论长江流域河湖体系演化与洪灾防治
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摘要
长江上游剥蚀沉积物通量是影响长江流域河湖体系平衡的最重要因素。近几十年来,不适人为的地质作用已严重影响并打破了原有的长江流域河湖体系的沉积一搬运平衡系统,主要表现在:①上游自然环境的破坏,使河湖沉积体系沉积物通量大量增加;②中下游围湖造田和不适当的人为河湖治理工程(如裁弯取直、送沙出湖等),改变了长江流域洪沙的自然分配平衡。研究表明,洞庭湖及鄱阳湖为现代构造沉降型补偿平衡盆地,沉降速率等于或略大于目前盆地范围内的沉积物平均淤积速率,具备为长江分洪滞淤的潜在沉积可容空间。长江流域河湖体系沉积平衡的恢复治理,应包括以下几个方面的措施:①整治上游,减少水土流失,减少或抑制整个河湖体系沉积物通量,减缓河湖淤积压力;②顺应长江流域河湖自然分洪分沙规律,开辟荆江南北二岸分洪分沙河道,同时开垸扩湖或湖垸置换;③疏通河道与加固垸堤并举;④上游(主、支流)建坝分洪分沙。
The denuded sediment flux in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is the most im- portant factor which exerts the influence on the evolution and equilibrium of the fluvial-la- custrine systems in the Yangtze River drainage area.The wanton and artificial geological processes are responsible for the disruption of the pre-existing deposition-transport equi- librium of the fluvial-lacustrine systems in the Yangtze River drainage area over the last decades,and mainly manifested in:(1)the significant increase in the sediment flux in the fluvial-lacustrine systems due to the destruction of the natural environments in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,and (2)the changes of the natural distribution and equilibri- um of flood deposits along the Yangtze River due to the reclamation of land from the lakes and wanton and artificial control (e.g.cutoff) in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River.The results of research in this study have revealed that the subsidence rates are equal to or slightly greater than the average silting rates in the present-day Dongting and Poyang Lakes as modern tectonic subsidence-type compensation-equilibrium basins;therefore they may provide the potential accommodation spaces for flood diversion of the Yangtze River.Finally the authors have suggested several measures for the recon- struction and management of sediment equilibrium in the fluvial-lacustrine systems along the Yangtze River.It is imperative that we should:(1) strengthen the management of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,and reduce the soil erosion and sediment flux through- out the fluvial-lacustrine systems so as to reduce the loading of river and lake silting;(2) open up the flood channels on both the northern and southern banks of the Jingjiang River in Hubei,and open the protective embankments and expand the areas of lakes;(3)dredge the channels and reinforce the embankments,dykes and dams,and (4)build more dams in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and its tributaries aiming at flood diversion.
The denuded sediment flux in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is the most im- portant factor which exerts the influence on the evolution and equilibrium of the fluvial-la- custrine systems in the Yangtze River drainage area.The wanton and artificial geological processes are responsible for the disruption of the pre-existing deposition-transport equi- librium of the fluvial-lacustrine systems in the Yangtze River drainage area over the last decades,and mainly manifested in:(1)the significant increase in the sediment flux in the fluvial-lacustrine systems due to the destruction of the natural environments in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,and (2)the changes of the natural distribution and equilibri- um of flood deposits along the Yangtze River due to the reclamation of land from the lakes and wanton and artificial control (e.g.cutoff) in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River.The results of research in this study have revealed that the subsidence rates are equal to or slightly greater than the average silting rates in the present-day Dongting and Poyang Lakes as modern tectonic subsidence-type compensation-equilibrium basins;therefore they may provide the potential accommodation spaces for flood diversion of the Yangtze River.Finally the authors have suggested several measures for the recon- struction and management of sediment equilibrium in the fluvial-lacustrine systems along the Yangtze River.It is imperative that we should:(1) strengthen the management of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,and reduce the soil erosion and sediment flux through- out the fluvial-lacustrine systems so as to reduce the loading of river and lake silting;(2) open up the flood channels on both the northern and southern banks of the Jingjiang River in Hubei,and open the protective embankments and expand the areas of lakes;(3)dredge the channels and reinforce the embankments,dykes and dams,and (4)build more dams in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and its tributaries aiming at flood diversion.
引文
① 郭一兵等,1997,城陵矶站水位流量关系及水沙变化分析,“九五”三峡工程泥沙科研项目(95-1-4)
① 中国主要河流水文特征资料,1957,水利部水文司。
② 郭树毅,1995,长江中游沿岸(荆江-武汉段)环境地质综合勘查报告。湖北省水文地质工程地质大队。
③ 郭一兵等,1997,城陵矶站水位流量关系及水沙变化分析,“九五”三峡工程泥沙科研项目(95-1-4) 。
1 张修桂.云梦泽的演变与下荆江河曲的形成.复旦学报(社会科学版),1980,第2期
2 童潜明.关于洞庭湖治理研究建议.中国地质,1997． 3(11)
3 余奕昌、陈景山.洞庭湖洪涝灾害成因和治理研究.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),1993,第2期
4 徐乾清.历史上的长江特大洪灾.《四川日报》,1998年9月4日
5 皮建高.论三峡工程对洞庭湖区土壤潜育化和沼泽化的影响.湖南地质,1995,14(1)
6 月二云.咆哮的长江呻吟的长江.《华西都市报》,1998年9月4日
7 李新玉.长江产业带建设面临的主要地质环境问题及对策.长江流域资源与环境,1995,4(2)
8 李辉、长平、孙保罗等.记者在长江流域.《南方周末》,1998年8月21日
9 水利部水文司.河流泥沙及水质.中国水文志.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997
10 张晓阳等.洞庭湖演变趋势分析.长江流域资源与环境.1995,14(1)
11 单剑武.荆江四口分流分沙的演变.人民长江,1991,22(3)
12 朱立、蔡鹤生.长江中下游近期河道演变及其主要影响因素.地球科学--中国地质大学学报,1995,20(4)
13 赵英林、王运辉.洞庭湖设计洪水的分析与计算.水利学报,1995,第10期
14 张人权等.洞庭湖地质环境系统分析.北京:地震出版社,环境地质研究,1995,第3辑
15 王运辉.洞庭湖与下荆江裁弯.水利学报,1990,第7期。
16 马杏垣主编.中国岩石圈动力学地图集(图18) ,北京:中国地图出版社,1989
17 刘占声.洞庭湖区江湖演化及泥沙淤积.长春:吉林科学出版社,1995
18 梁杏、张人权等.略论洞庭湖地质环境系统.湖北地质,1996,10(1)
19 谭其骧、张修桂.鄱阳湖演化的历史过程.复旦学报(社会科学版),1982,第2期
20 罗盘.千湖之省的忧思.《人民日报》,1998年3月24日
① 中国主要河流水文特征资料,1957,水利部水文司。
② 郭树毅,1995,长江中游沿岸(荆江-武汉段)环境地质综合勘查报告。湖北省水文地质工程地质大队。
③ 郭一兵等,1997,城陵矶站水位流量关系及水沙变化分析,“九五”三峡工程泥沙科研项目(95-1-4) 。
1 张修桂.云梦泽的演变与下荆江河曲的形成.复旦学报(社会科学版),1980,第2期
2 童潜明.关于洞庭湖治理研究建议.中国地质,1997． 3(11)
3 余奕昌、陈景山.洞庭湖洪涝灾害成因和治理研究.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),1993,第2期
4 徐乾清.历史上的长江特大洪灾.《四川日报》,1998年9月4日
5 皮建高.论三峡工程对洞庭湖区土壤潜育化和沼泽化的影响.湖南地质,1995,14(1)
6 月二云.咆哮的长江呻吟的长江.《华西都市报》,1998年9月4日
7 李新玉.长江产业带建设面临的主要地质环境问题及对策.长江流域资源与环境,1995,4(2)
8 李辉、长平、孙保罗等.记者在长江流域.《南方周末》,1998年8月21日
9 水利部水文司.河流泥沙及水质.中国水文志.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997
10 张晓阳等.洞庭湖演变趋势分析.长江流域资源与环境.1995,14(1)
11 单剑武.荆江四口分流分沙的演变.人民长江,1991,22(3)
12 朱立、蔡鹤生.长江中下游近期河道演变及其主要影响因素.地球科学--中国地质大学学报,1995,20(4)
13 赵英林、王运辉.洞庭湖设计洪水的分析与计算.水利学报,1995,第10期
14 张人权等.洞庭湖地质环境系统分析.北京:地震出版社,环境地质研究,1995,第3辑
15 王运辉.洞庭湖与下荆江裁弯.水利学报,1990,第7期。
16 马杏垣主编.中国岩石圈动力学地图集(图18) ,北京:中国地图出版社,1989
17 刘占声.洞庭湖区江湖演化及泥沙淤积.长春:吉林科学出版社,1995
18 梁杏、张人权等.略论洞庭湖地质环境系统.湖北地质,1996,10(1)
19 谭其骧、张修桂.鄱阳湖演化的历史过程.复旦学报(社会科学版),1982,第2期
20 罗盘.千湖之省的忧思.《人民日报》,1998年3月24日
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