地震层析成像中的不确定性
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摘要
地震层析成像已经是一种常用的探测地球内部三维波速结构的地球物理方法。这些深部地球结构信息是人们深入认识地球的重要依据,同时由于地表地质过程往往取决于深部动力过程,因此深部结构已经开始受到了地质学家们的广泛重视。但地震层析成像方法众多,所得到的参数和精度可能有所不同,这给非地震学专业的研究人员在使用层析成像结果的过程中造成了极大的不便。为了更好地实现地球物理,地球化学和地质等多学科交叉应用,本文系统分析了地震层析成像结果中可能存在的不确定性,同时提出了相应的建议以帮助地质学家们能够正确对待层析成像结果中的不确定性并合理利用地震层析成像结果。
Seismic tomography is a common geophysical tool to explore three-dimensional deep seismic velocity structure of the Earth.Such deep structures are important information to better understand the Earth.Also, because most surface crustal processes are controlled by deep geodynamic processes, deep Earth structures become more and more favored by many geologists.But because there are currently a lot of seismic tomographic methods and their resulted structures and resolution are different, it is inconvenient for non-seismological researchers to use the tomographic results.To realize a better interdisciplinary combination of geophysics, geochemistry and geology etc., the present study made a comprehensive analysis on possible uncertainties existed in seismic tomographic results.Meanwhile, we gave correspondent suggestions to ensure that geoscientists could envisage the uncertainties and made reasonable use of the tomographic results.
Seismic tomography is a common geophysical tool to explore three-dimensional deep seismic velocity structure of the Earth.Such deep structures are important information to better understand the Earth.Also, because most surface crustal processes are controlled by deep geodynamic processes, deep Earth structures become more and more favored by many geologists.But because there are currently a lot of seismic tomographic methods and their resulted structures and resolution are different, it is inconvenient for non-seismological researchers to use the tomographic results.To realize a better interdisciplinary combination of geophysics, geochemistry and geology etc., the present study made a comprehensive analysis on possible uncertainties existed in seismic tomographic results.Meanwhile, we gave correspondent suggestions to ensure that geoscientists could envisage the uncertainties and made reasonable use of the tomographic results.
引文
[1]Aki K,Christoffersson A,Husebye E S,et al.Three-dimensional seismic-velocity anomalies in the crust and upper-mantle under the USGS[C]//EOS Trans AGU.California Seismic Array.1974,56:1145.
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[3]Bijwaard H,Spakman W,Engdahl E R.Closing the gap between regional and global travel time tomography[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103(B12):30055-30078.
[4]Bijwaard H,Spakman W.Non-linear global P-wave tomography by iterated linearized inversion[J].Geophys J Int,2000,141:71-82.
[5]Ritzwoller MH,Shapiro NM,Barmin MP,et al.Global surface wave diffraction tomography[J].J Geophys Res,2002,107(B12):2335.
[6]Van Der Voo R,Spakman W,Bijwaard H.Tethyan subducted slabs under India[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,1999,171:7-20.
[7]Huang J,Zhao D.Crustal heterogeneity and seismotectonics of the region around Beijing,China[J].Tectonophysics,2004,385:159-180.
[8]Huang J,Zhao D.High-resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions[J].J Geophys Res,2006,111(B9):B09305.
[9]Feng CC,Teng TL.Three-dimensional crust and upper mantle structure of the Eurasian continent[J].J Geophys Res,1983,88:2261-2271.
[10]Wu FT,Levshin AL,Kozhevnikov VM.Rayleigh wave group velocity tomography of siberia,China and the vicinity[J].Pure Appl Geophys,1997,149:447-473.
[11]Ritzwoller MH,Levshin A L.Eurasian surface wave tomography:Group velocities[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103(B3):4839-4878.
[12]Friederich W.The S-velocity structure of the East Asian mantle from inversion of shear and surface waveforms[J].Geophys J Int,2003,153:88-102.
[13]Huang Z,Su W,Peng Y,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of China and adjacent regions[J].J Geophys Res,2003,108(B2):2073.
[14]Lebedev S,Nolet G.Upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia from S velocity tomography[J].J Geophys Res,2003,108(B1):2048.
[15]Yanovskaya T B,Kozhevnikov V M.3D S-wave velocity pattern in the upper mantle beneath the continent of Asia from Rayleigh wave data[J].Phys Earth Planet Ints,2003,138:263-278.
[16]冯锐,朱介寿,丁韫玉,等.利用地震面波研究中国地壳结构[J].地震学报,1981,3(4):335-350.Feng R,Zhu JS,Ding YY,et al.Crustal structure in China from surface waves[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,1981,3(4):335-350.
[17]刘福田,曲克信,吴华,等.中国大陆及其邻区的地震层析成像[J].地球物理学报,1989,32(3):281-291.Liu FT,Qu KX,Wu H,et al.Seismic tomography of the Chinese continent and adjacent region[J].Chinese J Geophys,1989,32(3):281-291.
[18]何正勤,丁志峰,叶太兰,等.中国大陆及其邻域的瑞利波群速度分布图象与地壳上地幔速度结构[J].地震学报,2002,24(3):252-259.He ZQ,Ding ZF,Ye TL,et al.Group velocity distribution of Rayleigh waves and crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,2002,15(3):269-275.
[19]冯梅,安美建.中国大陆中上地壳剪切波速结构[J].地震学报,2007,29(4):337-347.Feng M,An MJ.Middle and upper crust shear-wave velocity structure of the Chinese mainland[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,2007,20(4):359-369.
[20]朱介寿,曹家敏,蔡学林,et al.东亚及西太平洋边缘海地震高分辨率层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(5):646-664.Zhu JS,Cao JM,Cai XL,et al.High resolution surface wave tomography in East Asia and West Pacific marginal seas[J].Chinese J Geophys,2002,45(5):679-698.
[21]程先琼,朱介寿,蔡学林.利用体波层析成像技术研究欧亚及邻区地幔三维速度结构[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2003,23(2):90-94.Cheng XQ,Zhu JS,Cai XL.The3-D velocity structures of the Eurasian mantle based on the body wave tomography[J].Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,2003,23(2):90-94.
[22]Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,Levshin A L,et al.Crustal and upper mantle structure beneath Antarctica and surrounding oceans[J].J Geophys Res,2001,106(12):30645-30670.
[23]Danesi S,Morelli A.Group velocity of Rayleigh waves in the Antarctic region[J].Phys Earth Planet Ints,2000,122(1-2):55-66.
[24]Feng M,Assump--o M S,Van Der Lee S.Group-velocity tomography and lithospheric S-velocity structure of the South American continent[J].Phys Earth Planet Ints,2004,147:315-331.
[25]冯梅,安美建,Van der Lee S.利用面波波形模拟探测中国大陆地壳和上地幔波速结构的分区特征[J].地震学报,2008,30(2):114-122.Feng M,An MJ,Van der Lee S.Region-related features of crustal and upper-mantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland detected by surface waveform modeling[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,2008,21(2):118-126.
[26]Dziewonski AM,Bloch S,Landisman M.A technique for analysis of transient seismic signals[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,1969,59(1):427-444.
[27]Sambridge M,Kennett B L N.Boundary value ray tracing in a heterogenous medium:a simple and versatile algorithm[J].Geophys J Int,1990,101(1):157-168.
[28]Um J,Thurber C H.A fast algorithm for two-point seismic ray tracing[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,1987,77(3):972-986.
[29]Rawlinson N,Sambridge M.Seismic traveltime tomography of the crust and lithosphere[J].Adv Geophys,2003,46:81-197.
[2]Aki K.Seismic tomography:Theory and practice[M].Chapman&Hall,1993:1-842.
[3]Bijwaard H,Spakman W,Engdahl E R.Closing the gap between regional and global travel time tomography[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103(B12):30055-30078.
[4]Bijwaard H,Spakman W.Non-linear global P-wave tomography by iterated linearized inversion[J].Geophys J Int,2000,141:71-82.
[5]Ritzwoller MH,Shapiro NM,Barmin MP,et al.Global surface wave diffraction tomography[J].J Geophys Res,2002,107(B12):2335.
[6]Van Der Voo R,Spakman W,Bijwaard H.Tethyan subducted slabs under India[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,1999,171:7-20.
[7]Huang J,Zhao D.Crustal heterogeneity and seismotectonics of the region around Beijing,China[J].Tectonophysics,2004,385:159-180.
[8]Huang J,Zhao D.High-resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions[J].J Geophys Res,2006,111(B9):B09305.
[9]Feng CC,Teng TL.Three-dimensional crust and upper mantle structure of the Eurasian continent[J].J Geophys Res,1983,88:2261-2271.
[10]Wu FT,Levshin AL,Kozhevnikov VM.Rayleigh wave group velocity tomography of siberia,China and the vicinity[J].Pure Appl Geophys,1997,149:447-473.
[11]Ritzwoller MH,Levshin A L.Eurasian surface wave tomography:Group velocities[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103(B3):4839-4878.
[12]Friederich W.The S-velocity structure of the East Asian mantle from inversion of shear and surface waveforms[J].Geophys J Int,2003,153:88-102.
[13]Huang Z,Su W,Peng Y,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of China and adjacent regions[J].J Geophys Res,2003,108(B2):2073.
[14]Lebedev S,Nolet G.Upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia from S velocity tomography[J].J Geophys Res,2003,108(B1):2048.
[15]Yanovskaya T B,Kozhevnikov V M.3D S-wave velocity pattern in the upper mantle beneath the continent of Asia from Rayleigh wave data[J].Phys Earth Planet Ints,2003,138:263-278.
[16]冯锐,朱介寿,丁韫玉,等.利用地震面波研究中国地壳结构[J].地震学报,1981,3(4):335-350.Feng R,Zhu JS,Ding YY,et al.Crustal structure in China from surface waves[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,1981,3(4):335-350.
[17]刘福田,曲克信,吴华,等.中国大陆及其邻区的地震层析成像[J].地球物理学报,1989,32(3):281-291.Liu FT,Qu KX,Wu H,et al.Seismic tomography of the Chinese continent and adjacent region[J].Chinese J Geophys,1989,32(3):281-291.
[18]何正勤,丁志峰,叶太兰,等.中国大陆及其邻域的瑞利波群速度分布图象与地壳上地幔速度结构[J].地震学报,2002,24(3):252-259.He ZQ,Ding ZF,Ye TL,et al.Group velocity distribution of Rayleigh waves and crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,2002,15(3):269-275.
[19]冯梅,安美建.中国大陆中上地壳剪切波速结构[J].地震学报,2007,29(4):337-347.Feng M,An MJ.Middle and upper crust shear-wave velocity structure of the Chinese mainland[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,2007,20(4):359-369.
[20]朱介寿,曹家敏,蔡学林,et al.东亚及西太平洋边缘海地震高分辨率层析成像[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(5):646-664.Zhu JS,Cao JM,Cai XL,et al.High resolution surface wave tomography in East Asia and West Pacific marginal seas[J].Chinese J Geophys,2002,45(5):679-698.
[21]程先琼,朱介寿,蔡学林.利用体波层析成像技术研究欧亚及邻区地幔三维速度结构[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2003,23(2):90-94.Cheng XQ,Zhu JS,Cai XL.The3-D velocity structures of the Eurasian mantle based on the body wave tomography[J].Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,2003,23(2):90-94.
[22]Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,Levshin A L,et al.Crustal and upper mantle structure beneath Antarctica and surrounding oceans[J].J Geophys Res,2001,106(12):30645-30670.
[23]Danesi S,Morelli A.Group velocity of Rayleigh waves in the Antarctic region[J].Phys Earth Planet Ints,2000,122(1-2):55-66.
[24]Feng M,Assump--o M S,Van Der Lee S.Group-velocity tomography and lithospheric S-velocity structure of the South American continent[J].Phys Earth Planet Ints,2004,147:315-331.
[25]冯梅,安美建,Van der Lee S.利用面波波形模拟探测中国大陆地壳和上地幔波速结构的分区特征[J].地震学报,2008,30(2):114-122.Feng M,An MJ,Van der Lee S.Region-related features of crustal and upper-mantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland detected by surface waveform modeling[J].ACTA Seismologica Sinica,2008,21(2):118-126.
[26]Dziewonski AM,Bloch S,Landisman M.A technique for analysis of transient seismic signals[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,1969,59(1):427-444.
[27]Sambridge M,Kennett B L N.Boundary value ray tracing in a heterogenous medium:a simple and versatile algorithm[J].Geophys J Int,1990,101(1):157-168.
[28]Um J,Thurber C H.A fast algorithm for two-point seismic ray tracing[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,1987,77(3):972-986.
[29]Rawlinson N,Sambridge M.Seismic traveltime tomography of the crust and lithosphere[J].Adv Geophys,2003,46:81-197.
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