青藏高原东缘进藏高等级道路面临的挑战
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摘要
随着国家"十二五"西部深度开发战略的实施,从青藏高原东缘进藏的高等级道路建设已开始分步启动,有关全线控制性问题与相应关键技术的研究急待开展.介绍了青藏高原东缘进藏交通廊道的概况,在此基础上提出了横跨南北平行岭谷地形的选线设计、海洋性山谷冰川的长程威胁、过断层蠕滑变形带的线路工程设计等我国高等级道路兴建遇到的新问题.最后,以鲜水河方案为例,提出了个体工程布置采用简易工程减少工程损失,方案比选采用期望年换算工程运营费的地震风险调控程式;针对深切峡谷沿河线沟谷灾害链风险,建议采用沿河线走高位的风险绕避策略,从而建立了基于选线设计宏观决策层面的特大灾害风险调控策略框架,可供东缘进藏髙等级道路建设以及康定至林芝段的方案论证参考.
The construction of railway and highway to Tibet through the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has started step by step as the implementation of the Western Development Strategy.The controlling problems in the construction and the corresponding key techniques need to be studied urgently.The general information of railway and highway to Tibet through the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau was introduced.Some new challenges in the construction were discussed,including the crossing alternate plateau and ravine terrains in the north-south direction,the long-range threat of maritime valley glaciers and the line engineering design in fault creep deformation zones.A seismic hazard control method was proposed based on the case study of Xianshuihe.In this method,simple projects are adopted to reduce loss in design of individual engineering,and the expected annual operating cost is used to the comparison and selection of schemes.Meanwhile,for routes along deep-cut river,a higher elevation design was suggested to avoid the damage of valley disaster chain.Based on the above works,the framework of extreme disaster hazard control was established for macroscopic location design to provide references for the construction of railway and highway to Tibet and the scheme demonstration for the Kangding-Nyingchi line.
The construction of railway and highway to Tibet through the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has started step by step as the implementation of the Western Development Strategy.The controlling problems in the construction and the corresponding key techniques need to be studied urgently.The general information of railway and highway to Tibet through the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau was introduced.Some new challenges in the construction were discussed,including the crossing alternate plateau and ravine terrains in the north-south direction,the long-range threat of maritime valley glaciers and the line engineering design in fault creep deformation zones.A seismic hazard control method was proposed based on the case study of Xianshuihe.In this method,simple projects are adopted to reduce loss in design of individual engineering,and the expected annual operating cost is used to the comparison and selection of schemes.Meanwhile,for routes along deep-cut river,a higher elevation design was suggested to avoid the damage of valley disaster chain.Based on the above works,the framework of extreme disaster hazard control was established for macroscopic location design to provide references for the construction of railway and highway to Tibet and the scheme demonstration for the Kangding-Nyingchi line.
引文
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[12]唐超,姚令侃,孙晓丹.穿越断裂带线路地表变形震害模式分析与定线策略[J].铁道标准设计,2011(9):12-16.TANG Chao,YAO Lingkan,SUN Xiaodan.Earthquake surface deformation damage mode analysisand route design strategy for railways crossing faultzone[J].Railway Standard Design,2011(9):12-16.
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[15]李勇,黄润秋,DENSMORE A L,等.汶川8.0级地震的基本特征及其研究进展[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):7-25.LI Yong,HUANG Runqiu,DENSMORE A L,et al.Basic features and research progresses of WenchuanMs 8.0 earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):7-25.
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[20]邱燕玲,姚令侃,秦伟.汶川地震路基挡墙震害特征分析[J].重庆交通大学学报:自然科学版,2010,29(4):576-581.QIU Yanling,YAO Lingkan,QIN Wei.Characteristicanalysis of the damaged retaining wall in Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Chongqing JiaotongUniversity:Natural Science,2010,29(4):576-581.
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[22]何振宁.铁路地质选线及主要技术原则[C]∥朱颖.复杂艰险山区铁路选线与总体设计论文集.北京:中国铁道出版社,2010:97-102.
[23]朱颖,魏永幸.高烈度地震山区铁路综合选线原则研究[C]∥朱颖.复杂艰险山区铁路选线与总体设计论文集.北京:中国铁道出版社,2010:8-16.
[24]NAKAMURA Y.UrEDAS,urgent earthquakedetection and alarm system,now and future[C]∥Proceeding of 13th World Conference on EarthquakeEngineering.Vancouver:[s.n.]:2004.
[25]朱平一,何子文,汪阳春,等.川藏公路典型山地灾害研究[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1999:71.
[26]罗德富,冯清华,朱平一,等.川藏公路南线(西藏境内)山地灾害及防治对策[M].北京:科学出版社,1995:120-135.
[27]程尊兰,田金昌,张正波,等.藏东南冰湖溃决泥石流形成的气候因素与发展趋势[J].地学前缘,2009,16(6):207-214.CHENG Zunlan,TIAN Jinchang,ZHANG Zhengbo,et al.Debris flow induced by glacial-lake break insoutheast Tibet[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(6):207-214.
[28]丁一汇.中国西部环境演变评估综合报告(第2卷):中国西部环境变化的预测[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:39.
[29]秦大河.中国西部环境演变评估综合报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:61-65.
[30]柴贺军,刘汉超,张倬元.中国堵江滑坡发育分布特征[J].山地学报,2002,18(增刊):51-54.CHAI Hejun,LIU Hanchao,ZHANG Zhuoyuan.Thetemporal-spatial distribution of damming landslides inChina[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2002,18(Sup.):51-54.
[2]中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏自然地理[M].北京:科学出版社,1982:47-51.
[3]程尊兰,朱平一,党超.藏东南冰湖溃决泥石流灾害及其发展趋势[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(6):954-959.CHENG Zunlan,ZHU Pingyi,DANG Chao.Hazards ofdebris flow due to glacier-lake outburst in southeasternTibet[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(6):954-959.
[4]钟大赉,丁林.青藏高原的隆起过程及其机制探讨[J].中国科学:D辑,1996,26(4):289-295.ZHONG Dalai,DING Lin.Discussion on the processand mechanism of Tibet Plateau uplift[J].Science inChina:Series D,1996,26(4):289-295.
[5]李廷栋,陈炳蔚,戴维声.青藏高原地质图系[M].广州:广东科技出版社,2010:1.
[6]闻学泽,ALLEN C R,罗灼礼,等.鲜水河全新世断裂带的分段性、几何特征及其地震构造意义[J].地震学报,1989,11(4):362-371.WEN Xueze,ALLEN C R,LUO Zhuoli,et al.Segmentation,geometric features and theirseismotectonic implications for the Holocene Xianshuihefault zone[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1989,11(4):362-371.
[7]唐荣昌,韩渭宾.四川活动断裂与地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1993:241-242.
[8]杨永林,苏琴.鲜水河断裂带现今运动特征研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2007,27(6):22-27.YANG Yonglin,SU Qin.On present activitycharacteristics of Xianshuihe fault zone[J].Journal ofGeodesy and Geodynamics,2007,27(6):22-27.
[9]池田俊雄.活断層と新神戸駅の基礎[J].応用地質,1971,12(2):77-82.IKEDA T.Active fault and foundation design for ShinKobe railway station structures[J].Applied Geology,1971,12(2):77-82.
[10]杨明,姚令侃,王广军.桩间土拱效应离心模型试验及数值模拟研究[J].岩土力学,2008,29(3):817-822.YANG Ming,YAO Lingkan,WANG Guangjun.Studyof centrifuge model tests and numerical simulation onsoil arching in space of piles[J].Rock and SoilMechanics,2008,29(3):817-822.
[11]崔鹏,何思明,姚令侃,等.汶川地震山地灾害形成机理与风险控制[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:1.
[12]唐超,姚令侃,孙晓丹.穿越断裂带线路地表变形震害模式分析与定线策略[J].铁道标准设计,2011(9):12-16.TANG Chao,YAO Lingkan,SUN Xiaodan.Earthquake surface deformation damage mode analysisand route design strategy for railways crossing faultzone[J].Railway Standard Design,2011(9):12-16.
[13]DAVIS W M.Plains of marine and sub-aerialdenudation[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,1986,10(7):378-398.
[14]姚令侃,黄艺丹,杨庆华.地震触发崩塌滑坡自组织临界性研究[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2010,42(5):33-43.YAO Lingkan,HUANG Yidan,YANG Qinghua.Onthe self-organized criticality of landslides triggered byearthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2010,42(5):33-43.
[15]李勇,黄润秋,DENSMORE A L,等.汶川8.0级地震的基本特征及其研究进展[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):7-25.LI Yong,HUANG Runqiu,DENSMORE A L,et al.Basic features and research progresses of WenchuanMs 8.0 earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):7-25.
[16]中国地震局地震现场应急工作队.玉树7.1级地震断层地表破裂带和地质灾害调查报告[R/OL].http://www.mlr.gov.cn.
[17]殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(3):289-296.YIN Yueping,ZHANG Yongshuang,MA Yinsheng,etal.Research on major characteristics of geohazardsinduced by the Yushu Ms7.1 earthquake[J].Journalof Engineering Geology,2010,18(3):289-296.
[18]田连权.四川炉霍地震泥石流[C]∥泥石流(3).重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1986:58-66.
[19]中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏冰川[M].北京:科学出版社,1986:15.
[20]邱燕玲,姚令侃,秦伟.汶川地震路基挡墙震害特征分析[J].重庆交通大学学报:自然科学版,2010,29(4):576-581.QIU Yanling,YAO Lingkan,QIN Wei.Characteristicanalysis of the damaged retaining wall in Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Chongqing JiaotongUniversity:Natural Science,2010,29(4):576-581.
[21]中华人民共和国交通运输部.汶川地震公路震害图集[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2009:9-11.
[22]何振宁.铁路地质选线及主要技术原则[C]∥朱颖.复杂艰险山区铁路选线与总体设计论文集.北京:中国铁道出版社,2010:97-102.
[23]朱颖,魏永幸.高烈度地震山区铁路综合选线原则研究[C]∥朱颖.复杂艰险山区铁路选线与总体设计论文集.北京:中国铁道出版社,2010:8-16.
[24]NAKAMURA Y.UrEDAS,urgent earthquakedetection and alarm system,now and future[C]∥Proceeding of 13th World Conference on EarthquakeEngineering.Vancouver:[s.n.]:2004.
[25]朱平一,何子文,汪阳春,等.川藏公路典型山地灾害研究[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1999:71.
[26]罗德富,冯清华,朱平一,等.川藏公路南线(西藏境内)山地灾害及防治对策[M].北京:科学出版社,1995:120-135.
[27]程尊兰,田金昌,张正波,等.藏东南冰湖溃决泥石流形成的气候因素与发展趋势[J].地学前缘,2009,16(6):207-214.CHENG Zunlan,TIAN Jinchang,ZHANG Zhengbo,et al.Debris flow induced by glacial-lake break insoutheast Tibet[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(6):207-214.
[28]丁一汇.中国西部环境演变评估综合报告(第2卷):中国西部环境变化的预测[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:39.
[29]秦大河.中国西部环境演变评估综合报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:61-65.
[30]柴贺军,刘汉超,张倬元.中国堵江滑坡发育分布特征[J].山地学报,2002,18(增刊):51-54.CHAI Hejun,LIU Hanchao,ZHANG Zhuoyuan.Thetemporal-spatial distribution of damming landslides inChina[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2002,18(Sup.):51-54.
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