断块构造、活动断块构造与地震活动
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摘要
张文佑院士是我国最杰出的构造地质学家和大地构造学家,他提出和倡导的地质构造力学分析和历史分析相结合及断块构造理论符合当代构造地质和构造运动研究的新方向。断块构造是地球构造运动最基本的型式,板块构造是全球范围内的岩石圈构造,是最高一级的岩石圈断块构造。活动断块是现今构造运动最基本的型式,它既控制主要活动构造带和地震活动带的分布,也控制不同地区地震活动特征的差异。断块边界构造带是在构造变形和运动场中的不连续变形带,应力在此释放,应变在此局部化,位移在此发生,其差异活动最为强烈,因此,断块边界构造带是强震发生带,其活动性质会控制震源断层的特性。大地震孕育和发生在边界活动构造带的某些特殊部位,对其成核的构造和物理过程尚需深入进行研究。要特别注意断块整体性活动对地震活动的控制作用,断块的这种整体性活动与一定时期内地震活动主体地区分布有密切关系,所以,在活动构造研究中,要把断块的整体性活动与活动构造带的个体活动结合起来。
Professor Zhang Wenyou, one of the few most outstanding Chinese geologists in structural geology and tectonics, proposed and facilitated fault-block tectonics theory which emphasizes the combination of mechanical and historical analysis of geological structures. The idea and theory of fault-block tectonics still coincide with present-day directions of worldwide tectonic studies. The fault-block tectonics appears to be the basic kinematic type of global lithospheric movements. Lithospheric plates are global scale tectonic units that may be viewed as the highest rank of faultblock. Active fault-block movements are the basic style of present-day deformation,which not only controls distribution of active tectonic zones and earthquake belts, but also impacts regional pattern of earthquake activity. Boundaries of active fault-blocks act as discontinuous zones with the most intense differential movements during the processes of active tectonic deformation. Strain localizes, accumulates and finally releases along the boundaries to cause great earthquakes. Thus ,the fault-block boundaries are in fact the strong earthquake belts, and their styles of deformation dictate the types of earthquakes. Great earthquakes occur on some specific positions of fault-block boundaries, their nucleation tectonics and physical processes however have not been understand yet and deserve comprehensive studies. Special attention should also be paid to the controlling effects of entire fault-block movement to regional seismicity. The entire motion of a fault-block in a special time span may control or strongly influence the pattern of seismic activity in a specific region. It is needed to combine the entire fault-block movement and tectonic activity of a specific fault-block boundary to understand the causal mechanism of a seismic belt during active tectonic studies on either a region or an individual belt.
Professor Zhang Wenyou, one of the few most outstanding Chinese geologists in structural geology and tectonics, proposed and facilitated fault-block tectonics theory which emphasizes the combination of mechanical and historical analysis of geological structures. The idea and theory of fault-block tectonics still coincide with present-day directions of worldwide tectonic studies. The fault-block tectonics appears to be the basic kinematic type of global lithospheric movements. Lithospheric plates are global scale tectonic units that may be viewed as the highest rank of faultblock. Active fault-block movements are the basic style of present-day deformation,which not only controls distribution of active tectonic zones and earthquake belts, but also impacts regional pattern of earthquake activity. Boundaries of active fault-blocks act as discontinuous zones with the most intense differential movements during the processes of active tectonic deformation. Strain localizes, accumulates and finally releases along the boundaries to cause great earthquakes. Thus ,the fault-block boundaries are in fact the strong earthquake belts, and their styles of deformation dictate the types of earthquakes. Great earthquakes occur on some specific positions of fault-block boundaries, their nucleation tectonics and physical processes however have not been understand yet and deserve comprehensive studies. Special attention should also be paid to the controlling effects of entire fault-block movement to regional seismicity. The entire motion of a fault-block in a special time span may control or strongly influence the pattern of seismic activity in a specific region. It is needed to combine the entire fault-block movement and tectonic activity of a specific fault-block boundary to understand the causal mechanism of a seismic belt during active tectonic studies on either a region or an individual belt.
引文
邓起东1980． 中国新生代断块构造的主要特征.见:地质、地质力学北京:地质出版社.101-108． Deng Qidong. 1980． Main characteristics of Cenozoic fault-block tectonics in China. In: Geology, Geomechanics. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 101-108．
邓起东,徐锡伟,于贵华,1994． 中国活动断裂分区特征.见:中国活动断层研究.北京:地震出版社1-14． Deng Qidong, Xu Xiwei and Yu Guihua. 1994． Characteristics of regionalization of active faults in China and their genesis. In: A Study on the Active Faults in China. Beijing:Seismological Press. 1-14．
邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,杨晓平,闵 伟,楚全芝.2002． 中国活动构造荩本特征,中国科学(D辑),32(12) :1021-1030． Deng Qidong,Zhang Peizhen, Ran Yongkang, Yang Xiaoping, Min Wei and Chu Quanzhi. 2003． Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China. Science in China ( Serries D) ,46 (4) : 356-372．
丁国瑜,李永善. 1979． 我国地震活动与地壳现代破裂网络.地质学报,53(1) :22-34． Ding Guoyu and Li Yongshan. 1979． Seismicity and the recent fracturing pattern of the earth crust in China. Acta Geological Sinica ,53( 1 ) : 22-34．
丁国瑜(主编).1991． 中国岩石圈动力学概论.北京:地震出版社.1-600Ding Guoyu(Ed. ). 1991． Lithospheric Dynamics of China. Beijing:Seismological Press. 1-600．
华北石油勘探开发研究院.1982． 潜山油藏.北京:石油工业出版社.1-10． Petroleum Exploitation and Development Research Institute in North China. 1982． The Oil Reservoir of Qianshan. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press. 1-10．
马瑾.1999． 从断层中心论向块休中心论转变--沦活动块体在地震活动中的作用.地学前缘,6(4) :363-370． Ma Jin. 1999． Changing viewpoint from fault to block-A discussion about the role of active block in seismicity. Earth Science Frontiers ,6 (4) : 363-370．
马杏垣(主编).1989． 中国岩石圈动力学图集.北京:中国地图出版社.1-262． Ma Xingyuan(Ed. ). 1989． Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas and Specification of China. Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House. 1-262．
马宗晋,杜品仁,洪汉净.2003． 地球构造与动力学.广州:广东科技出版社.1-130． Ma Zongjin,Du Pinren and Hong Hanjing. 2003． Structure and Dynamics of the Earth. Guangzhou:Guangdong Science and Technology Press. 1-130．
王彦斌,王永,李建成,詹瑜璋.2000． 1999年台湾集集大地震的地表断层破裂特征地震地质,22(2) :97-103． Wang Yanbin, Wang Yong,Lee Jiancheng and Zhan Ynzhang. 2000． Characteristics of groand raptures caused by the 1999 M 7． 3 earthquake of Jiji,Taiwan. Seismology and Geology,22(2) : 97-103．
于泳,洪汉净,刘培洵,陶玮,郑秀珍2003． 全球大地震时空分布与动力学机制的初步研究.地学前缘,10(增刊):5-10． Yu Yong, Hong Hanjing, Liu Peixun, Tao Wei and Zheng Xiuzhen. 2003． Spatiotemporal distribution of global great earthquakes and dynamic mechanism. Earth Science Frontiers, 10(suppl. ) : 5-10．
张培震,邓起东,张国民,马瑾,甘卫军,闵伟,毛凤英,王琪.2003． 中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),33(增刊1) :12-20． Zhang Peizhen, Deng Qidong,Zhang Guomin,Ma .Jin,Gan Weijun, Min Wei,Mao Fengying and Wang Qi. 2003． Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China. Science in China (Series D) ,46 (suppl. 1 ) : 13-24．
张文佑.1983． 中国及邻区海陆大地构造图(1:5 000 000) .北京:科学出版社.1-120． Zhang Wenyou. 1983． Marine and Continental Geotectonic Map of China and Adjacent Area( 1 : 5 000 000) . Beijing: Science Press. 1-120．
张文佑.1984． 断块构造导论.北京:石油工业出版社.1-361． Zhang Wenyou. 1984． An Introduction to Fault-Block Tectonics. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press. 1-361．
张文佑,从柏林,李继亮等.1977． 铁矿的形成与富集,北京:冶金工业出版社.1-168． Zhang Wenyou, Cong Bolin, Li Jiliang et al. 1977． The Formation and Enrichment of Iron Mine. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press. 1-16g.
中国科学院地质研究所.1959a.1:5 000 000中国大地构造图.北京:科学出版社.1-120． Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Science. 1959a. Geotectonic Map of China (1 : 5 000 000) . Beijing: Science Press. 1-120．
中国科学院地质研究所.1959b.中国大地构造纲要.北京:科学出版社.1-260． Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Science. 1959b. Geotectonics Outline of China. Beijing:Science Press. 1-260．
中国科学院地质研究所构造地质研究室.1966． 华南华北中新生代构造发展特征.北京:科学出版社.1-150． Division of structure geology, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Science. 1966． The Mesozoic-Cenozoic Character of Structural Evolution In Southern and Northern China. Beijing:Science Press. 1-150．
中国科学院地质研究所大地构造编图组.1974． 中国大地构造基本特征及其发展的初步探讨.地质科学,(1) :1-16． Tectonic map compiling group,Institute of Geology, Chinese Academia of Science. 1974． A preliminary note on the basic tectonic features and their developments in China. Chinese Journal of Geology, (Scientia Geologica Sinica), ( 1 ) : 1-16．
Armijo R,Tapponnier P, Mercier J L and Han T L. 1986． Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research,91 ( B4 ) : 13803-13972．
DeMets C,Gordon R G, Argus D F and Stein S. 1990． Current plate motions. Geophysical Journal International,101: 425-478．
Lavé J and Avouac J P. 2000． Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwalik Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research,105 : 5735-5770．
Mogi K. 1974． Active periods in the world's chief seismic belts. Tectonophysics,22(3-4) :265-282．
邓起东,徐锡伟,于贵华,1994． 中国活动断裂分区特征.见:中国活动断层研究.北京:地震出版社1-14． Deng Qidong, Xu Xiwei and Yu Guihua. 1994． Characteristics of regionalization of active faults in China and their genesis. In: A Study on the Active Faults in China. Beijing:Seismological Press. 1-14．
邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,杨晓平,闵 伟,楚全芝.2002． 中国活动构造荩本特征,中国科学(D辑),32(12) :1021-1030． Deng Qidong,Zhang Peizhen, Ran Yongkang, Yang Xiaoping, Min Wei and Chu Quanzhi. 2003． Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China. Science in China ( Serries D) ,46 (4) : 356-372．
丁国瑜,李永善. 1979． 我国地震活动与地壳现代破裂网络.地质学报,53(1) :22-34． Ding Guoyu and Li Yongshan. 1979． Seismicity and the recent fracturing pattern of the earth crust in China. Acta Geological Sinica ,53( 1 ) : 22-34．
丁国瑜(主编).1991． 中国岩石圈动力学概论.北京:地震出版社.1-600Ding Guoyu(Ed. ). 1991． Lithospheric Dynamics of China. Beijing:Seismological Press. 1-600．
华北石油勘探开发研究院.1982． 潜山油藏.北京:石油工业出版社.1-10． Petroleum Exploitation and Development Research Institute in North China. 1982． The Oil Reservoir of Qianshan. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press. 1-10．
马瑾.1999． 从断层中心论向块休中心论转变--沦活动块体在地震活动中的作用.地学前缘,6(4) :363-370． Ma Jin. 1999． Changing viewpoint from fault to block-A discussion about the role of active block in seismicity. Earth Science Frontiers ,6 (4) : 363-370．
马杏垣(主编).1989． 中国岩石圈动力学图集.北京:中国地图出版社.1-262． Ma Xingyuan(Ed. ). 1989． Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas and Specification of China. Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House. 1-262．
马宗晋,杜品仁,洪汉净.2003． 地球构造与动力学.广州:广东科技出版社.1-130． Ma Zongjin,Du Pinren and Hong Hanjing. 2003． Structure and Dynamics of the Earth. Guangzhou:Guangdong Science and Technology Press. 1-130．
王彦斌,王永,李建成,詹瑜璋.2000． 1999年台湾集集大地震的地表断层破裂特征地震地质,22(2) :97-103． Wang Yanbin, Wang Yong,Lee Jiancheng and Zhan Ynzhang. 2000． Characteristics of groand raptures caused by the 1999 M 7． 3 earthquake of Jiji,Taiwan. Seismology and Geology,22(2) : 97-103．
于泳,洪汉净,刘培洵,陶玮,郑秀珍2003． 全球大地震时空分布与动力学机制的初步研究.地学前缘,10(增刊):5-10． Yu Yong, Hong Hanjing, Liu Peixun, Tao Wei and Zheng Xiuzhen. 2003． Spatiotemporal distribution of global great earthquakes and dynamic mechanism. Earth Science Frontiers, 10(suppl. ) : 5-10．
张培震,邓起东,张国民,马瑾,甘卫军,闵伟,毛凤英,王琪.2003． 中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),33(增刊1) :12-20． Zhang Peizhen, Deng Qidong,Zhang Guomin,Ma .Jin,Gan Weijun, Min Wei,Mao Fengying and Wang Qi. 2003． Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China. Science in China (Series D) ,46 (suppl. 1 ) : 13-24．
张文佑.1983． 中国及邻区海陆大地构造图(1:5 000 000) .北京:科学出版社.1-120． Zhang Wenyou. 1983． Marine and Continental Geotectonic Map of China and Adjacent Area( 1 : 5 000 000) . Beijing: Science Press. 1-120．
张文佑.1984． 断块构造导论.北京:石油工业出版社.1-361． Zhang Wenyou. 1984． An Introduction to Fault-Block Tectonics. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press. 1-361．
张文佑,从柏林,李继亮等.1977． 铁矿的形成与富集,北京:冶金工业出版社.1-168． Zhang Wenyou, Cong Bolin, Li Jiliang et al. 1977． The Formation and Enrichment of Iron Mine. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press. 1-16g.
中国科学院地质研究所.1959a.1:5 000 000中国大地构造图.北京:科学出版社.1-120． Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Science. 1959a. Geotectonic Map of China (1 : 5 000 000) . Beijing: Science Press. 1-120．
中国科学院地质研究所.1959b.中国大地构造纲要.北京:科学出版社.1-260． Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Science. 1959b. Geotectonics Outline of China. Beijing:Science Press. 1-260．
中国科学院地质研究所构造地质研究室.1966． 华南华北中新生代构造发展特征.北京:科学出版社.1-150． Division of structure geology, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Science. 1966． The Mesozoic-Cenozoic Character of Structural Evolution In Southern and Northern China. Beijing:Science Press. 1-150．
中国科学院地质研究所大地构造编图组.1974． 中国大地构造基本特征及其发展的初步探讨.地质科学,(1) :1-16． Tectonic map compiling group,Institute of Geology, Chinese Academia of Science. 1974． A preliminary note on the basic tectonic features and their developments in China. Chinese Journal of Geology, (Scientia Geologica Sinica), ( 1 ) : 1-16．
Armijo R,Tapponnier P, Mercier J L and Han T L. 1986． Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research,91 ( B4 ) : 13803-13972．
DeMets C,Gordon R G, Argus D F and Stein S. 1990． Current plate motions. Geophysical Journal International,101: 425-478．
Lavé J and Avouac J P. 2000． Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwalik Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research,105 : 5735-5770．
Mogi K. 1974． Active periods in the world's chief seismic belts. Tectonophysics,22(3-4) :265-282．
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