基于差分干涉雷达的汶川地震同震形变特点
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摘要
地震同震形变场是认识震源机制、确定发震断裂、分析发震断裂活动方式、评估震害损失及揭示未来发震趋势的重要依据。但在龙门山地区复杂的自然环境中,现有的地震同震形变场获取方法(GPS测量、构造形迹分析、震源机制解结合数值模拟计算)难以快速、全面的捕捉到这种信息,这突显出差分干涉雷达技术(D-InSAR,Differential Interferometry SAR)在同震形变场研究中的优势。本文介绍了其观测原理,在地震同震形变监测中的研究现状,并重点分析了已获取的D-InSAR汶川地震同震形变场的观测结果。基于差分干涉雷达观测及相关资料,对龙门山断裂在本次地震中活动性进行了初步分析,结果表明干涉雷达形变图像与地表破裂范围、逆冲角度的变化、上下盘升降关系及大型余震的展布存在很强的相关性。
Co-seismic deformation is important original information to determine seismogenic faults,to understand mechanism of earthquake,to analyze fault movement,to evaluate the earthquake property losses as well as to discover the trend of future earthquakes.However,ways to survey co-seismic deformation are unable to quickly and comprehensively capture this kind of information.Therefore,a new spatial surveying method,D-InSAR(i.e.Differential Interferometry SAR),is highlighted.This paper presents D-InSAR principle and reviews progress of D-InSAR applied to co-seismic deformation observation,then qualitatively analyzes characteristics of D-InSAR image about "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake.Results show that many geological phenomena,surface ruptures,change of fault dip angle,vertical displacement of two plates alone fault and distribution of huge geo-hazards,are highly related with D-InSAR image.
Co-seismic deformation is important original information to determine seismogenic faults,to understand mechanism of earthquake,to analyze fault movement,to evaluate the earthquake property losses as well as to discover the trend of future earthquakes.However,ways to survey co-seismic deformation are unable to quickly and comprehensively capture this kind of information.Therefore,a new spatial surveying method,D-InSAR(i.e.Differential Interferometry SAR),is highlighted.This paper presents D-InSAR principle and reviews progress of D-InSAR applied to co-seismic deformation observation,then qualitatively analyzes characteristics of D-InSAR image about "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake.Results show that many geological phenomena,surface ruptures,change of fault dip angle,vertical displacement of two plates alone fault and distribution of huge geo-hazards,are highly related with D-InSAR image.
引文
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[2]张永双,雷伟志,石菊松,等.四川5.12地震次生地质灾害的基本特征初析[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):109~116.ZHANG Yong-shuang,LEI Wei-zhi,SHI Ju-song,et al.General characteristics of 5.12 earthquake-induced geo-hazards inSichuan[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(2):109~116.
[3]谭成轩,孙叶,吴树仁,等.“5.12”汶川MS8.0大地震后关于我国区域地壳稳定性评价的思考[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):142~150.TAN Cheng-xuan,SUN Ye,WU Shu-ren,et al.A consideration on regional crustal stability assessment after 5.12 WenchuanMS8.0 strong earthquake in China[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):142~150.
[4]彭华,马秀敏,姜景捷.龙门山北端青川断层附近应力测量与断层稳定性[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):114~130.PENG Hua,MA Xiumin,JIANG Jingjie Stability and stress measurement near the Qingchuan fault in the northern LongmenMountains[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):114~130.
[5]王连捷,崔军文,周春景,等.汶川5.12地震发震机理的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):105~113.WANG Lian-jie,CUI Jun-wen,ZHOU Chun-jing,et al.Numerical modeling of Wenchuan 5.12 earthquake mechanism[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):105~113.
[6]彭华,马秀敏,姜景捷.山丹地应力监测站体应变仪的地震效应[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):97~108.PENG Hua,MA Xiu-min,JIANG Jing-jie.Analysis of the volume strain data from the Shandan in-situ stress Monitoring Station[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(2):97~108.
[7]张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实例[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):131~141.ZHANG Yong-shuang,SHI Ju-song,SUN Ping,et al.General manifestation of coupling processes between endogenic and exogenicgeological processes in 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):131~141.
[8]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597~629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.TheMS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597~629.
[9]国家重大科学工程“中国地壳运动观测网络”项目组.GPS测定的2008年汶川MS8.0级地震的同震位移场[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2008,38(10):1195~1206.State key scientific project team of“observation network of crustal movement in China”.Co-seismic displacement field of theMS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 determined by GPS[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),2008,38(10):1195~1206.
[10]朱艾斓,徐锡伟,刁桂苓.汶川MS8.0地震部分余震重新定位及地震构造初步分析[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):759~767.ZHU Ai-lan,XU Xi-wei,DIAO Gui-ling.Relocation of theMS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake sequence in part:Preliminaryseismotectonic analysis[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):759~767.
[11]中国地震信息网.四川汶川县MS8.0地震参数[EB/OL].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512-csl.htm.China Seismic Information Net.Seismological parameters for theMS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan[EB/OL].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512-csl.htm.
[12]Shen Zheng-kang,Ge B X,Jackson D D,et al.Northridge earthquake rupture model based on Global Positioning Systemmeasurements[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1996,86(1B):S37~S48.
[13]Gan Wei-jun,Zhang Pei-zhen,Shen Zheng-kang,et al.Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPSmeasurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research(Solid Earth),2007,112:B08416.doi:10.1029/2005JB004120.
[14]Banerjee P,Pollitz F F,Brügmann R.The size and duration of the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from far-field static offsets[J].Science,2005,308(5729):1769-1772.doi:10.1126/science.1113746.
[15]蒋弥,丁晓利,李志伟,等.用L波段和C波段SAR数据研究汶川地震的同震形变[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2009,29(1):21~26.JIANG Mi,DING Xiao-li,LI Zhi-wei,et al.Study on coseismic deformation of Wenchuan earthquake by use of L and C wavebandsof SAR data[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2009,29(1):21~26.
[16]Gabriel A K,Goldstein R M,Zebker H A.Mapping small elevation changes over large areas:Differential radar interferometry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1989,94(B7):9183~9191.
[17]Massonnet D,Rossi M,Carmona C,et al.The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry[J].Nature,1993,364:138~142.
[18]Meyer B,Armijo R,Massonnet D,et al.The 1995 Grevena(Northern Greece)earthquake:Fault model constrained with tectonicobservation and SAR interferometry[J].Geophyshical Research Letters,1996,23(19):2677~2680.
[19]Michel R,Avouac J P.Deformation due to the 17 August 1999 Izmit,Turkey,earthquake measured from SPOT images[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,107(B4):2062.doi:10.1029/2000JB000102.
[20]Peltzer G,Crampe F,King G.Evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from theMW7.6 Manyi(Tibet)earthquake[J].Science,1999,286:272~276.
[21]王超,刘智,张红.张北尚义地震同震形变场雷达差分干涉测量[J].科学通报,2000,45(23):2550~2553.WANG Chao,LIU Zhi,ZHANG Hong.Measurement of coseismic deformation field of Zhangbei Shangyi earthquake by differentialsynthetic aperture radar interferometry[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2000,45(23):2550~2553.
[22]单新建,柳稼航,马超.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震同震形变场特征的初步分析[J].地震学报,2004,26(5):474~480.SHAN Xin-jian,LIU Jia-hang,MA Chao.Preliminary analysis on characteristics of coseismic deformation associated withMS8.1western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2004,26(5):474~480.
[23]马超.基于星载D-INSAR技术的地表同震形变及震源特征参数数值模拟研究——以青藏高原昆仑山口西MS8.1地震为例[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2005.MA Chao.Numerical modeling of surface co-seismic deformation and hypocentral characteristic parameters based on D-InSARtechnology:A case study of theMS8.1 earthquake at the Kunlun Mountains,the northern Tibetan Plateau,China[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,2005.
[24]Stramondo S,Moro M,Tolomei C,et al.InSAR surface displacement field and fault modelling for the 2003 Bam earthquake(southeastern Iran)[J].Journal of Geodynamics,2005,40:347~353.
[25]Pathier E,Fruneau B,Angelier J,et al.Coseismic displacements of the footwall of the Chelungpu fault caused by the 1999,Taiwan,Chi-Chi earthquake from InSAR and GPS data[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,212(1):73~88.doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00244-9
[26]Funning G J,Barke R M D,Lamb S H,et al.The 1998 Aiquile,Bolivia earthquake:A seismically active fault revealed withInSAR[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005,232:39~49.
[27]Dzurisin D,Lisowski M,Wicks C W,et al.Geodetic observations and modeling of magmatic inflation at the Three Sisters volcaniccenter,central Oregon Cascade Range,USA[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,2005,150:35~54.doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.011.
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