中国洪涝灾害与泥沙关系
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摘要
综合分析近几十年中国洪涝灾害的增加与泥沙之间的关系 ,划分出 4种泥沙影响水灾的形式 ,阐明泥沙加重洪涝灾害的机理。基于对泥沙与洪涝灾害关系的认识 ,提出我国洪涝灾害治理的可能途径和存在的问题。
The flooding and inundated area in China has been increased since the end of the 1960's. The area of farmland subjected to flooding or waterlogging increased at a rate of 4 69 million hm 2 annually in 1965～1978, and rose to 16 74 million hm 2 in 1991～1997. Climate condition is the number one important factor influencing the flooding disasters. However, changes in precipitation in China in the past decades did not support the considerable increase in flooded areas. Also, there was a decrease in the area damaged by flooding calculated in light of the disaster prevention level of the waterlogging prone farmland since lots of flood control and waterlogging mitigation works have been constructed in the same period. On the other hand, about 1 2 billion tons of sediment were deposited annually in river channels and lakes in the plains, reservoirs, irrigation areas, and flood detention areas in China. Supposing the annual increase in the volume of water flooding the farmland is equal to the annual volume of the 1 2 billion tons of deposits, there would be a good agreement between the calculated changes in flooded area and the actual increase in the flooded or damaged area after the year 1965. It suggests that the sediment accumulation in the rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc. in China may be considered as one of the main causes for aggravating flooding disasters. The patterns of impacts of sedimentation on flooding disaster are generalized as deposition in lakes and reservoirs, deposition in river channels, deposition in river mouth, and high sediment concentration in flows. Sediment accumulation results in the decrease in the flood regulating capacity of the lakes and reservoirs. It lowers the drainage capacity of the channels and canals and also raises the riverbed to form a perching river channel. The extension of river mouth due to sediment accumulation will lower the slope of channel, enhancing sediment deposition upstreams and deteriorating the flood prone situation of delta areas. The large amount of sediment carried by water flows can obviously enlarge the discharge of peak flood, and the hyper concentrated flows show an unstable behavior, leading to abrupt rise and fall of peak flood, an unfavorable situation to flood control. To alleviate the impacts of sedimentation on flooding disasters, soil erosion control, enlargement of sediment transport capacity of the river channels, decrease of the height difference between the river channels and surrounding plains, and reduce of deposition induced extension of river mouth should be the measures. However, the feasibility of these measures in the senses of economy and technology is not so clear now and they may have negative effects on economic development, environment and society. Thus, the feasibility as well as the positive and negative effects of these measures should be studied and compared comprehensively in order to achieve the best results in reducing the impacts of sedimentation on flooding disasters in the future.
The flooding and inundated area in China has been increased since the end of the 1960's. The area of farmland subjected to flooding or waterlogging increased at a rate of 4 69 million hm 2 annually in 1965～1978, and rose to 16 74 million hm 2 in 1991～1997. Climate condition is the number one important factor influencing the flooding disasters. However, changes in precipitation in China in the past decades did not support the considerable increase in flooded areas. Also, there was a decrease in the area damaged by flooding calculated in light of the disaster prevention level of the waterlogging prone farmland since lots of flood control and waterlogging mitigation works have been constructed in the same period. On the other hand, about 1 2 billion tons of sediment were deposited annually in river channels and lakes in the plains, reservoirs, irrigation areas, and flood detention areas in China. Supposing the annual increase in the volume of water flooding the farmland is equal to the annual volume of the 1 2 billion tons of deposits, there would be a good agreement between the calculated changes in flooded area and the actual increase in the flooded or damaged area after the year 1965. It suggests that the sediment accumulation in the rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc. in China may be considered as one of the main causes for aggravating flooding disasters. The patterns of impacts of sedimentation on flooding disaster are generalized as deposition in lakes and reservoirs, deposition in river channels, deposition in river mouth, and high sediment concentration in flows. Sediment accumulation results in the decrease in the flood regulating capacity of the lakes and reservoirs. It lowers the drainage capacity of the channels and canals and also raises the riverbed to form a perching river channel. The extension of river mouth due to sediment accumulation will lower the slope of channel, enhancing sediment deposition upstreams and deteriorating the flood prone situation of delta areas. The large amount of sediment carried by water flows can obviously enlarge the discharge of peak flood, and the hyper concentrated flows show an unstable behavior, leading to abrupt rise and fall of peak flood, an unfavorable situation to flood control. To alleviate the impacts of sedimentation on flooding disasters, soil erosion control, enlargement of sediment transport capacity of the river channels, decrease of the height difference between the river channels and surrounding plains, and reduce of deposition induced extension of river mouth should be the measures. However, the feasibility of these measures in the senses of economy and technology is not so clear now and they may have negative effects on economic development, environment and society. Thus, the feasibility as well as the positive and negative effects of these measures should be studied and compared comprehensively in order to achieve the best results in reducing the impacts of sedimentation on flooding disasters in the future.
引文
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[12 ] Zhao Wenlin,Zhang Hongwu,Pan Xiandi et al.Sedimentation in the Yellow River[M].Zhengzhou:Yellow River WaterConservancy Press,1996 .2 6 7- 2 6 8,5 95 - 6 15 ,2 37- 2 44 .(In Chinese) [赵文林 ,张红武 ,潘贤娣等编 .黄河泥沙 [M].郑州 :黄河水利出版社 ,1996 .2 6 7- 2 6 8,5 95 - 6 15 ,2 37- 2 44 .]
[13] Shi Chengxi,Wang Xianchen,Dou Hongshen etal.A General Outline of Chinese L akes[M].Beijing:Science Press,1989.1- 12 .(In Chinese) [施成熙 ,汪宪臣 ,窦鸿身等 .中国湖泊概论 [M].北京 :科学出版社 ,1989.1- 12 .]
[14] Pu Peimin,Cai Shuming,Zhu Haihong etal.Impacts of Sanmenxia Projecton Environmentof L akes and Depressions in the MiddleYangtze River[M].Beijing:Science Press,1994.82 - 12 0 .(In Chinese) [濮培民 ,蔡述明 ,朱海虹等 .三峡工程与长江中游湖泊洼地环境 [M].北京 :科学出版社 ,1994.82 - 12 0 .]
[15 ] Jiang Ruqin,Peng Runze,Huang Yongjian et al.Utilization of Sediments in Canals Drawing Water from the Yellow River[M].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Conservancy Press,1998.2 6 - 31.(In Chinese) [蒋如琴 ,彭润泽 ,黄永健等编著 .引黄渠系泥沙利用[M].郑州 :黄河水利出版社 ,1998.2 6 - 31.]
[16 ] Shi Changxing.Tendency of Channel Adjustment and Flood Hazards in the L ower Yellow River[A].In:Jayawardena A W,L ee JH W,Wang Z Y ed.River Sedimentation:Theory and Applications[C].Rotterdam:Balkema,1999.849- 85 4.
[17] Wu Chen.Changes in river channels in North China Plain and consequent influence on landform and deposits[J].GeographicalResearch,1997,16 (supp.) :135 - 142 .(In Chinese) [吴忱 .华北平原河道变迁及其对地貌沉积物的影响 [J].地理研究 ,1997,16(增刊 ) :135 - 142 .]
[18] Zhou Fengqin.Changes in Dykes and River and L ake Systems in Jingjiang Reach of the Yangtze River[A].In:Chen Jing ed.Collection of Yangtze River Conservancy History[C].Nanjing:Hehai University Press,1990 .14- 2 0 .(In Chinese) [周凤琴 .荆江堤防与江湖水系变迁 [A].见 :陈菁编 .长江水利史论文集 [C].南京 :河海大学出版社 ,1990 .14- 2 0 .]
[19] Yan Junping.Situation and reasonsof riverhanging in China[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1993,8(2 ) :5 9- 6 2 .(In Chinese) [延军平 .中国主要江河的悬河化及其成因 [J].灾害学 ,1993,8(2 ) :5 9- 6 2 .]
[2 0 ] Feng Yan,Zou Guquan.The Haihe River[M].Beijing:Water Conservancy and Electric Power Press,1993.319- 32 4.(InChinese) [冯焱 ,邹谷泉编 .海河卷 [M].北京 :水利电力出版社 ,1993.319- 32 4.]
[2 1] Mai Qiaowei.Characteristics and Managementof the Pearl River Estuary[A].In:Huang Sheng ed.Management of Estuaries InChina[C].Beijing:Ocean Press,1992 .35 - 47.(In Chinese) [麦乔威 .珠江河口的特性及其治理 [A].见 :黄胜主编 .中国河口治理 [C].北京 :海洋出版社 ,1992 .35 - 47.]
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