low power cost,wireless communication,and proper power support.The monitored objects and monitoring methods are designed following the existing system at home and abroad.A systematic imagine is proposed on base of the previous studies.The system consists mainly of the forming conditions,stimulus factors,information management platform,and alarming block.Two special techniques are analyzed in details: the critical indices for hazard formation and the networks of information transfer.For the latter,a wireless sensor network is introduced,which arises as a new method in acquiring information with variety of network forms.Such a network can be randomly distributed,self-organized,and run in coopera-tion.Combining with the statewide cellular base stations of China Mobile and China Unicom,the system can run in long-term to monitor landslides,dammed lakes,and debris flows from different viewpoints and release alarms.Finally,a flow framework is plotted according to the objects of monitoring.
The Wenchuan earthquake on May 12,2008 has induced many secondary disasters,such as collapse,landslide,and dammed lake.These provide conditions for debris flows,which are expected to be one of the major disasters in the quake area in the coming years.A network of monitoring and warning of the geohazards is urgent for the hazard mitigation and homeland reconstruction.About 2998 monitoring sites and six systems are planned in the quake area of Sichuan.These systems should be automatic and timing,with low power cost,wireless communication,and proper power support.The monitored objects and monitoring methods are designed following the existing system at home and abroad.A systematic imagine is proposed on base of the previous studies.The system consists mainly of the forming conditions,stimulus factors,information management platform,and alarming block.Two special techniques are analyzed in details: the critical indices for hazard formation and the networks of information transfer.For the latter,a wireless sensor network is introduced,which arises as a new method in acquiring information with variety of network forms.Such a network can be randomly distributed,self-organized,and run in coopera-tion.Combining with the statewide cellular base stations of China Mobile and China Unicom,the system can run in long-term to monitor landslides,dammed lakes,and debris flows from different viewpoints and release alarms.Finally,a flow framework is plotted according to the objects of monitoring.
引文
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[16]郑飞,吴占伟,孔斌,等.基于结构光技术的野外泥石流运动测量系统及方法.专利申请号:200710021907.6.
[17]吴积善,康志成,田连权,等.云南蒋家沟泥石流观测研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990:26-29.
[18]Cai Jianyuan.Reflection on the hydrological monitoringand reconstruction after the earthquake in Tangjiashan barri-er lake[J].China Water Resources,2008,16:22-23,25.[蔡建元.唐家山堰塞湖水文监测及灾后重建的思考[J].中国水利,2008,16:22-23,25.]
[19]Cui Peng,Liu Shijian,Tan Wanpei.Progress of debrisflow forecast in China[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2000,9(2):10-15.[崔鹏,刘世建,谭万沛.中国泥石流监测预报研究现状与展望[J].自然灾害学报,2000,9(2):10-15.]
[20]Seiya Uyedaa.Toshiyasu Nagaoa,Masashi Kamogawa.short-term earthquake prediction:Current status of seismo-electromagnetics[J].Tectonophysics,2008,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.07.019.
[21]Sumiyoshi Abea,b,Norikazu Suzuki.Scaling relation forearthquake networks[J].Physica A,2009,doi:10.1016/j.physa.2009.02.022.
[22]Shi Yajun,Fu Xiaolin.The network of geolog ica l hazardmonitoring and forewarning system in three gorges based onVPN[J].Journal of HuBei Three Groges Vocational andTechnical College,2007,4(2):60-63.[石亚军,付小林.基于VPN的三峡库区地质灾害监测预警网络[J].湖北三峡职业技术学院学报,2007,4(2):60-63.]
[2]Yin Yueping.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered byWenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of EngineeringGeology,2008,16(4):433-444.[殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433-444.]
[3]Dai Zhiyong,Yuan Yong,Liu Yongzhi.Research on moni-toring system for landslides based on fiber optic strain sens-ing[J].Optics&Optoelectronic Technology,2004,2(3):1-53.[代志勇,袁勇,刘永智.基于光纤应力传感的山体滑坡监测系统研究[J].光学与光电技术,2004,2(3):1-53.]
[4]Ji Weifeng,Hu Shiyou,Song Jun.Main geological hazardsand monitoring methods in common use in the southwest re-gion of China[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazardand Control,2007,28(s):38-41.[季伟峰,胡时友,宋军.中国西南地区主要地质灾害及常用监测方法[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2007,28(s):38-41.]
[5]Yang Xinqing.Application of the optical fiber sensors tomonitoring the oil reserboir performance[J].World WellLogging Technology,2003,18(3):5-6.[杨兴琴.光纤探测器在油藏动态监测中的应用[J].国外测井技术,2003,18(3):5-6.]
[6]Zhu Lin,Yuan Xiao,Ge Lijia,et al.A Summarization ofUWB wireless sensor networks[J].Measurement and Con-trol Technology,2004,23(12):1-4.[朱林,袁晓,葛利嘉,等.超宽带无线传感器网络综述[J].测控技术,2004,23(12):1-4.]
[7]Zhou Ce,Chen Wenjun,Tang Guoqi.Application of BHT-II type monitoring system for rock body thrust force[J].TheChinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2004,15(s):71-73.[周策,陈文俊,汤国起.BHT-Ⅱ型滑坡崩塌岩体推力监测系统的应用[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2004,15(s):71-73.]
[8]Sun Shenghe.Development trend of modern sensor[J].Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrument,2009,23(1):1-10.[孙圣和.现代传感器发展方向[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2009,23(1):1-10.]
[9]Ding Yong,Shi Bin,Cui Heliang,et al.A fiber optic sens-ing net applied in slope monitoring based on Brillouin scat-tering[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2005,27(3):338-342.[丁勇,施斌,崔何亮,等.光纤传感网络在边坡稳定监测中的应用研究[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(3):338-342.]
[10]Bao X,DeMerchant M,Brown A.Tensile and compressivest rain measurement in the lab and field with the dist ributedBrillouin scattering sensor[J].Lightwave Technol,2001,19(1):698-704.
[11]Li Man,Qin Siqing,Ma Ping,et al.In-situ stress meas-urement with kaiser effect of rock acoustic emission[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):833-838.[李曼,秦四清,马平,等.利用岩石声发射凯塞效应测定岩体地应力[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):833-838.]
[12]Zhang Shengjun,Liu Jianbo,Si Changyan,et al.Study onprecursory characteristics of rock failure based on acoustic e-mission experiment[J].Metal Mine,2008(386):65-78.[张省军,刘建坡,石长岩,等.基于声发射实验岩石破坏前兆特征研究[J].金属矿山,2008(386):65-78.]
[13]Wei Fangqiang,Xu Jing,Jiang Yuhong,et al.The systemof debris flowprediction with different time and space scales[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2007,25(5):616-621.[韦方强,徐晶,江玉红,等.不同时空尺度的泥石流预报技术体系[J].山地学报,2007,25(5):616-621.]
[14]Zhang Jinghong,Wei Fangqiang,Cui Peng,et al.Multi-hierarchial precipitation-forecasting/monitoring system forprediction of debris flow[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2005,14(5):74-78.[张京红,韦方强,崔鹏,等.泥石流预报中的多层降水预报/监测系统[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(5):74-78.]
[15]Chen Xiaoqing,Cui Peng,Feng Zili,et al.Artificial rain-fall experiment study on landslide translation to debris flow[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(1):106-116.[陈晓清,崔鹏,冯自立,等.滑坡转化泥石流起动的人工降雨试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(1):106-116.]
[16]郑飞,吴占伟,孔斌,等.基于结构光技术的野外泥石流运动测量系统及方法.专利申请号:200710021907.6.
[17]吴积善,康志成,田连权,等.云南蒋家沟泥石流观测研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990:26-29.
[18]Cai Jianyuan.Reflection on the hydrological monitoringand reconstruction after the earthquake in Tangjiashan barri-er lake[J].China Water Resources,2008,16:22-23,25.[蔡建元.唐家山堰塞湖水文监测及灾后重建的思考[J].中国水利,2008,16:22-23,25.]
[19]Cui Peng,Liu Shijian,Tan Wanpei.Progress of debrisflow forecast in China[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2000,9(2):10-15.[崔鹏,刘世建,谭万沛.中国泥石流监测预报研究现状与展望[J].自然灾害学报,2000,9(2):10-15.]
[20]Seiya Uyedaa.Toshiyasu Nagaoa,Masashi Kamogawa.short-term earthquake prediction:Current status of seismo-electromagnetics[J].Tectonophysics,2008,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.07.019.
[21]Sumiyoshi Abea,b,Norikazu Suzuki.Scaling relation forearthquake networks[J].Physica A,2009,doi:10.1016/j.physa.2009.02.022.
[22]Shi Yajun,Fu Xiaolin.The network of geolog ica l hazardmonitoring and forewarning system in three gorges based onVPN[J].Journal of HuBei Three Groges Vocational andTechnical College,2007,4(2):60-63.[石亚军,付小林.基于VPN的三峡库区地质灾害监测预警网络[J].湖北三峡职业技术学院学报,2007,4(2):60-63.]
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