提取视震源时间函数的PLD方法及其对2005年克什米尔M_w 7.6地震的应用
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摘要
通过重构用于确定视震源时间函数有效持续时间的判别函数,对提取视震源时间函数的 PLD 方法进行了改进;利用合成资料和实际资料,验证了改进后 PLD 方法的可行性和稳定性.将 PLD 方法应用于2005年克什米尔 M_w 7.6地震及具11个余震的1887条记录,在84个台站处获得了这次地震的视震源时间函数.分别平均从不同台站的 P 波、S 波、Rayleigh 波和 Love 波中得到的视震源时间函数,获取了主震的平均视震源时间函数.对视震源时间函数的分析表明,2005年克什米尔 M_w 7.6地震的持续时间大约为25 s,这是一次"急始型"地震,总体上表现为圆盘形破裂.但有迹象表明,破裂在初期有向西北方向发展的单侧传播趋势.
The PLD method for retrieval of apparent source time function (ASTF) is improved by reconstructing the criteria function to be used for determination of the effective duration time of the ASTF.Using the synthetic and observed data,the feasibility and stability of the improved PLD method are verified.By applying the PLD method to 1887 waveform recordings of the 2005 Kashmir M_w 7.6 earthquake and its 11 aftershocks,the ASTFs of the main shock are obtained at 84 stations.By averaging the ASTFs from the P waves,S waves,Rayleigh waves and Love waves from different stations,the average ASTFs of the main shock are constructed.The analysis of the ASTFs indicates that the duration time of the 2005 Kashmir M_w 7.6 earthquake is about 25 s,and it is a quickly-starting earthquake.In general feature,the STF appears to be like a STF of a circular source model,however,some details of the ASTFs suggest that the rupture at the beginning was unilateral extending toward NW direction.
The PLD method for retrieval of apparent source time function (ASTF) is improved by reconstructing the criteria function to be used for determination of the effective duration time of the ASTF.Using the synthetic and observed data,the feasibility and stability of the improved PLD method are verified.By applying the PLD method to 1887 waveform recordings of the 2005 Kashmir M_w 7.6 earthquake and its 11 aftershocks,the ASTFs of the main shock are obtained at 84 stations.By averaging the ASTFs from the P waves,S waves,Rayleigh waves and Love waves from different stations,the average ASTFs of the main shock are constructed.The analysis of the ASTFs indicates that the duration time of the 2005 Kashmir M_w 7.6 earthquake is about 25 s,and it is a quickly-starting earthquake.In general feature,the STF appears to be like a STF of a circular source model,however,some details of the ASTFs suggest that the rupture at the beginning was unilateral extending toward NW direction.
引文
[1] 许力生.陈运泰.视震源时间函数与震源破裂过程.地震地磁观测与研究.2002． 23(6) :1～8 Xu L S.Chen Y T.Apparent source time function and source rupture process.Seismological and Geomanetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),2002． 23(6) :1～8
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[3] Kikuchi M,Kanamori H.Inversion of complex body waves.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1982,72(2) :491～506
[4] Fischer T.Modeling of multiple events using empirical Green's functions:method,application to swarm earthquakes and implications for their rupture propagation.Geophy.J.Int.2005,163:991～1005
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[7] Chen Y T.Zhou J Y,Ni J C.Inversion of near-source-broadband accelerograms for the earthquake source-time function.Tectonophysics,1991,197:89～98
[8] Hartzell S H.Earthquake aftershocks as Green's functions.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1978,5(1) :1～4
[9] Ammon C J,Lay T,Velasco A A,et al.Routine estimation of earthquake source complexity:the 18 October 1992 Colombian Earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1994,84(4) :1266～1271
[10] Chen Y T,Xu L S.A time-domain inversion technique for the tempo-spatial distribution of slip on a finite fault plane with applications to recent large earthquakes in the Tibetan Plateau.Geophys.J.Int.,2000,143(2) :407～416
[11] 许力生,陈运泰.高孟潭.1997年中国西藏玛尼M_s7． 9地震的时空破裂过程.地震学报.1999,21(5) :449～459 Xu L S,Chen Y T,Gao M T.Earthquake rupture process of the 1997 Mani.in Tibet,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1999． 21(5) :449～459
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[14] Popescu E,Radulian M.Source characteristics of the seismic sequences in the Eastern Carpathians for deep region (Romania).Tectonophysics,2001,338:325～337
[15] Venkataraman A,Rivera L,Kanamori H.Radiated Energy from the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake:Regional and Teleseismic Estimates.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2002,92(4) :1256～1265
[16] Gurrola H,Baker G E,Minster J B.Simultaneous time-domain deconvolution with application to the computation of receiver functions.Geophys.J.Int.,1995,120:537～543
[17] Kraeva N.Tikhonov's regularization for deconvolution in the empirical Green function method and vertical directivity effect.Tectonophysics.,2004,383:29～44
[18] Courboulex F,Deichmann N,Gariel J C.Rupture complexity of a moderate intraplate earthquake in the Alps:the 1996 M5 Epagny-Annecy earthquake.Geophys.J.Int.,1999,139:152～160
[19] Bertero M,Bindi D,Boccacci P,et al.Application of the projected Landweber method to the estimation of the source time function in seismology.Inverse Problems,1997,13: 465～486
[20] Lanza V,Spallarossa D,Cattaneo M,et al.Source parameters of small events using constrained deconvolution with empirical Green's functions.Geophys.J.Int.,1999,137:651～662
[21] Vallée M,Bouchon M.Imaging coseismic rupture in far field by slip patches.Geophys.J.Int.,2004,156:615～630
[22] Vallée M.Stabilizing the empirical Green's function analysis:development of the Projected Landweber Method.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2004,94(2) :394～409
[23] Vallée M.Rupture process of the giant Sumatra earthquake imaged by empirical Green's functions analysis.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2007,97(1A):103～114
[24] Ji C.Finite-fault slip model preliminary result for the 05/10/08 PAKISTAN earthquake.2006,http://earthquake.usgs.gov / eqcenter/ eqinthenews/ 2005 / usdyae/ finitefault/
[25] Vallée M.M_w=7． 7 05/10/08 Pakistan earthquake,2005． http://www-geoazur.unice.fr/SEISME/PAKISTAN081005/notel.html
[26] Parsons T,Yeats R S,Yagi Y,et al.Static stress change from the 8 October,2005 M=7． 6 Kashmir earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:L06304,doi:10． 1029/2005GL025429
[27] Avouac J P,Ayoub F,Leprince S,et al.The 2005 M_w T.6 Kashmir earthquake:Sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images and seismic waveforms analysis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,249:514～528
[28] Pathier E,Fielding E J.Wright T J.et al.Displacement field and slip distribution of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake from SAR imagery.Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:L20310,doi:10． 1029/2006GL027193
[29] Kaneda H,Nakata T,Tsutsumi H,et al.Surface rupture of the 2005 Kashmir,Pakistan.earthquake and its active tectonic implications.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2008,98(2) :521～527
[30] Zhang Y,Chen Y T,Xu L S.Rupture process of the 2005 southern Asian (Pakistan) M_w 7． 6 earthquake from long-period waveform data.AOGS,2006,PS Volume:13～22
[31] Eicke B.Iteration methods for convexly constrained ill-posed problems in Hilbert space.Num.Funct.Anal.Opt.,1992,12:423～429
[32] Dreger D S.Empirical Green's function study of the January 17,1994 Northridge,California earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1994,21:2633～2636
[2] 陈运泰.林邦慧,李兴才等.巧家.石棉的小震震源参数的测定及其地震危险性的估计.地球物理学报.1976． 19(3) :206～233 Chen Y T.Lin B H.Li X C.et al.The determination of source parameters for small earthquakes in Qiaojia and Shimian and the estimation of potential earthquake danger(in Chinese).Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica)(in Chinese).1976,19(3) :206～233
[3] Kikuchi M,Kanamori H.Inversion of complex body waves.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1982,72(2) :491～506
[4] Fischer T.Modeling of multiple events using empirical Green's functions:method,application to swarm earthquakes and implications for their rupture propagation.Geophy.J.Int.2005,163:991～1005
[5] 何永峰,陈晓非.利用经验格林函数识别地下核爆炸与天然地震.中国科学(D辑).2006． 36(2) :177～181 He Y F,Chen X F.Identification of underground nuclear explosion and natural earthquake using empirical Green’s function(in Chinese).Science in China(Ser.D).2006,36(2) :177～181
[6] Mori J,Hartzell S H.Source inversion of the 1988 upland,California,earthquake:determination of a fault plane for a small event.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1990,80:507～517
[7] Chen Y T.Zhou J Y,Ni J C.Inversion of near-source-broadband accelerograms for the earthquake source-time function.Tectonophysics,1991,197:89～98
[8] Hartzell S H.Earthquake aftershocks as Green's functions.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1978,5(1) :1～4
[9] Ammon C J,Lay T,Velasco A A,et al.Routine estimation of earthquake source complexity:the 18 October 1992 Colombian Earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1994,84(4) :1266～1271
[10] Chen Y T,Xu L S.A time-domain inversion technique for the tempo-spatial distribution of slip on a finite fault plane with applications to recent large earthquakes in the Tibetan Plateau.Geophys.J.Int.,2000,143(2) :407～416
[11] 许力生,陈运泰.高孟潭.1997年中国西藏玛尼M_s7． 9地震的时空破裂过程.地震学报.1999,21(5) :449～459 Xu L S,Chen Y T,Gao M T.Earthquake rupture process of the 1997 Mani.in Tibet,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1999． 21(5) :449～459
[12] 许力生.陈运泰,高孟潭.2001年1月26日印度古杰拉特 M_s=7． 8地震时空破裂过程.地震学报.2002． 24(5) :447～461 Xu L S,Chen Y T,Gao M T.Spatial and temporal rupture process of the January 26,2001． Gujarat.India,M_s=7． 8 earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2002． 24(5) :447～461
[13] Radulian M,Popa M.Scaling of source parameters for Vrancea (Romania) intermediate depth earthquake.Tectonophysics,1996,261:67～81
[14] Popescu E,Radulian M.Source characteristics of the seismic sequences in the Eastern Carpathians for deep region (Romania).Tectonophysics,2001,338:325～337
[15] Venkataraman A,Rivera L,Kanamori H.Radiated Energy from the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake:Regional and Teleseismic Estimates.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2002,92(4) :1256～1265
[16] Gurrola H,Baker G E,Minster J B.Simultaneous time-domain deconvolution with application to the computation of receiver functions.Geophys.J.Int.,1995,120:537～543
[17] Kraeva N.Tikhonov's regularization for deconvolution in the empirical Green function method and vertical directivity effect.Tectonophysics.,2004,383:29～44
[18] Courboulex F,Deichmann N,Gariel J C.Rupture complexity of a moderate intraplate earthquake in the Alps:the 1996 M5 Epagny-Annecy earthquake.Geophys.J.Int.,1999,139:152～160
[19] Bertero M,Bindi D,Boccacci P,et al.Application of the projected Landweber method to the estimation of the source time function in seismology.Inverse Problems,1997,13: 465～486
[20] Lanza V,Spallarossa D,Cattaneo M,et al.Source parameters of small events using constrained deconvolution with empirical Green's functions.Geophys.J.Int.,1999,137:651～662
[21] Vallée M,Bouchon M.Imaging coseismic rupture in far field by slip patches.Geophys.J.Int.,2004,156:615～630
[22] Vallée M.Stabilizing the empirical Green's function analysis:development of the Projected Landweber Method.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2004,94(2) :394～409
[23] Vallée M.Rupture process of the giant Sumatra earthquake imaged by empirical Green's functions analysis.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2007,97(1A):103～114
[24] Ji C.Finite-fault slip model preliminary result for the 05/10/08 PAKISTAN earthquake.2006,http://earthquake.usgs.gov / eqcenter/ eqinthenews/ 2005 / usdyae/ finitefault/
[25] Vallée M.M_w=7． 7 05/10/08 Pakistan earthquake,2005． http://www-geoazur.unice.fr/SEISME/PAKISTAN081005/notel.html
[26] Parsons T,Yeats R S,Yagi Y,et al.Static stress change from the 8 October,2005 M=7． 6 Kashmir earthquake.Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:L06304,doi:10． 1029/2005GL025429
[27] Avouac J P,Ayoub F,Leprince S,et al.The 2005 M_w T.6 Kashmir earthquake:Sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images and seismic waveforms analysis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,249:514～528
[28] Pathier E,Fielding E J.Wright T J.et al.Displacement field and slip distribution of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake from SAR imagery.Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:L20310,doi:10． 1029/2006GL027193
[29] Kaneda H,Nakata T,Tsutsumi H,et al.Surface rupture of the 2005 Kashmir,Pakistan.earthquake and its active tectonic implications.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2008,98(2) :521～527
[30] Zhang Y,Chen Y T,Xu L S.Rupture process of the 2005 southern Asian (Pakistan) M_w 7． 6 earthquake from long-period waveform data.AOGS,2006,PS Volume:13～22
[31] Eicke B.Iteration methods for convexly constrained ill-posed problems in Hilbert space.Num.Funct.Anal.Opt.,1992,12:423～429
[32] Dreger D S.Empirical Green's function study of the January 17,1994 Northridge,California earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1994,21:2633～2636
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