地震海啸在东海大陆架上传播过程的数值模拟研究
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摘要
在东海潜在震源区冲绳海槽假定了五个震源点,根据Steven地震海啸地震参数经验值作为初始条件,分别考虑6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5、9.0级地震条件下的30个震例,采用数值模拟的方法,对海啸在东海传播过程进行情境分析,特别是对上海沿岸地区可能会遭受的海啸灾害做了较为精细的研究。结果发现:小于8.0级的震例对上海地区几乎不会造成影响;8.0级震例只有最北端震源点震例会对上海地区有明显影响;8.5级以及9.0级震级基本上均会对上海沿岸地区造成较大的影响。特别是冲绳海槽北段9.0级震例可能会对上海沿岸局部地区造成危害,最大波高可达3.9m。
The seismogenic tsunami is a type of sea wave directly caused by uplifting and subsiding of the ocean floor.It generally has substantial destructive power and can create severe damages to lives.Tsunami studies are important in the field of disaster prevention,particularly in tsunami discrimination and sea-quake disaster evaluation. Chinese scholars conducted studies in this field mainly after the 2004 Indonesia tsunami.In the South China Sea,the huge possibility of seismic tsunami occurrence has become a significant issue.The coastal area of East China Sea is the most economically developed and densely populated region of the country;a tsunami occurrence in this area would be catastrophic.No numerical simulation for tsunamis has been conducted for the East China Sea;therefore,research on the characteristics of potential tsunamis in this area is crucial for tsunami identification and disaster assessment. Such tsunami research for the East China Sea region is the focus of this paper.The geological background of seismic activity history,spatial-temporal tsunami distribution characteristics,potential source area of Okinawa Trough,and occurrence possibility of earthquakes and tsunamis in the East China Sea formed the basis for discussion,in addition to identification and scope of potential tsunamis. By using numerical simulation methods,we assumed five focal points in the Okinawa Trough,and we set six seismic tsunami experience parameters for 6.0-9.0 magnitude as the initial conditions.We thoroughly examined 30 earthquake examples that could generate tsunamis,analyzed the tsunami dissemination process in the East China Sea,and discussed the possibility of a tsunami disaster in the coastal areas of Shanghai in detail. The results show that at different source points with the same magnitude,the initial tsunami wave height is same;thus,the earthquakes with magnitudes less than 8.0 had a negligible effect on Shanghai.For those with magnitude 8.0,only the source point at the northernmost region of Okinawa Trough had an obviously impact.Almost all of the earthquakes with magnitudes of 8.5 and 9.0 had a significant influence on the coastal areas of Shanghai,with the largest potential wave height reaching 3.9 m. The analysis results were and combined with water level changes recorded by a tsunami instrument to estimate the tsunami disaster occurrence potential.Because tide is a major factor in daily water level changes,we predicted the tide at the monitoring points with the numerical simulation methods.The results strongly correlated with the observation data.We considered the water level changes at the monitoring points caused by the Okinawa Trough magnitude 8.5 earthquake occurring at the northernmost point and the tidal prediction results of the entire day to determine the post-shock theoretical value of the water level at various times. The results show that the East China Sea is highly susceptible to a seismic tsunami,the Okinawa Trough is a potential risk source area for Shanghai,and the influence from northern section of the trough is greater than that from the southern section.
The seismogenic tsunami is a type of sea wave directly caused by uplifting and subsiding of the ocean floor.It generally has substantial destructive power and can create severe damages to lives.Tsunami studies are important in the field of disaster prevention,particularly in tsunami discrimination and sea-quake disaster evaluation. Chinese scholars conducted studies in this field mainly after the 2004 Indonesia tsunami.In the South China Sea,the huge possibility of seismic tsunami occurrence has become a significant issue.The coastal area of East China Sea is the most economically developed and densely populated region of the country;a tsunami occurrence in this area would be catastrophic.No numerical simulation for tsunamis has been conducted for the East China Sea;therefore,research on the characteristics of potential tsunamis in this area is crucial for tsunami identification and disaster assessment. Such tsunami research for the East China Sea region is the focus of this paper.The geological background of seismic activity history,spatial-temporal tsunami distribution characteristics,potential source area of Okinawa Trough,and occurrence possibility of earthquakes and tsunamis in the East China Sea formed the basis for discussion,in addition to identification and scope of potential tsunamis. By using numerical simulation methods,we assumed five focal points in the Okinawa Trough,and we set six seismic tsunami experience parameters for 6.0-9.0 magnitude as the initial conditions.We thoroughly examined 30 earthquake examples that could generate tsunamis,analyzed the tsunami dissemination process in the East China Sea,and discussed the possibility of a tsunami disaster in the coastal areas of Shanghai in detail. The results show that at different source points with the same magnitude,the initial tsunami wave height is same;thus,the earthquakes with magnitudes less than 8.0 had a negligible effect on Shanghai.For those with magnitude 8.0,only the source point at the northernmost region of Okinawa Trough had an obviously impact.Almost all of the earthquakes with magnitudes of 8.5 and 9.0 had a significant influence on the coastal areas of Shanghai,with the largest potential wave height reaching 3.9 m. The analysis results were and combined with water level changes recorded by a tsunami instrument to estimate the tsunami disaster occurrence potential.Because tide is a major factor in daily water level changes,we predicted the tide at the monitoring points with the numerical simulation methods.The results strongly correlated with the observation data.We considered the water level changes at the monitoring points caused by the Okinawa Trough magnitude 8.5 earthquake occurring at the northernmost point and the tidal prediction results of the entire day to determine the post-shock theoretical value of the water level at various times. The results show that the East China Sea is highly susceptible to a seismic tsunami,the Okinawa Trough is a potential risk source area for Shanghai,and the influence from northern section of the trough is greater than that from the southern section.
引文
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[3]高继宗.中国地震海啸灾害[J].防灾博览,2005,11(1):GAO Ji-zong.The disaster of seismic tsunami in China[J].O-verview of Disaster Prevention,2005,11(1).
[4]李善邦.中国地震:中国历史海啸记载一览表[M].北京:地震出版社,1981.LI Shan-bang.China Earthquake:List of the historic seismictsunami in China[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1981.
[5]温燕林.东海海域潜在地震海啸的数值模拟及分析[D].中国地震局地球物理研究所,2008.WEN Yan-lin.Preliminary Numerical Simulation of PotentialEarthquake-inducing Tsunami in East China Sea[D].Instituteof Geophysic,China Earthquake Administration,2008.
[6]Liu P L F,Woo S B,Cho Y.Computer programs for tsunamipropagation and inundation[M].Cornell University,1998.
[7]Imamura F,Shuto N,GotoC.Numerical simulation of thetransoceanic propagation of tsunami[A]//Proc.6th CongressAsian and Paciric Regional Division,IAHR[C].Japan,1988:256-272.
[8]Cho Y S.Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Propagation andRun-up[D].Cornell University,1995.
[9]Steven N Ward.Tsunamis[A]//For lication in Encyclopediaof Physical Science and Technology[G].Academic Press.
[10]刘双庆,聂永安,高武平,等.Matlab在天津市强震动台网烈度速报中的应用[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(4):405-412.LIU Shuang-qing,NIE Yong-an,GAO Wu-ping,et al.Ap-plication of Matlab Software on Intensity Rapid Report ofTianjin Strong Motion Network[J].Northwestern Seismo-logical Journa,2012,34(4):405-412.
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